Una opción por los pobres : La Santa, Pontificia y Real Hermandad del Refugio y Piedad de Madrid (1615-1733).

Estudiar el papel fundamental de la Hermandad del Refugio y Piedad de Madrid, su constitución y el remedio de la mendicidad del siglo XVII. Destacar la importancia del Colegio de Niñas Huérfanas abandonadas encontradas en Madrid. Se estructura en seis capítulos. En el primer capítulo se muestran las diferentes causas que pudieron dar lugar a la Hermandad haciendo un estudio de la sociedad española de los siglos XVII y XVIII, respondiendo a cuestiones relacionadas con la pobreza en España y más concretamente en Madrid. En el segundo capítulo se realiza un estudio de la Hermandad del Refugio y sus fines, teniendo como principal objetivo la ayuda al pobre, los ejercicios practicados, la caridad, visitas, el socorro secreto y la ayuda a los más necesitados. El capítulo tercero está centrado en el Colegio de Niñas Huérfanas de Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, situado bajo el patrocinio de la Santa, Pontificia y Real Hermandad del Refugio y Piedad de Madrid. El cuarto trata de las primeras construcciones que el colegio, en el año 1652, organizó siguiendo la meta la atención religiosa. En el quinto capítulo se analizan las segundas constituciones del colegio en el año 1733. Y por último, en el sexto capítulo se establecen las relaciones de forma comparativa entre las constituciones de 1652 y 1733. 1) Durante los siglos XVII y XVIII se presentaron con regularidad esquemas para librar a Madrid de los pobres, 2) La Santa, Pontificia y Real Hermandad del Refugio y Piedad surgió como la corporación de caridad más importante de la capital durante la década de 1620 dando respuesta a los graves problemas sociales de la ciudad, 3) La caridad llegó a convertirse en una obligación religiosa y social de los nobles, 4) Se destaca la importancia de la labor de estas instituciones para dar fin a la pobreza de la sociedad madrileña.

Hitos fundamentales de la educación especial en el siglo XIX : el Real Colegio de Sordo-Mudos.

Monográfico con el título: 'Educación inclusiva: todos iguales, todos diferentes'

Práticas parentais, funcionamento familiar e comportamento dos adolescentes

O presente estudo tem como objectivo analisar a relação entre o funcionamento familiar, as práticas parentais e o comportamento dos adolescentes. Para a concretização do objectivo deste trabalho, foi elaborado um protocolo de investigação (questionário de dados sociodemográficos, um inquérito de avaliação do comportamento: YSR; um que avalia o funcionamento familiar : FACES III e outro que avalia as práticas parentais : QLP-A) , aplicado em duas escolas públicas co Concelho de Lisboa, inseridas em áreas sócio-económico-culturais diferenciadas. Através dos resultados encontrados [a ansiedade_depressão (T=.502; P=.041), no isolamento (T=.915; P=.000), nos problemas sociais (T=2.822; P=.004) apresentam valores mais elevados na Escola de Intervenção Prioritária, escola com projecto TEIP. Na escola de níveis socioeconómicos mais elevados, as dimensões que apresentaram valores superiores foram em dimensões que remetem para as atitudes dos pais perante os filhos : na protecção pai (T=.440; P=.004) e na protecção mãe (T=.005; P=.000)]. É possível confirmar a existência dessa influênica. Para além dessa influência, constatámos ainda que o meio envolvente em que as famílias se inserem influencia também as atitudes parentais perante os seus filhos. Ou seja, quando os níveis socioeconómicos são mais favoráveis, as suas atitudes de educação e socialização perante os filhos também serão mais adequadas.

Interactions of alpha and beta synuclein proteins in auditory functioning

Alpha-synuclein is found in synaptic terminals at the base of both inner and outer hair cells, while the beta isoform is prominently localized to spiral ganglion neuron cell bodies. The present study assessed the role of beta-synuclein in auditory function, and potential interactions between isoforms.

Los estudios latinoamericanos en el siglo XXI (Tema Central)

El autor, a partir de un rápido recorrido por lo que han sido los estudios latinoamericanos en el siglo XX, hace algunas aproximaciones a lo que serán los cambios y desafíos que tendrán aquellos en el siglo XXI. Para Whitehead, la necesidad de estudiar y entender las realidades específicas de América Latina, y de transmitir estos conocimientos locales para enriquecer el conocimiento universal, no va a desaparecer en el presente siglo.

Productivity of crossbred dairy cows suckling their calves for 12 or 24 weeks post calving

An experiment on restricted suckling of crossbred dairy cows was conducted at the Livestock Research Centre, Tanga in northeast Tanzania. Thirty-six Bos taurus (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) x Bos indicus (East African Zebu) cows were allocated alternately as they calved to suckling their calves for either 12 or 24 weeks after calving. Cows grazed improved pastures and were offered 4 kg concentrate daily. Milking occurred twice daily by hand; calves were allowed to suck residual milk for 30 min following each milking. Calves were also allowed access to grazing and were offered a maximum of I kg concentrate daily to 24 weeks of age. Weaning age had no significant effect on lactation milk yield for human consumption, the mean (SE) yield being 1806 (102.0) L and 1705 (129. 1) L for 12- and 24-week weaning, respectively. Cows from the two treatments suffered similar losses of live weight and body condition score during lactation and neither group had returned to the original body condition score 40 weeks following calving. Post-partum anoestrous intervals were prolonged. Although not significant, cows suckling calves to 24 weeks had a mean interval to first oestrus extended by 38 days compared with cows suckling calves to 12 weeks. The mean (SE) daily live weight gains of the calves to 52 weeks were 263 (14.1) g/day and 230 (18.1) g/day for calves weaned at 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, such that 12-month weights were 119 (5.6) kg and 110 (7.3) kg, respectively. Twelve-week-weaned calves consumed more concentrate (p < 0.05) from 13 to 24 weeks than did 24-week weaned calves. Calculation of residual milk consumption removed by calves from birth to 12 weeks indicated that it accounted for 28% of total yield. No benefits in cow and calf performance and welfare were found to justify prolonging the suckling period to 24 weeks.

