Huellas de la escritura materna en el español escrito como L2

Siguiendo los Nuevos Estudios de Literacidad y utilizando técnicas etnográficas (observación, entrevistas), criticamos varios aspectos de la concepción cognitiva de la “lectura en idioma extranjero” y proponemos una alternativa más sociocultural, que incorpora las particularidades reseñadas, que ofrece una visión más realista y completa y que pone el acento en el alfabetismo crítico. A partir de entrevistas a hablantes competentes del español como L2, que fueron alfabetizados en una lengua materna tipológicamente muy diferente y con un sistema de escritura distinto, exploramos el efecto que tienen las prácticas literarias escolares, en varias culturas, en el aprendizaje del español como segunda lengua.

Los constructos personales en la práctica sistémica

La teoría de los constructos personales (TCP) de Kelly (1955) y el enfoque sistémicoson, al menos a primera vista, dos tradiciones diferentes en el abordaje terapéutico.Originalmente, la TCP enfatizaba los procesos de construcción de un solo individuo (porejemplo, Bannister y Fransella, 1986), y sólo se amplió su objetivo gradualmente para incluir parejas (por ejemplo, G. Neimeyer, 1985; Ryle, 1975). Por lo tanto, su enfoque terapéutico era principalmente intrapsíquico o diádico. Por el contrario, la conceptualización de unproblema desde la perspectiva sistémica incluía siempre el contexto familiar. En dichocontexto, la conducta individual se entendía principalmente como una función dentro delsistema familiar más amplio. Como consecuencia, el tratamiento sistémico se centraba en grupos familiares y, por lo tanto, eliminaba el énfasis en la terapia individual...

Improvement of a fully distributed decision making protocol for CRN

Abstract¿La deteción del espectro libre para las comunicaciones inalámbricas en un momento puntual es una tarea compleja cuyo desarrollo se simplica al realizarse de forma distribuida por una red de radio cognitiva. Sin embargo existes dificultades y vulnerabilidades de seguridad que han de ser tenidas en cuenta y solventadas a la hora de autenticar y validar los nodos de la red. Este artículo presenta una propuesta de mejora del protocolo fully distributed decision making protocol for CRN con el fin de llevar a cabo esta tarea de detección del espectro de una manera eficiente y segura.

Museos y Content Marketing. Hacia un nuevo modelo de generación de contenidos culturales

Los museos vienen aplicando, desde hace ya bastantes décadas, la teoría y práctica de la difusión cultural para generar contenidos culturales que faciliten la accesibilidad cognitiva y emocional de los visitantes a sus colecciones. Últimamente están apareciendo campañas y acciones de comunicación comercial que, lideradas desde los departamentos de comunicación de los museos, están creando unos contenidos cuyo objetivo final es publicitario, sirviéndose para ello de la técnica del Content Marketing. Este artículo presenta este nuevo modelo de generación de contenidos, mediante el análisis de algunos casos internacionales en los que se ha aplicado de forma exitosa.

L'oxitocina estimula l'aprenetatge en nens autistes

Científics nord-americans creuen que aquesta hormona podria utilitzar-se durant les sessions de teràpia cognitiva per millorar-ne els resultats

Improvement of a fully distributed decision making protocol for CRN

Este artículo presenta una propuesta de mejora del protocolo fully distributed decision making protocol for CRN con el fin de llevar a cabo la tarea de detección del espectro libre para las comunicaciones inalámbricas de una manera eficiente y segura.

Functional remediation for bipolar disorder

Neurocognitive impairment constitutes a core feature of bipolar illness. The main domains affected are verbal memory, attention, and executive functions. Deficits in these areas as well as difficulties to get functional remission seem to be increased associated with illness progression. Several studies have found a strong relationship between neurocognitive impairment and low functioning in bipolar disorder, as previously reported in other illnesses such as schizophrenia. Cognitive remediation strategies, adapted from work conducted with traumatic brain injury patients and applied to patients with schizophrenia, also need to be adapted to individuals with bipolar disorders. Early intervention using functional remediation, involves neurocognitive techniques and training, but also psychoeducation on cognition-related issues and problem-solving within an ecological framework.

