On farm trial of freshwater pearl culture

On farm preliminary trial of freshwater pearl culture was done through 20 entrepreneurs in Boilor and Sutiakhali villages of Mymensingh district during 2004. A group of 20 enthusiastic women were selected and trained on the art of mantle tissue dissection, operation for mantle tissue implantation and preparation of ponds for pearl culture. A total of 200 juvenile freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis, were collected from the wild and were used for mantle issue operation. The operated mussels were then transferred to farmer's pond and were subjected to observational trial. Length and weight of each of the test mussels were recorded before hanging them at a depth of 40 cm in net bags (3 mussels/net bag) in ponds at the rate of 24,700 mussels/ha of pond area. Ponds were routinely fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers thorough out the mussel rearing period. Water temperature, pH, plankton density and soil organic matter were monitored fortnightly. Growth of pearl is yet to be monitored through sacrifice of the mussels but X-ray photography of a few mussels indicated the initiation of pearl formation in most of them.

Introducing tilapia (GIFT) with shrimp (Penaues monodon) in brackishwater rice-shrimp system: impact on water quality and production

Mixed rearing of tilapia (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia, GIFT) with shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in brackishwater rice-shrimp system was assessed for its impact on dry season's shrimp production. The experiment was conducted in pre-selected farmer's field located at Paikgacha Upazila of Khulna district and designed with three different densities (treatment) of GIFT, viz, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5/m² with a constant stocking density of shrimp at 3/m². Each treatment had three replications. There had a set of control treatment where GIFT was not stocked. Results of the experiment revealed that tilapia did not exert any significant effect (p>0.05) on the water quality variables, even on survival rate of shrimp (p>0.05) under farm level condition in rice-shrimp rotational system, but a density dependent negative effect (P<0.05) on the growth of shrimp led apparently lower production rate of shrimp. Though tilapia provided the major augment of total production (p<0.05) in the respective treatments than in monoculture of shrimp, but not that of the economic return. However, economic loss due to sudden shrimp crop failure might be partially minimized by the tilapia crop.

Impact assessment of Farakka barrage on environmental issues at Bheramara Upazila, Bangladesh

Different problems have been created on the downstream territory, especially on Bheramara on the bank of mighty river Padma. The study is preferred to assess the impacts on river flow of Ganges water, and on fisheries, agriculture, irrigation, groundwater, livelihood, and biodiversity because of Farakka Barrage. Information were collected from various respondents among which 42% is farmer, 12% is fisherman, 36% is businessman and 10% is service holder. It is evident from this study that 65% of crops production were directly affected by Farakka Barrage, in which 34% crops were damaged due to scarcity of water, lowering the ground water level, less access to rainwater, etc. and 66% crops were invent for increasing char land, increasing soil fertility for the use of agrochemicals. Irrigation has been adversely affected because of 35% insufficient flow of water and 65% lowering the ground water level.

How to construct a fish smoking kiln

As interest increases in fish production, fish farming is on the rise as more fish is produced in ponds, cages and tanks. However not all fish can be sold out and consumed at the same time, in addition to this, different consumers show different preference. Some individua Is tend to prefer smoked fish to fresh and fried fish. Apart from satisfying the different consumer preferences, fish smoking is important because it in creases the self life of fish, there by reducing post harvest losses. It also adds value to the fish and in this way the farmer can fetch more money from farmed products. Although the technology has been around for several years amongst the fishing communities, it is not well known amongst fish farmers. There is need to bring fish fanners on board to know how to construct the smoking kiln through the stapes out lined below.

Basic steps in the production of the African catfish seed

A typical production cycle for African catfish farming begins with a selection of fingerlings or juvenile fish of good quality for brood stock development. Fish are selected from a family or grow out stock basing on records of the origin,age, strain and performance history of the parents or from the wild in this brochure, we explain the basic steps and requirements a farmer needs in order to achieve good results in the hatchery.