Assembling spatially explicit landscape models of pollen and spore dispersal by wind for risk assessment

Models of windblown pollen or spore movement are required to predict gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops and the spread of fungal diseases. We suggest a simple form for a function describing the distance moved by a pollen grain or fungal spore, for use in generic models of dispersal. The function has power-law behaviour over sub-continental distances. We show that air-borne dispersal of rapeseed pollen in two experiments was inconsistent with an exponential model, but was fitted by power-law models, implying a large contribution from distant fields to the catches observed. After allowance for this 'background' by applying Fourier transforms to deconvolve the mixture of distant and local sources, the data were best fit by power-laws with exponents between 1.5 and 2. We also demonstrate that for a simple model of area sources, the median dispersal distance is a function of field radius and that measurement from the source edge can be misleading. Using an inverse-square dispersal distribution deduced from the experimental data and the distribution of rapeseed fields deduced by remote sensing, we successfully predict observed rapeseed pollen density in the city centres of Derby and Leicester (UK).

Characterization of the phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of extracts from Teaw (Cratoxylum formosum Dyer)

The leaves of the Thai vegetable, Teaw (Cratoxylum formosum Dyer) were extracted with ethanol to provide an extract that had antioxidant properties. The composition of the extract was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector, and by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The main antioxidant component (peak 1) was chlorogenic acid, which was present at 60% of the extract. Three minor components were present at 7%, 3% and 2%, and other components that were present at lower concentrations were also observed. Treatment of the Teaw extract with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH center dot) caused a similar reduction in peak area of 55.2-58.1% for chlorogenic acid and the three minor components, indicating that these components had common structural features. Component 2 was identified as dicaffeoylquinic acid, and compounds 3 and 4 were identified as ferulic acid derivatives. The radical-scavenging activity of the Teaw extract was compared with alpha-tocopherol, BHT and chlorogenic acid, using the DPPH center dot and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothialozinesulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS(center dot+)) assays. The Teaw extract scavenged both free radicals more strongly than did a-tocopherol and BHT, and the activity of the extract was consistent with the concentration of chlorogenic acid that was present, confirming that this component is a major contributor to the antioxidant activity. The acute toxicity of the Teaw leaf extract was investigated in mice, and it was found that the LD50 of the extract was > 32 g/kg. Consequently, this plant is a promising source of a natural food antioxidant. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A novel soft decision QAM demodulator for DVB-T for multipath system

In 1997, the United Kingdom started the world's first commercial digital terrestrial television service. The system used was the European Digital Video Broadcast - Terrestrial (DVB-T) but due to technological constraints at the time, the system chosen was the 2K system - a system that uses 1705 carriers to convey the digital television services through a hostile terrestrial environment. Today, these constraints are no longer applicable but in order to maintain backwards compatibility to the older set top boxes, the 2K system is still used. The 2K system has the disadvantage of excluding the possibiliiy of employing a Single Frequency Network (SFN) - something that can help minimise the required bandwidth for television services. This paper will demonstrate a computationally inexpensive soft decision Quadrature Amplitude Modulation technique that can reject the multipaths. (1).

Rigid ferrocenophane and its metal complexes with transition and alkaline-earth metal ions

The rigid [6]ferrocenophane, L-1, was synthesised by condensation of 1,1'-ferrocene dicarbaldehyde with trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane in high dilution at r.t. followed by reduction. When other experimental conditions were employed, the [6,6,6]ferrocenephane (L-2) was also obtained. Both compounds were characterised by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The protonation of L-1 and its metal complexation were evaluated by the effect on the electron-transfer process of the ferrocene (fc) unit of L-1 using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in anhydrous CH3CN solution and in 0.1 M (Bu4NPF6)-Bu-n as the supporting electrolyte. The electrochemical process of L-1 between 300 and 900 mV is complicated by amine oxidation. On the other hand, an anodic shift from the fc/fc(+) wave of L-1 of 249, 225, 81 and 61 mV was observed by formation of Zn2+, Ni2+, Pd2+ and Cu2+ complexes, respectively. Whereas Mg2+ and Ca2+ only have with L-1 weak interactions and they promote the acid-base equilibrium of L-1. This reveals that L-1 is an interesting molecular redox sensor for detection of Zn2+ and Ni2+, although the kinetics of the Zn2+ complex formation is much faster than that of the Ni2+ one. The X-ray crystal structure of [(PdLCl2)-Cl-1] was determined and showed a square-planar environment with Pd(II) and Fe(II) centres separated by 3.781(1) angstrom. The experimental anodic shifts were elucidated by DFT calculations on the [(MLCl2)-Cl-1] series and they are related to the nature of the HOMO of these complexes and a four-electron, two-orbital interaction.