Anais de História de Além-Mar

FCT

Coprocessamento de CDR no processo de produção de cimento

A presente dissertação possui como objetivo avaliar o impacto e a viabilidade do coprocessamento de Combustíveis Derivados de Resíduos (CDR) no processo de produção de cimento, mais especificamente no Centro de Produção de Alhandra (CPA) da CIMPOR, quer a nível processual, quer a nível das emissões atmosféricas e da qualidade do produto final. O CDR é um dos combustíveis alternativos utilizados na indústria cimenteira, de modo a diminuir a dependência relativamente aos combustíveis fósseis, que tanto económica como ambientalmente, apresentam potenciais problemas para a indústria. Posto isto, o CPA encontra-se de momento a implementar a tecnologia que permitirá o coprocessamento deste combustível nos queimadores principais das suas linhas de produção, em adição ao coprocessamento no pré-calcinador, aumentando assim a capacidade de substituição térmica utilizando CDR. Para otimizar esta implementação, é necessário um estudo extensivo do CDR, uma vez que, devido à sua origem, nomeadamente nos resíduos urbanos e nos resíduos industriais banais, este possui características heterógenas, como a humidade, o poder calorífico e o teor em cloro. A presente dissertação careceu, antes de mais, de uma profunda revisão da literatura, uma vez que o coprocessamento de CDR ainda se encontra pouco documentado. Posteriormente, foram realizados Ensaios Industriais no CPA, onde se realizou o coprocessamento de CDR de origens destintas, bem como de outros combustíveis alternativos, nomeadamente Pneus Usados, Farinhas Animais e Resíduos de Veículos em Fim de Vida, de modo a realizar uma comparação eficiente que permitisse retirar conclusões válidas e onde foram monitorizadas as emissões atmosféricas, a qualidade do produto final e as alterações no processo. Nestes ensaios industriais, os resultados relativos ao CDR Urbano indicam que os principais obstáculos ao seu coprocessamento têm origem nas suas características de elevada humidade, teor em matérias orgânicas e teor em cloretos, e consistem nas emissões atmosféricas de COT e CO, na potencialização de agarramentos e no aumento da cal livre no clínquer. Quanto ao CDR Industrial, as problemáticas, originadas pelas suas frações mais ricas em cloretos, humidade e baixa densidade, consistem nas emissões de CO, COT e HF, ainda que as primeiras a menor escala que o CDR Urbano, na potencialização de agarramentos e no aumento da cal livre no clínquer. As conclusões retiradas são amplas e exigem trabalhos subsequentes, mas permitem validar a viabilidade do coprocessamento de CDR nos queimadores principais do CPA. Ainda assim, será necessário implementar medidas a curto prazo, como otimizar o controlo de qualidade e modelar a mistura dos diferentes combustíveis, e a longo prazo, como a consideração da implementação de um bypass para remover o cloro em excesso ou a ponderação da viabilidade de um sistema integrado de gasificação.

Anais de História de Além-Mar

FCT

Anais de História de Além-Mar

FCT

Anais de História de Além-Mar

http://www.cham.fcsh.unl.pt/ext/pages/publicacoes_anais.htm

Anais de História de Além-Mar

FCT

The epidemiology of envenomation via snakebite in the State of Piauí, Northeastern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: This communication describes a retrospective study of the epidemiology of snakebite cases that were recorded from 2007 to 2012 in the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the State of Piauí's Health Department. RESULTS: A total of 1,528 cases were identified. The cases occurred most frequently in rural areas between January and July. Victims were predominantly male farmers, and were typically 30-39 years old. Most victims were bitten on the foot, and received medical assistance within 1-3h after being bitten. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological profile of snakebites in the State of Piauí is similar to that in all of Brazil.

Return on equity: A comparison between companies in Portugal and Brazil: Similarities and differences

The purpose of this research is to study the Return on Equity of Portuguese and Brazilian companies, through the DuPont method. This project analyses whether differences in the ratios depend on specific features of the country, or if it is influenced by the industry where it is located. From the comparisons it is concluded that Brazilian companies pay higher corporate taxes and while the Portuguese companies are more leveraged, it is the Brazilian companies which pay higher interests. It is also noticeable that Portuguese companies take more advantage from the financing decisions and Brazilian on the investing decisions.

