Deep structure of crust and mantle beneath Iberia and Western Mediterranean from P and S Receiver functions and SKS Waveforms

We have conducted a P and S receiver functions [PRFs and SRFs] analysis for 19 seismic stations on the Iberia and western Mediterranean. In the transition zone [TZ] the PRFs analysis reveals a band [from Gibraltar to Balearic] increased by 10-20 km relative to the standard 250 km. The TZ thickness variations are strongly correlated with the P660s times in PRFs. We interpret the variable depth of the 660-km discontinuity as an effect of subduction. Over the anomalous TZ we found a reduced velocity zone in the upper mantle. Joint inversion of PRFs and SRFs reveals a subcrustal high S velocity lid and an underlying LVZ. A reduction of the S velocity in the LVZ is less than 10%. The Gutenberg discontinuity is located at 65±5 km, but in several models sampling the Mediterranean, the lid is missing or its thickness is reduced to ~30 km. In the Gibraltar and North Africa this boundary is located at ~100 km. The lid Vp/Vs beneath Betics is reduced relative to the standard 1.8. Another evidence of the Vp/Vs anomaly is provided by S410p phase late arrivals in the SRFs. The azimuthal anisotropy analysis with a new technology was conducted at 5 stations and at 2 groups of stations. The fast direction in the uppermost mantle layer is ~90º in Iberian Massif. In Balearic is in the azimuth of ~120º. At a depth of ~60 km the direction becomes 90º. Anisotropy in the upper layer can be interpreted as frozen, whereas anisotropy in the lower layer is active, corresponding to the present-day or recent flow. The effect of the asthenosphere in the SKS splitting is much larger than the effect of the subcrustal lithosphere.

From the Bay of Biscay to the High Atlas: completing the anisotropic characterization of the upper mantle beneath the westernmost Mediterranean region

The knowledge of the anisotropic properties beneath the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Morocco has been dramatically improved since late 2007 with the analysis of the data provided by the dense TopoIberia broadband seismic network, the increasing number of permanent stations operating in Morocco, Portugal and Spain, and the contribution of smaller scale/higher resolution experiments. Results from the two first TopoIberia deployments have evidenced a spectacular rotation of the fast polarization direction (FPD) along the Gibraltar Arc, interpreted as an evidence of mantle flow deflected around the high velocity slab beneath the Alboran Sea, and a rather uniform N100 degrees E FPD beneath the central Iberian Variscan Massif, consistent with global mantle flow models taking into account contributions of surface plate motion, density variations and net lithosphere rotation. The results from the last Iberarray deployment presented here, covering the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula, also show a rather uniform FPD orientation close to N100 degrees E, thus confirming the previous interpretation globally relating the anisotropic parameters to the LPO of mantle minerals generated by mantle flow at asthenospheric depths. However, the degree of anisotropy varies significantly, from delay time values of around 0.5 s beneath NW Iberia to values reaching 2.0 sin its NE comer. The anisotropic parameters retrieved from single events providing high quality data also show significant differences for stations located in the Variscan units of NW Iberia, suggesting that the region includes multiple anisotropic layers or complex anisotropy systems. These results allow to complete the map of the anisotropic properties of the westernmost Mediterranean region, which can now be considered as one of best constrained regions worldwide, with more than 300 sites investigated over an area extending from the Bay of Biscay to the Sahara platform. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ORIGIN AND PREVALENCE OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) AND TYPE 2 (HTLV-2) AMONG INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS IN THE AMERICAS

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.

Lymnaea Diaphana; a study of Topotypic specimens (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae)

A description of the species Lymnaea diaphana King, 1830 is presented, on the basis of material collected at its type-locality, San Gregorio, on the north coast of the Strait of Magellan, in the Chilean province of Magallanes. It may be identified by the following characters taken together: adult shell over 10 mm in length, whorls inflated, regularly convex, separated by a well-marked suture, aperture ovate occupying about half the shell length; renal organ forming an approximately right angle with the ureter; pouch of the oviduct well noticeable high on the right ventral surface and on the right side of the nidamental gland; uterus bent to the right into an approximately right angle; body of the spermatheca projected into the pulmonary cavity and adhered to the pericardium and to the roof of the pulmonary cavity; spermiduct highly sinuous, folding dorsalward between the left half of the oviduct and the left shoulder of the nidamental gland, and then winding on ventralward to reach the prostate on the middle line; prostate voluminous, convex on the left, pushed in on the right, with a deep dorsal furrow corresponding to a fold which projects into the prostatic lumen and is more developed at the fore half of the organ; apical end of the penial sheath with about six minute protuberances corresponding to inner chambers; prepuce from about as long about twice as long as the penial sheath, with some variation beyond those limits; lateral teeth of the radula basically tricuspid, with a usually simple ectocone which may show a bifid or trifid point. A diagnosis between lymnaea diaphana and three other lymnaeids which also occur in South America and were previously studied by the author - L. columella, L. viatrix and L. rupestris - is presented.

