A non-invasive method for silencing gene transcription in honeybees maintained under natural conditions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito de quatro tipos de mel na longevidade e reprodução de Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera:pteromalidae)

O trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer o melhor tipo de mel em relação à longevidade e fertilidade do parasitóide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro Catolaccus grandis. Adultos recém-emergidos foram transferidos para recipientes plásticos de 500mL, adaptados com tubo para fornecer água e umidade para os insetos. Um casal do parasitóide foi mantido em cada recipiente em câmara climatizada a 25±1°C, UR = 70±10% e fotoperíodo de 14h. O trabalho constou de 4 tratamentos: mel de flor de laranjeira; mel de flores de plantas silvestres; mel de cana-de-açúcar (todos produzidos por Apis mellifera) e mel de flores silvestres produzido por abelha Jataí (Tetragonistica angustula), com 15 repetições cada. Adultos recém-emergidos do parasitóide receberam cinco larvas de Euscepes postfasciatus encapsuladas em parafilm. Três gotículas de mel foram colocadas sobre o parafilm. Calculou-se a longevidade de machos e fêmeas, número de ovos dia-1 fêmea-1 e número total de ovos fêmea-1 e construíram-se as tabelas de fertilidade. As melhores dietas para alimentar adultos de C. grandis foram o mel silvestre e o de laranjeira. A melhor fecundidade foi observada na dieta de mel de laranjeira (101,60 ovos fêmea-1) e os melhores resultados para aumento reprodutivo e populacional deste parasitóide foram obtidos com mel de laranja e com mel silvestre.

Efeito de diferentes fontes de carboidrato e da privação de alimento sobre aspectos biológicos de Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Functional response of Telenomus remus Nixon(Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) eggs: effect of female age

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Técnica de criação e parâmetros biológicos de Stegasta bosquella em amendoim

Studies with Stegasta bosquella in peanut crop are little explored by researchers, mainly by the need of obtaining, in the field, a large quantity of closed leaflets. Therefore, it was sought a way of rearing in a natural diet that facilitates the attainment of the insect. The research was developed at the Laboratorio de Resistencia de Plantas a Insetos (FCAV/Jaboticabal) (T: 25 +/- 2 degrees C, RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase: 12 hours) (Runner IAC 886). The rearing stock of was carried out by collecting caterpillars from the field and keeping them in flat bottom glass tubes until adult emergence and test performance. Caterpillars were individualized in Petri dish plates, lined with moistened filter paper, which contained closed and early opened leaflets, but closed with paper clips (imitating the closed leaflet). A randomized design with two treatments and 36 repetitions was used. After the pupae formation, they were separated into five couples and the adults were kept in transparent plastic cages containing a peanut stem with leaves for oviposition, and fed with a 10% honey solution. The duration and viability of the larval and pupal periods, male and female longevity with and without food, and fertility were evaluated. The two forms of larvae rearing (closed leaflet and leaflet closed with clips) did not influence on any of the studied parameters. Therefore, the rearing of S. bosquella becomes feasible in natural diet, which means there is no need to use the enclosed leaflets for this purpose, and implies the easiness for rearing.

Efeito de beauveria bassiana (bals.) Vuillemin eMetarhizium anisopliae (metsch.) sorokin nos parâmetros biológicos de trichogramma atopovirilia oatman & platner, 1983 (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae)

Two bioassays were performed to evaluate the effect of two biopesticides based on Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin on the biological parameters of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983. In the first one, displays with S. frugiperda, 1797 eggs were dropped into the biopesticide suspension and offered to the parasitoid females for 24 hours. In the second one, parasitoid females were fed with a suspension containing honey and biopesticide suspension. In both cases, after the parasitoid death they were mantained into a humid chamber to observe fungus sporulation. The experiments were maintained in a climatized chamber at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, RH 70 +/- 10%, and photophase of 14 hours. The longevity and adult mortality, total parasitism, progeny emergency, number of individuals per egg and sexual ratio were analyzed. The biopesticides did not affect the evaluated parameters and no fungus sporulation was observed in dead females. It is possible to assert that the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can be used with T. atopovirilia in IPM S. frugiperda systems.

Efeito de genótipos de sorgo sobre o predador Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alimentado com Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito indireto da resistência de genótipos de sorgo sobre o predador Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) usando o pulgão Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) como presa. Os genótipos usados no estudo foram: GR 11111 e TX 430 x GR 111 (resistentes), GB 3B (moderadamente resistente) e BR 007B (suscetível). Larvas recém-eclodidas foram confinadas individualmente em recipientes de vidro e alimentadas com S. graminum, criados separadamente em cada um dos quatro genótipos. Após a emergência, os adultos obtidos de cada tratamento foram sexados e agrupados aos casais, colocados em gaiolas contendo dieta à base de levedo de cerveja e mel. Os insetos foram observados diariamente da fase jovem até o período de 60 dias após a emergência do adulto. Genótipos com maior grau de resistência proporcionaram maior consumo de pulgões pelo predador, porém menor peso a este. Quando os pulgões foram criados no genótipo resistente GR 11111, o peso das larvas, sobrevivência da pré-pupa e longevidade da fêmea do predador foram inferiores. As associações positivas observadas entre o predador, C. externa, e o genótipo resistente, TX 430 x GR 111, e entre o predador e o genótipo moderadamente resistente GB 3B, evidenciaram a possibilidade de integração entre os dois métodos de controle: resistência de plantas e controle biológico.

Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em espécies de maracujazeiro: flutuação populacional, horário de visitação e danos às flores

Avaliou-se a infestação, flutuação populacional e horário de visitação de Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em espécies de maracujazeiro. As espécies utilizadas foram Passiflora coccinea, P. setacea, P. alata, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. laurifolia e P. nitida, aos três anos de idade. O ensaio foi conduzido em parcelas de 1,5 m de comprimento, avaliando-se os dois lados da espaldeira, considerando-se apenas o 0,5 m superior desta e totalizando, para os dois lados, a área de 1,5 m². Avaliaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: número de irapuás e porcentagem de dano nos botões florais, flores, frutos, ramos, folhas e pedúnculos. Para a determinação do horário de visitação, foi utilizada P. coccinea, sendo as avaliações realizadas às 9:00h, 12:00h e 15:00h. A correlação entre o número médio de T. spinipes presentes nas flores de espécies de maracujazeiro e a porcentagem de danos foi positiva e significativa (r = 0,99). em nenhuma das observações efetuadas, constatou-se a presença de T. spinipes nos botões florais, frutos, ramos, folhas ou pedúnculos das espécies de maracujazeiro, não ocorrendo danos nessas estruturas. Esse resultado sugere que as abelhas são atraídas pelas flores ocasionando danos nessas estruturas, provavelmente, por utilizar o tecido floral ou resinas contidas neste para a construção de ninhos. P. coccinea foi a espécie mais danificada por T. spinipes, apresentando suscetibilidade ao ataque desse inseto. Os horários de maior incidência de T. spinipes foram 9:00h e 12:00h, ocorrendo decréscimo significativo no número de abelhas por flor às 15:00h. Constatou-se maior infestação de T. spinipes nas flores das plantas de maracujá nos meses de outubro a novembro, coincidindo com a primavera, em Jaboticabal, SP.

Não-preferência para oviposição e alimentação de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) por cultivares de amendoim.

This study aimed to select peanut cultivars resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda, selecting non-oviposition and non-feeding preference in choice and no-choice tests. Peanut cultivars with upright growth habit (IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 and IAC Tatu ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 503, IAC 505, IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapo and IAC Runner 886) were evaluated. Tests of non-oviposition preference were conducted with newly emerged adults. Adults were fed a 10% honey solution, remaining in cages for 4 days until the start of the evaluations. The evaluations consisted of quantifying the number of eggs and egg masses, followed by calculating the number of eggs per egg mass. To perform non-feeding preference tests, leaf discs from different peanut cultivars were placed in disposable Petri dishes followed by releasing of a third-instar caterpillar for each cultivar. The attractiveness at 1, 5; 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 and 1,440 minutes was evaluated by counting the caterpillars that were feeding on cultivars. The leaf area consumed was evaluated at the end of the experiment for each cultivar. In the tests of non-oviposition and non-feeding preference, with choice or no-choice, none of the cultivars of the upright growth and runner growth habit influenced the oviposition or food of S. frugiperda. Thus, the peanut cultivars showed no resistance of the non-feeding and non-oviposition types.

Esporos de Clostridium botulinum em mel comercializado no Estado de São Paulo e em outros Estados brasileiros

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Superação de dormência de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth

O angico-de-bezerro (Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.) é uma espécie arbórea melífera, de crescimento rápido, característica da caatinga do nordeste brasileiro, onde é muito abundante e com dispersão contígua e irregular. Seus ramos finos, junto com as folhas, servem como alimento para animais. Como suas sementes apresentam dormência por impermeabilidade do tegumento à água, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a eficiência de tratamentos pré-germinativos para superar a dormência de suas sementes visando maximizar e uniformizar o processo de germinação. Foram estudados 28 tratamentos pré-germinativos: imersão em água a 70, 80, 90 ºC e fervente por 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 minutos e imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos, além da testemunha. A semeadura foi realizada sobre papel em temperatura alternada de 20-30 ºC, utilizando-se quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de germinação das sementes considerando a protrusão da raiz primária, de plântulas normais e de sementes duras e o índice de velocidade de germinação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os tratamentos de imersão em água, independentemente da temperatura e do período de imersão, aumentaram a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, comparativamente ao tratamento controle, mas foram menos eficientes que os tratamentos em ácido sulfúrico nos maiores períodos de imersão. Desta forma, a imersão por 20, 25 e 30 minutos em ácido sulfúrico é recomendada para a superação da dormência de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.

Temperatura e substrato para a germinação de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.