Venomous and poisonous arthropods: identification, clinical manifestations of envenomation, and treatments used in human injuries

Abstract This review presents the main species of venomous and poisonous arthropods, with commentary on the clinical manifestations provoked by the toxins and therapeutic measures used to treat human envenomations. The groups of arthopods discussed include the class Arachnida (spiders and scorpions, which are responsible for many injuries reported worldwide, including Brazil); the subphylum Myriapoda, with the classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda (centipedes and millipedes); and the subphylum Hexapoda, with the class Insecta and the orders Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (stink bugs, giant water bugs, and cicadas), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees), and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Chagas disease in the State of Amazonas: history, epidemiological evolution, risks of endemicity and future perspectives

Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic infection that originated in the Americas and is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. In the last few years, the disease has spread to countries in North America, Asia and Europe due to the migration of Latin Americans. In the Brazilian Amazon, CD has an endemic transmission, especially in the Rio Negro region, where an occupational hazard was described for piaçaveiros (piassaba gatherers). In the State of Amazonas, the first chagasic infection was reported in 1977, and the first acute CD case was recorded in 1980. After initiatives to integrate acute CD diagnostics with the malaria laboratories network, reports of acute CD cases have increased. Most of these cases are associated with oral transmission by the consumption of contaminated food. Chronic cases have also been diagnosed, mostly in the indeterminate form. These cases were detected by serological surveys in cardiologic outpatient clinics and during blood donor screening. Considering that the control mechanisms adopted in Brazil's classic transmission areas are not fully applicable in the Amazon, it is important to understand the disease behavior in this region, both in the acute and chronic cases. Therefore, the pursuit of control measures for the Amazon region should be a priority given that CD represents a challenge to preserving the way of life of the Amazon's inhabitants.

Quadrature generators based on ring oscillators and shift registers

Quadrature oscillators are key elements in modern radio frequency (RF) transceivers and very useful nowadays in wireless communications, since they can provide: low quadrature error, low phase-noise, and wide tuning range (useful to cover several bands). RC oscillators can be fully integrated without the need of external components (external high Q-inductors), optimizing area, cost, and power consumption. The conventional structure of ring oscillator offers poor frequency stability and phasenoise, low quality factor (Q), and besides being vulnerable to process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations, its performance degrades as the frequency of operation increases. This thesis is devoted to quadrature oscillators and presents a detailed comparative study of ring oscillator and shift register (SR) approaches. It is shown that in SRs both phase-noise and phase error are reduced, while ring oscillators have the advantage of occupying less area and less consumption due to the reduced number of components in the circuit. Thus, although ring oscillators are more suitable for biomedical applications, SRs are more appropriate for wireless applications, especially when specification requirements are more stringent and demanding. The first architecture studied consists in a simple CMOS ring oscillator employing an odd number of static single-ended inverters as delay cells. Subsequently, the quadrature 4-stage ring oscillator concept is shown and post-layout simulations are presented. The 3 and 4-phase single-frequency local oscillator (LO) generators employing SRs are presented, the latter with 50% and 25% duty-cycles. The circuits operate at 600 MHz and 900 MHz, and were designed in a 130 nm standard CMOS technology with a voltage supply of 1.2 V.

Characterization of earth-based mortars for rammed earth repair

All over the world, many earth buildings are deteriorating due to lack of maintenance and repair. Repairs on rammed earth walls are mainly done with mortars, by rendering application; however, often the repair is inadequate, resorting to the use of incompatible materials, including cement-based mortars. It has been observed that such interventions, in walls that until that day only had presented natural ageing issues, created new problems, much more dangerous for the building than the previous ones, causing serious deficiencies in this type of construction. One of the problems is that the detachment of the new cement-based mortar rendering only occurs after some time but, until that occurrence, degradations develop in the wall itself. When the render detaches, instead of needing only a new render, the surface has to be repaired in depth, with a repair mortar. Consequently, it has been stablished that the renders, and particularly repair mortars, should have physical, mechanical and chemical properties similar to those of the rammed earth walls. This article intends to contribute to a better knowledge of earth-based mortars used to repair the surface of rammed earth walls. The studied mortars are based on four types of earth: three of them were collected from non-deteriorated parts of walls of unstabilized rammed earth buildings located in Alentejo region, south of Portugal; the fourth is a commercial earth, consisting mainly of clay. Other components were also used, particularly: sand to control shrinkage; binders stabilizers such as dry hydrated air-lime, natural hydraulic lime, Portland cement and natural cement; as well as natural vegetal fibers (hemp fibers). The experimental analysis of the mortars in the fresh state consisted in determining the consistency by flow table and the bulk density. In the hardened state, the tests made it possible to evaluate the following properties: linear and volumetric shrinkage; capillary water absorption; drying capacity; dynamic modulus of elasticity; flexural and compressive strength.

Widespread hematogenous metastases and Trousseau's syndrome in gastric adenocarcinoma

A case of widespread hematogenous metastases and Trousseau's syndrome is reported in a 40 year-old white housewife with gastric cancer, presenting subdural hematoma, ecchymoses, epistaxis, stomach and uterine bleeding. After undergoing hematoma drainage, she was unsuccessfully treated with platelets, red blood cells, plasma cryoprecipitate transfusions, and antibiotics. Necropsy disclosed gastric ring-signet adenocarcinoma invading the serous layer, with massive disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic neoplastic embolism. Multiple old and recent hyaline (rich in fibrin and platelets) microthrombi, and tumor emboli were observed in the bone marrow, meninges, liver, lungs, kidneys, lymph nodes, adrenals, thyroid, heart, pancreas, and ovaries (Krukenberg tumor).