Pictograma parto

Pictograma

Flora planctónica en el estrecho de Bransfield y alrededores de la isla Elefante. Verano austral 2003

Estudio de la disponibilidad del alimento como un factor de contribución y abundancia del krill.

Mamíferos antárticos en el estrecho de Bransfield y alrededores de isla Elefante. Verano austral 2003

Analiza 98 cetaceos y 22 pinnipedos más un total de cuatro especies de cetaceos identificadas.

Genetic isolation of insular populations of the Maghrebian bat, Myotis punicus, in the Mediterranean Basin

We investigate the population genetic structure of the Maghrebian bat, Myotis punicus, between the mainland and islands to assess the island colonization pattern and current gene flow between nearby islands and within the mainland. Location North Africa and the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Methods We sequenced part of the control region (HVII) of 79 bats across 11 colonies. The phylogeographical pattern was assessed by analysing molecular diversity indices, examining differentiation among populations and estimating divergence time. In addition, we genotyped 182 bats across 10 colonies at seven microsatellite loci. We used analysis of molecular variance and a Bayesian approach to infer nuclear population structure. Finally, we estimated sex-specific dispersal between Corsica and Sardinia. Results Mitochondrial analyses indicated that colonies between Corsica, Sardinia and North Africa are highly differentiated. Within islands there was no difference between colonies, while at the continental level Moroccan and Tunisian populations were highly differentiated. Analyses with seven microsatellite loci showed a similar pattern. The sole difference was the lack of nuclear differentiation between populations in North Africa, suggesting a male-biased dispersal over the continental area. The divergence time of Sardinian and Corsican populations was estimated to date back to the early and mid-Pleistocene. Main conclusions Island colonization by the Maghrebian bats seems to have occurred in a stepping-stone manner and certainly pre-dated human colonization. Currently, open water seems to prevent exchange of bats between the two islands, despite their ability to fly and the narrowness of the strait of Bonifacio. Corsican and Sardinian populations are thus currently isolated from any continental gene pool and must therefore be considered as different evolutionarily significant units (ESU).

Dispersal is a major driver of the latitudinal diversity gradient of Carnivora

AimUnderstanding the relative contribution of diversification rates (speciation and extinction) and dispersal in the formation of the latitudinal diversity gradient - the decrease in species richness with increasing latitude - is a main goal of biogeography. The mammalian order Carnivora, which comprises 286 species, displays the traditional latitudinal diversity gradient seen in almost all mammalian orders. Yet the processes driving high species richness in the tropics may be fundamentally different in this group from that in other mammalian groups. Indeed, a recent study suggested that in Carnivora, unlike in all other major mammalian orders, net diversification rates are not higher in the tropics than in temperate regions. Our goal was thus to understand the reasons why there are more species of Carnivora in the tropics. LocationWorld-wide. MethodsWe reconstructed the biogeographical history of Carnivora using a time-calibrated phylogeny of the clade comprising all terrestrial species and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models. We also analysed a fossil dataset of carnivoran genera to examine how the latitudinal distribution of Carnivora varied through time. ResultsOur biogeographical analyses suggest that Carnivora originated in the East Palaearctic (i.e. Central Asia, China) in the early Palaeogene. Multiple independent lineages dispersed to low latitudes following three main paths: toward Africa, toward India/Southeast Asia and toward South America via the Bering Strait. These dispersal events were probably associated with local extinctions at high latitudes. Fossil data corroborate a high-latitude origin of the group, followed by late dispersal events toward lower latitudes in the Neogene. Main conclusionsUnlike most other mammalian orders, which originated and diversified at low latitudes and dispersed out of the tropics', Carnivora originated at high latitudes, and subsequently dispersed southward. Our study provides an example of combining phylogenetic and fossil data to understand the generation and maintenance of global-scale geographical variations in species richness.