纸房沟流域农业生态经济系统建设及其投入问题分析

在对纸房沟流域生态经济系统建设回顾的基础上 ,分析了生态经济系统建设中的治理投入和生产投入问题 ,得出 :①国家和农民在生态经济系统建设的不同阶段 ,在治理投入和生产投入中的地位 ;②随着综合治理措施的实施 ,农民收入不断增加 ,土地利用趋于合理 ,生态经济系统由现实中的“相制关系”转变为“相依关系”。

黄土高原农牧交错区畜牧业可持续发展评析——以吴旗县为例

作为黄土高原半农半牧区重要经济支柱的畜牧业 ,要确保其稳定增长 ,需在提高粮食单产、保障食物安全的前提下 ,保持及改善生态环境 ,通过畜牧业发展农村经济 ,增加农民收入 ,改变农村贫困落后状态。同时畜牧业可持续发展需要经济系统、社会系统、技术系统的共同支撑 ,优化协调畜牧业生产中的外部条件和环境 ,配套解决和优化畜牧业系统内部矛盾是畜牧业可持续发展的必经之路

Método de abordagem e relacionamento com pequenos agricultores.

Este trabalho apresenta um metodo de abordagem e relacionamento com pequenos agricultores, a partir da experiencia de pesquisa com produtores rurais da regiao de Ouricuri, PE, desenvolvida pelo CPATSA-EMBRAPA, atraves do Programa Nacional de Pesquisa de Avaliacao de Recursos Naturais e Socio-economicos do Tropico Semi-Arido. O metodo indica elementos a serem considerados na pesquisa ao nivel de produtor: o conhecimento previo das condicoes ecologicas e socio0economicas do agricutor; os componentes e principios da relacao pesquisa/produtor; a estrategia de como ganhar a confianca do agricultor e o trabalho propriamente dito com o agricultor. O documento e dirigido a pesquisadores, extensionistas e tecnicos dos orgaos de desenvolvimento e visa reforcar a compreensao e o dialogo com os pequenos agricultores.

Manual de identificação de doenças e fungos em Arachis spp.

Plantas do gênero Arachis são conhecidas da humanidade há cerca de 8 mil anos. O termo amendoim é originário de mãdu?bi, da língua tupi. As espécies forrageiras são comumente chamadas de amendoim forrageiro ou até grama amendoim no Brasil. A espécie Arachis pintoi Krapovickas & Gregory, exclusivamente forrageira, vem sendo cada vez mais usada para pastejo de animais devido à quantidade de proteínas e biomassa produzida, além do uso na jardinagem e paisagismo em áreas urbanas e rurais. Essa preferência pela espécie baseia-se em longo histórico de sucesso em outros países para a finalidade a que se destina. Outras espécies encontradas nesse gênero e utilizadas em programas de melhoramento genético de amendoim forrageiro para a produção de proteína a baixo custo são Arachis repens Handro, Arachis glabrata Benth., Arachis valsii Miotto, Arachis appressipila Krapov & W. C. Greg. e Arachis helodes Mart. ex Krapov. & Rigoni. Algumas doenças fúngicas afetam A. pintoi quando este se encontra estabelecido no campo ou em viveiro, casas de vegetação ou telado. No entanto, fungos que ocorrem nas sementes têm importante papel na disseminação de doença a longa distância e no estabelecimento de plantas de amendoim forrageiro no campo seja para multiplicação ou para uso definitivo. O conhecimento da diversidade de fungos fitopatogênicos e saprófitas que ocorrem em Arachis spp. é de fundamental relevância para os trabalhos de diagnósticos, para a emissão de certificados fitossanitários de origem, certificados fitossanitários, ações de defesa vegetal, segurança no trabalho e para o controle de doenças. Desse modo, foi elaborado este Manual que, além de ser um guia ilustrado para a identificação de doenças, também traz informações de como isolar e caracterizar taxonomicamente os fungos associados ao amendoim forrageiro. Esta publicação é destinada aos produtores, estudantes, professores, pesquisadores, técnicos e todos aqueles que se interessam pela cultura do amendoim forrageiro nos campos e nas cidades, em atividades produtivas, educacionais e de extensão.