Actuació d'infermeria en salut afectiva sexual i reproductiva en adolescents: proposta Programa Educatiu en l'àmbit escolar

L'adolescència és un període de transició entre la infància i l'edat adulta, una etapa del cicle de creixement que marca el final de la infància i anuncia la maduresa, aquest terme s'utilitza generalment per referir-se a una persona que es troba entre els 13 i 19 anys d'edat. En aquesta etapa s'inicia la maduració física, cognitiva, social i emocional del nen o nena en la cerca del camí cap a l'adultesa. Per a molts joves l'adolescència és un període d'incertesa i fins i tot de desesperació; per a uns altres, és una etapa d'amistats internes, de desvinculació de les lligadures amb els pares, de somnis sobre el futur, etc. El desenvolupament físic és només una part d'aquest procés de maduració, ja que els adolescents han de superar també una sèrie de canvis psicosocials, com per exemple: independència dels pares, aprenentatge d'estratègies de comunicació per relacionar-se de forma més madura, desenvolupament de les capacitats intel·lectuals, consolidació de la pròpia identitat, inici de les relacions sexuals, actituds i valors, control emocional, entre uns altres.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

Sexisme benvolent

La benevolència és la qualitat de qui es presta a alguna cosa per bona voluntat envers algú, especialment, segons rebla el diccionari de l'IEC, d'un superior envers un inferior. Tradicionalment s'ha considerat una actitud positiva, fins i tot lloable. Per benevolència tendim a ajudar els nens, les persones grans i els discapacitats. I sovint hi ha qui també ho fa amb les persones de gènere femení, per una tradició suposadament cavalleresca.

Una aproximación a las funciones ejecutivas en el trastorno del espectro autista

Introducción: La hipótesis psicológica de la disfunción ejecutiva desempeña un papel crucial para explicar el fenotipo conductual de las personas con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA), relacionada también con otras hipótesis como el déficit en teoría de la mente o la hipótesis de la coherencia central débil. Sin embargo, ninguna de estas hipótesis son mutuamente excluyentes y los comportamientos que tienen su origen en alguna de esas tres hipótesis están también moldeados y mantenidos por otros procesos y factores. Desarrollo: Este artículo revisa la manifestación conductual y el estado de la investigación sobre las funciones ejecutivas en personas con TEA y su impacto en las habilidades de planificación, de flexibilidad mental y cognitiva, generatividad, inhibición de respuesta, habilidades mentalistas y sentido de la actividad. Conclusión: Aunque la disfunción ejecutiva ha ido ganando peso como hipótesis explicativa en las personas con TEA, persisten algunas dificultades relevantes que precisan de mayor y más detallada investigación. Por otro lado, son muy escasos los programas de intervención con eficacia demostrada que minimicen los efectos de la disfunción ejecutiva en el autismo.

Efficacy of a dilemma-focused intervention for unipolar depression: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Background Depression is one of the more severe and serious health problems because of its morbidity, disabling effects and for its societal and economic burden. Despite the variety of existing pharmacological and psychological treatments, most of the cases evolve with only partial remission, relapse and recurrence. Cognitive models have contributed significantly to the understanding of unipolar depression and its psychological treatment. However, success is only partial and many authors affirm the need to improve those models and also the treatment programs derived from them. One of the issues that requires further elaboration is the difficulty these patients experience in responding to treatment and in maintaining therapeutic gains across time without relapse or recurrence. Our research group has been working on the notion of cognitive conflict viewed as personal dilemmas according to personal construct theory. We use a novel method for identifying those conflicts using the repertory grid technique (RGT). Preliminary results with depressive patients show that about 90% of them have one or more of those conflicts. This fact might explain the blockage and the difficult progress of these patients, especially the more severe and/or chronic. These results justify the need for specific interventions focused on the resolution of these internal conflicts. This study aims to empirically test the hypothesis that an intervention focused on the dilemma(s) specifically detected for each patient will enhance the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression. Design A therapy manual for a dilemma-focused intervention will be tested using a randomized clinical trial by comparing the outcome of two treatment conditions: combined group CBT (eight, 2-hour weekly sessions) plus individual dilemma-focused therapy (eight, 1-hour weekly sessions) and CBT alone (eight, 2-hour group weekly sessions plus eight, 1-hour individual weekly sessions). Method Participants are patients aged over 18 years meeting diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder, with a score of 19 or above on the Beck depression inventory, second edition (BDI-II) and presenting at least one cognitive conflict (implicative dilemma or dilemmatic construct) as assessed using the RGT. The BDI-II is the primary outcome measure, collected at baseline, at the end of therapy, and at 3- and 12-month follow-up; other secondary measures are also used. Discussion We expect that adding a dilemma-focused intervention to CBT will increase the efficacy of one of the more prestigious therapies for depression, thus resulting in a significant contribution to the psychological treatment of depression. Trial registration ISRCTN92443999; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01542957.