Population structure in a highly pelagic seabird, the Cory's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea): an examination of genetics, morphology and ecology

Increasing evidence suggests oceanic traits may play a key role in the genetic structuring of marine organisms. Whereas genetic breaks in the open ocean are well known in fishes and marine invertebrates, the importance of marine habitat characteristics in seabirds remains less certain. We investigated the role of oceanic transitions versus population genetic processes in driving population differentiation in a highly vagile seabird, the Cory"s shearwater, combining molecular, morphological and ecological data from 27 breeding colonies distributed across the Mediterranean (Calonectris diomedea diomedea) and the Atlantic (C. d. borealis). Genetic and biometric analyses showed a clear differentiation between Atlantic and Mediterranean Cory"s shearwaters. Ringing-recovery data indicated high site fidelity of the species, but we found some cases of dispersal among neighbouring breeding sites (<300 km) and a few long distance movements (>1000 km) within and between each basin. In agreement with this, comparison of phenotypic and genetic data revealed both current and historical dispersal events. Within each region, we did not detect any genetic substructure among archipelagos in the Atlantic, but we found a slight genetic differentiation between western and eastern breeding colonies in the Mediterranean. Accordingly, gene flow estimates suggested substantial dispersal among colonies within basins. Overall, genetic structure of the Cory"s shearwater matches main oceanographic breaks (Almería-Oran Oceanic Front and Siculo-Tunisian Strait), but spatial analyses suggest that patterns of genetic differentiation are better explained by geographic rather than oceanographic distances. In line with previous studies, genetic, phenotypic and ecological evidence supported the separation of Atlantic and Mediterranean forms, suggesting the 2 taxa should be regarded as different species.

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory

The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the trait form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and its relation to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were evaluated in a large Brazilian college student sample containing 845 women and 235 men. STAI-T scores tended to be higher for women, singles, those who work, and subjects under 30 years. Factor analysis of the STAI-T for total sample and by gender yielded two factors: the first representing a mood dimension and the second being related to worrying or cognitive aspects of anxiety. In order to study the relation between anxiety and depression measures, factor analysis of the combination of the 21 BDI items and the 20 STAI-T items was also carried out. The analysis resulted in two factors that were analyzed according to the tripartite model of anxiety and depression. Most of the BDI items (measuring positive affectivity and nonspecific symptoms of depression) were loaded on the first factor and four STAI-T items that measure positive affectivity. The remaining STAI-T items, all of them measuring negative affect, remained in the second factor. Thus, factor 1 represents a depression dimension and factor 2 measures a mood-worrying dimension. The findings of this study suggest that, although widely used as an anxiety scale, the STAI-T in fact measures mainly a general negative affect.

Collection de titres et généalogies, formée par Charles-François BLONDEAU DE CHARNAGE († 1776). MELANGES. Français 26469 (161)

