How varies optimal welfare pricing with income distribution? The case of the untolled alternative

In some countries, such as Spain, it is very common that in the same corridor there are two roads with the same origin and destination but with some differences. The most important contrast is that one is a toll highway which offers a better quality than the parallel road in exchange of a price. The users decide if the price of the toll is worth paying for the advantages offered. This problem is known as the untolled alternative and it has been largely studied in the academic literature, particularly related to economic efficiency and the optimal welfare toll. However, there is a gap in the academic literature regarding how income distribution affects the optimal toll. The main objective of the paper is to fill this gap. In this paper a theoretical model is developed in order to obtain the optimal welfare price in a toll highway that competes with a conventional road for capturing the traffic. This model is done for non-usual users who decide over the expectation of free flow conditions. This model is finally applied to the variables we want to focus on: average value of travel time (VTT) which is strongly related with income, dispersion of this VTT and traffic levels, from free flow to congestion. Derived from the results, we conclude that the higher the average VTT the higher the optimal price, the higher the dispersion of this VTT the lower the optimal price and finally, the more the traffic the higher the optimal toll

Ambivalent Sovereignty

Ambivalent Sovereignty inquires into the subject of political realism. This subject, sovereign authority, appears to have a dual foundation. It appears divided against itself, but how can realism nonetheless observe legitimate modes of sovereignty emerge? Against the liberal idea that a "synthesis" of both material-coercive and ideal-persuasive powers should be accomplished, within the world of international relations, realism gives meaning to a structural type of state power that is also constitutionally and legitimately dividing itself--against itself. Machiavelli but particularly also other realists such as Hannah Arendt, Max Weber, and Aristotle are being reinterpreted to demonstrate why each state's ultimate authority may symbiotically emerge from its self-divisions, rather than from one synthetic unity. Whereas liberal theorists, from Montesquieu to John Rawls and Alexander Wendt, err too far in assuming the presence of the state's monistic authority, the realist theorists further advance an answer to how sovereign states may begin to both recognize and include only the most-legitimate manifestations of their common dualist authority. Ambivalent Sovereignty is relevant in this sense as it transcends-and-yet-includes these common dualities: freedom/necessity; emergence/causation; self-organization/power structures.

Annual report.

The Board was abolished in 1917; work taken over by the Department of Labor.

Attenuation of water-soluble polychlorinated biphenyls by earth materials /

Mode of access: Internet.

Proceedings ... annual convention /

Description based on: 46th (Nov. 8-14, 1928).

Material on geography which may be obtained free or at small cost /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-51, 54-60).

Catalog rules.

Mode of access: Internet.

Destruction of Kaskaskia by the Mississippi River.

Disbound Original Held in Oak Street Library Facility.

George Rogers Clark papers, 1771- .

Includes bibliographies.

Biennial Report of the Trustees.

Title varies slightly.

Monograph.

Mode of access: Internet.

CATV and its implications for libraries : proceedings of a conference /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Earth science field trip, guide leaflet : Metropolis area : Massac, Pope and Johnson Counties : Paducah, Brownfield, Vienna and La Center Quadrangles.

"April 11, 1959."

Geology and mineral resources of the Beardstown, Glasford, Havana, and Vermont quadrangles /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Geology and mineral resources of the Joliet quadrangle ... /

Reprinted from Illinois. State geological survey. Bulletin no. 51.