Símptomes negatius i cognició social en l'esquizofrènia : un programa d'intervenció

L’esquizofrènia és un trastorn mental greu que afecta a un 1% de la població mundial. El seu tractament ha estat molt estudiat i, al llarg del temps, s’han descobert i fomentat noves línies de treball com són el tractament de la simptomatologia negativa i el dèficit cognitiu, front l’originària focalització en els símptomes positius. El present programa d’intervenció té com objectiu principal la millora de la simptomatologia negativa i el funcionament social en les persones diagnosticades d’esquizofrènia negativa. El programa es situa en el buit existent entre els programes de rehabilitació cognitiva (RC) i els programes de reinserció laboral i vocacionals donat que els actual programes d’entrenament en habilitats socials han demostrat no ser aplicables a la vida diària dels pacients esquizofrènics. El programa té un format grupal i una duració de 3 anys, amb una sessió setmanal, i consta de 4 mòduls diferenciats (Entrevista Motivacional, Cognició, Simptomatologia negativa i relacions socials, Cloenda i Recopilació de conceptes) amb objectius, dificultat i temporalitat diferents. Les possibles limitacions del programa vindrien donades per la dificultat de determinar quins són els pacients que s’adequarien a aquesta intervenció, pel que serà necessària la realització d’una adequada avaluació per seleccionar els membres del grup de tractament. Alhora, en la seva aplicació, les limitacions vindrien determinades per la forta implicació emocional i cohesió grupal que el programa requereix.

Análisis comparativo del "inventario de actitudes y creencias" (ABI) y la "escala de actitudes disfuncionales" (DAS)

De acuerdo con los planteamientos de la Terapia Cognitiva (TC) de Aaron Beck y la terapia Racional Emotivo Conductual (TREC) de Albert Ellis, el mantenimiento de creencias rígidas y actitudes disfuncionales constituyen factores de vulnerabilidad a los trastornos psicológicos. En base a estos planteamientos, la adecuada evaluación de las creencias y actitudes disfuncionales es fundamental, no sólo para saber cuáles están en el origen y mantenimiento de la perturbación emocional que puede aquejar a una persona, sino también para su cambio y prevención, e incluso para la promoción de actitudes más funcionales o saludables.El presente estudio se centra específicamente en el análisis de las similitudes y diferencias existentes entre los instrumentos de evaluación de las creencias y actitudes disfuncionales elaborados desde tales enfoques teóricos. Concretamente, entre el Inventario de Actitudes y Creencias (ABI) y la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales (DAS) desarrollados desde la perspectiva de la TREC y la TC, respectivamente. Para ello se han administrado sendos cuestionarios a una muestra de 156 estudiantes universitarios con un rango de edad comprendido entre los 19 y 57 años (media: 22.03; desviación típica: 5.09), y sus puntuaciones se han sometido a diversos análisis de correlación (de Spearman y canónica) y de regresión para verificar el grado de variancia compartida, así como a un análisis factorial de componentes principales (ACP) para comprobar la estructura de la agrupación de las escalas respectivas...