In germination tests, substrate and ideal temperature are important for providing favorable conditions for the germination of seeds and the eventual development of seedlings. This research aimed at evaluating the effects of temperature and substrate on the germination of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth seeds. Two trials were done. In the first, seeds were submitted to germination under constant temperatures of 5 to 40 degrees C (increases of 5 degrees C) and alternated temperatures of 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 20-30, 25-35 and 20-35 degrees C on paper. In the second trial, temperatures of 25, 20-30 e 20-35 degrees C were used in the substrates on (OP) and between paper (BP), on (OS) and between sand (BS), on (0V) and between vermiculite (BV) and paper roll (PR). The following traits were evaluated: percentage of seeds with protrusion of primary root and normal seedlings; speed germination index; length of primary root and of the hypocotyls and the dry mass of seedlings. A completely randomized design was used with 14 treatments. In the first experiment and a factorial scheme of 7 x 3 (7 substrates and 3 temperatures) was used in the second with four replicates of 25 seeds each. In the first experiment the constant temperatures of 25 e 30 degrees C and the alternated of 20-30 e 20-35 degrees C provided best results for the germination of seeds. In the second, the temperature of 25 C associated with the substrates BP, BS and BV surpassed the other treatments proving adequate for carrying out the germination tests of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth seeds.

A expansão da agroindústria do mel no Rio Grande do Norte

The beekeeping activity has become in all regions of Brazil until the early 80s and from 2000 to beekeeping Northeast also has developed, becoming a major oil producing honey. The Rio Grande do Norte following these developments happened to occupy fourth place in the ranking of export of honey between the states of the Northeast in 2007. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a macro radiography of recent developments in the production chain of honey in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, organizing and discussing the information, collected in the period 2004 to 2007, as well as evaluating the prospect of the honey industry in order to provide a diagnosis able to identify opportunities and enhance the marketing of their products. From the methodological point of view, this study can be classified as a research study exploratory and descriptive by using questionnaires. The group of several studies has been productivity, production and market. Search results indicated the growth of industry in 4 years of activity by the number of beehives full and populated, infrastructure, production and marketing of the state. It can be said that beekeeping of Rio Grande do Norte, despite its potential for developing the activity comes in a different way when compared to other activities, because the actors who play to start the activity through training and to play with it in a professional manner, in addition to support staff who work in the industry

Estratégia de produçãp agroindustrial :um estudo dos fatores que afetam a exportação do mel

This thesis approaches the situation of small and medium Brazilian companies facing the exportation process, focusing honey (Apis Mellifera). The world economy has had growing market internationalization, known as globalization. In this context, the exportation has to be faced as a way to minimize the inner market difficulties and increase the levels of quality and productivity to attend the external markets in a competitive way. A company exportation process is not linked to its dimensions, but connected to the commitment with quality, creativity and professionalism. The search for new productive frontiers has benefited Brazilian beekeeper, mainly the northeast ones. Besides, the claim for products that are free of chemical remains, with a bigger aggregate value has increased every day, and the Apismel Company is benefited for having potential to produce organic honey. This paper approaches a case study realized with Sixty-nine beekeeper from Serra do Mel, RN, that make the Apismel Company and it aims to investigate the competitive factors that affects honey exportation. In order to obtain subsidies to execute the objective of this work, it was chosen a questionnaire as instrument of research. The questionnaire was structured from variables that were considered as directions of competition in honey exportation. The results were tabled in Software (Statistics version 11.0). The descriptive, exploiter and Kolmogorov-Smirnov analyses were used to analyze the obtained results. At the end, this work recommends that the Apismel Company promote capacitating courses and technical consultations at the many villages that make the county, to ripen and add efficiency in handling implementation in order to equilibrate production factors and to attract inner and external markets

Gestão agroindustrial: um estudo sobre o modelo SEBRAE-RN de produção de mel de abelha no Rio Grande do Norte

The present study makes an analysis of the Development Program of Beekeeping on Rio Grande do Norte, evaluating the model of management implanted for the SEBRAE/RN in the production of bee honey in Rio Grande do Norte; on the basis of the annual reports emitted by the company in 2003, 2004 and 2005 a discerning survey is done in order to identify to the positive points and the possible imperfections that need to be readjusted, or to be substituted for the success of the program; a bibliographical study of the main authors of the subject with the purpose to gound the study, necessary base for the good performance of this work; the study made with the reports identifies some readjustments that need to be corrected, that will be suggested in the end of this study. However the work developed for the SEBRAE/RN is of good quality and the identified negative points do not compromise the good performance of the program, but it can delay the success desired; Despite the studied reports being inconsistent in some points, it can be identified significant improvements with the result of the work developed for the SEBRAE/RN, among others the creation of financial alternatives for the agriculturists who deal with the beekeeping, the employment, income and development of the enterprising capacity of the producers. However, is verified that it would have to exist more efficient ways that made possible a bigger interaction among the managers of the program and the participant public so that the continuous and necessary improvements were made to any well guided project