Scalable Multi-Relational Association Mining

Clare, A., Williams, H. E. and Lester, N. M. (2004) Scalable Multi-Relational Association Mining. In proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Data Mining ICDM '04.

Farmers, agriculture and politics in the Irish Free State area, 1919-1936

Given the economic and social importance of agriculture in the early years of the Irish Free State, it is surprising that the development of organisations representing farmers has not received the attention it deserves from historians. While the issues of government agricultural policy and the land question have been extensively studied in the historiography, the autonomous response by farmers to agricultural policies and the detailed study of the farmers’ organisations has simply been ignored in spite of the existence of a range of relevant primary sources. Farmers’ organisations have only received cursory treatment in these studies; they have been presented as passive spectators, responding in a Pavlovian manner to outside events. The existing historiography has only studied farmers’ organisations during periods when they impinged on national politics, epecially during the War of Independence and the Economic War. Therefore chronological gaps exist which has led to much misinterpretation of farmers’ activities. This thesis will redress this imbalance by studying the formation and continuous development of farmers’ organisations within the twenty-six county area and the reaction of farmers to changing government agricultural policies, over the period 1919 to 1936. The period under review entailed many attempts by farmers to form representative organisations and encompassed differing policy regimes. The thesis will open in 1919, when the first national organisation representing farmers, the Irish Farmers’ Union, was formed. In 1922, the union established the Farmers’ Party. By the mid- 1920’s, a number of protectionist agricultural associations had been formed. While the Farmers’ Party was eventually absorbed by Cumann na nGaedheal, local associations of independent farmers occupied the resultant vacuum and contested the 1932 election. These organisations formed the nucleus of a new national organisation; the National Farmers’ and Ratepayers’ League. The agricultural crisis caused by both the Great Depression and the Economic War facilitated the expansion of the league. The league formed a political party, the Centre Party, to contest the 1933 election. While the Centre Party was absorbed by the newly-formed Fine Gael, activists from the former farmer organisations led the campaign against the payment of annuities and rates. Many of them continued this campaign after 1934, when the Fine Gael leadership opposed the violent resistance to the collection of annuities. New farmer organisations were formed to co-ordinate this campaign which continued until 1936, the closing point of the thesis.

The legitimation of risk and democracy: A case study of Bt cotton in Andhra Pradesh, India

This thesis explores the inter-related attempts to secure the legitimation of risk and democracy with regard to Bt cotton, a genetically modified crop, in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The research included nine months of ethnographic fieldwork, extensive library and newspaper research, as well as university attendance in India, undertaken between June, 2010 and March, 2011. This comparative study (involving organic, NPM and Bt cotton cultivation) was conducted in three villages in Telangana, a region which was granted secession from Andhra Pradesh in July, 2013, and in Hyderabad, the state capital. Andhra Pradesh is renowned for its agrarian crisis and farmer suicides, as well as for the conflict which Bt cotton represents. This study adopts the categories of legitimation developed by Van Leeuwen (2007; 2008) in order to explore the theory of risk society (Beck, 1992; 1994; 1999; 2009), and the Habermasian (1996: 356-366) core-periphery model as means of theoretically analysing democratic legitimacy. The legitimation of risk and democracy in relation to Bt cotton refers to normative views on the way in which power should be exercised with regard to risk differentiation, construction and definition. The analysis finds that the more legitimate the exercise of power, the lower the exposure to risk as a concern for the collective. This also has consequences for the way in which resources are distributed, knowledge constructed, and democratic praxis institutionalised as a concern for social and epistemic justice. The thesis argues that the struggle to legitimate risk and democracy has implications not only for the constitution of the new state of Telangana and the region’s development, but also for the emergence of global society and the future development of humanity as a whole.

Harvesting life's energy: increase in the aerotolerence of the electrogenic anaerobe geobacter sulfurreducens due to over-expression of superoxide dismutase and catalase

Gemstone Team iGEM