1975 UM Track Team

Top Row: Pat Shaw, Tim Bell, Sam Duran, Mark Foster, Phil Stotz, Dave Heikkinen, Lynn Dobosy, Bob Maistros.

5th Row: Randy Foss, John McHugh, Mark Conner, Doug Hennigar, Mike McMahon, Tom Schmidt, John Risk, Dave Furst.

4th Row: Wally Barnowski, Mark Bohlke, Jay Anstaett, Jim Stokes, Jeff Swanson, Bill Schaeffer, James Grace, Bob Scheper.

3rd Row: Bill Donakowski, Andy Johnson, Abe Butler, Rob Lytle, Greg Meyer, Mike McGuire, st. mngr. Mike D'Agostino, trainer Len Paddock.

2nd Row: asst. coach Ron Warhurst, asst. coach Greg Syphax, Ed Kulka, Kevin Briggs, George Przygodski, Terry Hart, Steve Thiry, Quincy Evans, Jeff McLeod.

Front Row: Geoff LePlatte, Jesse Myers, Doug Gibbs, Bob Mills, head coach Jack Harvey, Jim Howe, Jim Simpson, Dave Williams, Jon Cross.

University of Michigan Football Team, 1936

Solomon Sobsey, Harold Floersch, Donald Siegel, Edward Greenwald, Cedric Sweet, John Brennan, Matt Patanelli, Seymour Rosenthall, Melvin Kramer, Fred Jahnke, John Jordan, Norman Nickerson, Arthur Valpey, Earle Luby, George Shakarian, Elmer Gedeon, Dan Smick, Chris Everhardus, Donald Paquette

Middle Row: Edward Stanton, Alex Loiko, John Smithers, Fred Olds, Joseph Rinaldi, George Maurer, George Marzonie, Robert Cooper, Forrest Jordan, Frederick Ziem, Ernest Pederson, James Lincoln, William Barclay, Douglas Farmer, C. Stark Ritchie, Clarence VandeWater, Martin Mark, Ralph Heikkinen

Front Row: Robert Campbell, Frank Bissell, Ferris Jennings, Charles Gray, Norm Purucker, Jerome Belsky, Chester Stabovitz, Kenneth Frost, Robert Curren, R. Wallace Hook, Joseph Barassa, Lilburn Ochs, Louis Levine, Blair Philips, Jesse Garber, Robert Piotrowski, James Barnett

University of Michigan Football Team, 1937

top Row: Norman Nickerson, Edward Frutig, Dan Smick, Thomas Hutton, James Lincoln, Charles Shaw, Harold Floersch, Paul Nielsen, Roland Savilla, Fred Jahnke, William Smith, Kenneth Steen, John Nicholson, Archie Kodros, Arthur Valpey, Elmer Gedeon, Louis Levine, Robert Curren, Norman Purucker

Middle Row: Robert Cooper, John Kinsey, Horace Tinker, Clarence VandeWater, Vincent Valek, James Bilbie, Don Siegel, David Gates, Earle Luby, Douglas Farmer, captain Joe Rinaldi, Dennis Kuhn, Solomon Sobsey, Forrest Jordan, John Brennan, Melvin Kramer, Paul Penvenne, Fred Olds

Front Row: Derwood Laskey, Harry Mulholland, Jerome Belsky, Milo Sukup, Fred Trosko, Herman Ulevitch, Robert Piotrowski, Robert Campbell, William Barclay, George Marzonie, Wallace Hook, Fred Ziem, Hercules Renda, Ralph Heikkinen, Ernest Pederson, Stark Ritchie, Wesley Warren

Applying a synthetic approach to the resilience of Finnish reindeer herding as a changing livelihood

Reindeer herding is an emblematic livelihood for Northern Finland, culturally important for local people and valuable in tourism marketing. We examine the livelihood resilience of Finnish reindeer herding by narrowing the focus of general resilience on social-ecological systems (SESs) to a specific livelihood while also acknowledging wider contexts in which reindeer herding is embedded. The questions for specified resilience can be combined with the applied DPSIR approach (Drivers; Pressures: resilience to what; State: resilience of what; Impacts: resilience for whom; Responses: resilience by whom and how). This paper is based on a synthesis of the authors’ extensive anthropological fieldwork on reindeer herding and other land uses in Northern Finland. Our objective is to synthesize various opportunities and challenges that underpin the resilience of reindeer herding as a viable livelihood. The DPSIR approach, applied here as a three step procedure, helps focus the analysis on different components of SES and their dynamic interactions. First, various land use-related DPSIR factors and their relations (synergies and trade-offs) to reindeer herding are mapped. Second, detailed DPSIR factors underpinning the resilience of reindeer herding are identified. Third, examples of interrelations between DPSIR factors are explored, revealing the key dynamics between Pressures, State, Impacts, and Responses related to the livelihood resilience of reindeer herding. In the Discussion section, we recommend that future applications of the DPSIR approach in examining livelihood resilience should (1) address cumulative pressures, (2) consider the state dimension as more tuned toward the social side of SES, (3) assess both the negative and positive impacts of environmental change on the examined livelihood by a combination of science led top-down and participatory bottom-up approaches, and (4) examine and propose governance solutions as well as local adaptations by reindeer herders as equally relevant responses to enhance livelihood resilience.