Montres d'armes et pièces militaires (1686-1690) ; — confirmation de l'hérédité aux notaires et procureurs (1690) ; — création de maréchaussées en Franche-Comté (1692) ; — création d'un président et de six notaires-secrétaires en la Chambre des comptes de Dole (1693) ; — suppression des offices de conseillers lieutenants-généraux de police, excepté à Paris, et création de nouveaux offices de conseillers lieutenants-généraux (1699) ; — création de contrôleurs des deniers patrimoniaux et d'octrois et de substituts des procureurs du roi (1694) ; — arrêt du Conseil d'État prescrivant la confection d'un état du personnel des corporations d'arts et métiers (1673) ; — procureurs du roi et greffiers des villes (1691) ; — officiers municipaux (1693) ; — notaires, procureurs, huissiers et sergents (1701) ; — détenteurs d'héritages (1711) ; — offices municipaux (1737-1738) ; — billets de monnaie (1707) ; — laines de Languedoc, de Provence et du Dauphiné (1742) ; — loterie royale (1755) ; — loterie de l'École militaire (1757) ; — récit de la victoire remportée par la flotte française à Gibraltar (1756) ; — ode sur la paix ; — mausolée de Languet de Gergy, curé de St-Sulpice ; — factum pour Jean Sarrazin contre Nicolas Le Fèvre ; — arrêt sur la péremption (1703) ; — attaque du fort St-Philippe (1756) ; — les cabriolets justifiés ; — plan d'association ; — compliment à F.-M. de Verthamon ; — conjuration à Malte (1749) ; — requête du curé de Fontenoy au roi ; — les Tronchinades ; — lettre d'un Français à un Anglais ; — pamphlet en vers contre le pape ; — Nantes (1705) ; — Constitution Unigenitus (1720-1733) ; — condamnation d'une thèse de Jean-Martin de Prades (1752) ; — arrêt en faveur du curé de St-Nicolas-des-Champs (1754) ; — arrêt contre la Lettre de M. l'évêque de Boulogne à M. le Procureur général (1754) ; — arrêt contre Laugieur de Beaurecueil, curé de Ste-Marguerite, à Paris (1755) ; — chapitre Ste-Croix d'Orléans (1755) ; — suppression de deux chambres des Enquêtes (1757) ; — officiers et affaires du Parlement (1753) ; — arrêt concernant la délivrance des prisonniers d'Orléans à l'avènement des évêques de cette ville (1753) ; — mandements de l'archevêque de Paris, des vicaires-généraux de Bourges et de l'évêque de Troyes (1756-1758) ; — règlement pour la chambre des Vacations, tenue aux Grands-Augustins (1753) ; — St-Sauveur de Lille.

A zooarchaeological analysis of a late Dorset faunal assemblage from the KcFs-2 site (Nunavik, Quebec).

Ce mémoire consiste en une analyse zooarchéologique d’un assemblage faunique provenant d’un site Dorsétien des Îles Nuvuk dans l’Arctique canadien. Les données fauniques ont été analysées statistiquement en appliquant des indices d’utilité économique et des indices de densité des os. Une étude concernant le niveau de conservation de l’assemblage a révélé peu d’évidence de modification taphonomique des spécimens. Les analyses fauniques ont permis d’identifier une stratégie de subsistance de type généraliste et basée sur l’exploitation de mammifères marins, surtout des phoques annelés, pratiquée par les occupants du site de KcFs-2. Une prédominance d’individus immatures (phoques annelés) dans l’assemblage indique une abondance de ressources marines dans les régions du nord de la Baie d’Hudson et du détroit d’Hudson au moment de l’occupation, ce qui est aussi manifeste dans des études antérieures concernant les économies des peuples du Paléoesquimau tardif pour la période donnée. L’occupation du site de KcFs-2 s’est produite durant la période du Dorsétien récent au Nunavik (1500-800 B.P.), et la séquence est définie comme ayant été multi-saisonnière (de l’hiver à l’été). L’analyse des produits de l’industrie osseuse (têtes de harpons et sculptures en ivoire) a permis de confirmer l’affiliation culturelle des occupants.

Geodynamics of the Andaman - Sumatra - Java Trench - Arc System Based on Gravity and Seismotectonic Study

This work aims to study the variation in subduction zone geometry along and across the arc and the fault pattern within the subducting plate. Depth of penetration as well as the dip of the Benioff zone varies considerably along the arc which corresponds to the curvature of the fold- thrust belt which varies from concave to convex in different sectors of the arc. The entire arc is divided into 27 segments and depth sections thus prepared are utilized to investigate the average dip of the Benioff zone in the different parts of the entire arc, penetration depth of the subducting lithosphere, the subduction zone geometry underlying the trench, the arctrench gap, etc.The study also describes how different seismogenic sources are identified in the region, estimation of moment release rate and deformation pattern. The region is divided into broad seismogenic belts. Based on these previous studies and seismicity Pattern, we identified several broad distinct seismogenic belts/sources. These are l) the Outer arc region consisting of Andaman-Nicobar islands 2) the back-arc Andaman Sea 3)The Sumatran fault zone(SFZ)4)Java onshore region termed as Jave Fault Zone(JFZ)5)Sumatran fore arc silver plate consisting of Mentawai fault(MFZ)6) The offshore java fore arc region 7)The Sunda Strait region.As the Seismicity is variable,it is difficult to demarcate individual seismogenic sources.Hence, we employed a moving window method having a window length of 3—4° and with 50% overlapping starting from one end to the other. We succeeded in defining 4 sources each in the Andaman fore arc and Back arc region, 9 such sources (moving windows) in the Sumatran Fault zone (SFZ), 9 sources in the offshore SFZ region and 7 sources in the offshore Java region. Because of the low seismicity along JFZ, it is separated into three seismogenic sources namely West Java, Central Java and East Java. The Sunda strait is considered as a single seismogenic source.The deformation rates for each of the seismogenic zones have been computed. A detailed error analysis of velocity tensors using Monte—Carlo simulation method has been carried out in order to obtain uncertainties. The eigen values and the respective eigen vectors of the velocity tensor are computed to analyze the actual deformation pattem for different zones. The results obtained have been discussed in the light of regional tectonics, and their implications in terms of geodynamics have been enumerated.ln the light of recent major earthquakes (26th December 2004 and 28th March 2005 events) and the ongoing seismic activity, we have recalculated the variation in the crustal deformation rates prior and after these earthquakes in Andaman—Sumatra region including the data up to 2005 and the significant results has been presented.ln this chapter, the down going lithosphere along the subduction zone is modeled using the free air gravity data by taking into consideration the thickness of the crustal layer, the thickness of the subducting slab, sediment thickness, presence of volcanism, the proximity of the continental crust etc. Here a systematic and detailed gravity interpretation constrained by seismicity and seismic data in the Andaman arc and the Andaman Sea region in order to delineate the crustal structure and density heterogeneities a Io nagnd across the arc and its correlation with the seismogenic behaviour is presented.

La organización de la respuesta educativa y el rendimiento en los programas de garantía social.

Los objetivos de esta investigación son:a)Delimitar realmente la problemática relativa a la distribución y funcionamiento de los programas de garantía social en cuanto a las necesidades del mercado laboral en las diversas localidades y zonas geográficas.b)Justificar la necesidad de la garantía social en base a los resultados de aprobados/suspensos en los cursos intermedios de la E.S.O. 9:27 13/05/2008c)Plantear las posibles soluciones que desde los diversos sectores de la Comunidad Educativa, especialmente el profesorado de Formación Básica y/o tutores así como el resto de profesionales que imparte clases en los Programas visitados por este equipo,se han ido aportando para solucionar las cuestiones centradas en los aspectos metodológicos y organizativos de la garantía social.. La muestra está constituida por los 27 institutos de enseñanza secundaria públicos de la provincia de cádiz. El proceso seguido es: a)Reuniones quincenales del grupo de investigación con el fin de organizar y repartir el trabajo a desarrollar durante las siguientes semanas.b)Lectura de bibliografía, normativa y prensa. c)Búsqueda de información: Listado de centros, mapa de la Garantía Social,normativa legal y referencias legislativas sobre PGS. (BOJA,....) d)Concertación de citas con los diversos centros educativos.e)Análisis de los datos recogidos en las actividades realizadas.f)Redacción y envío de la carta de solicitud de permiso para realizar la investigación a los centros* (IES) que cuentan con al menos un PGS durante el curso 99/2000.g)Redacción y envío de la carta de solicitud a los centros de adultos de la provincia, de los posibles listados de alumnos/as provenientes de un PGS.h)Primera reunión con el asesor del equipo de investigación perteneciente al CEP de Jerez de la Frontera h)Visitas a los centros educativos, preparación de la entrevista y recogida de datos previa a la visita.i)Entrevistas realizadas a diversas personalidades de reconocido prestigio en el campo educativo de la provincia de Cádiz.j)Asistencia al curso: FORMACIÓN PARA EL PROFESORADO DE ESO EN PROGRAMAS DE GARANTÍA SOCIAL. (DIFICULTADES DE APRENDIZAJE).Febrero a Marzo de 2000. Centro del profesorado de Jerez de la Frontera.. Los resultados obtenidos son: Siguiendo la división por comarcas se puede observar que en la Bahía de Cádiz, un núcleo de población denso, se han llevado a cabo diecisiete programas distribuidos en once institutos, tres centros en Cádiz, tres en El Puerto de Santa María, dos centros de Puerto Real, dos de San Fernando y uno en Chiclana. La comarca del Campo de Gibraltar, otro núcleo de población que tradicionalmente presenta altos índices de conflictividad, ha desarrollado en seis centros, tres de ellos en La Línea de la Concepción, ocho programas. En Algeciras, capital de la comarca y ciudad en la que existen barriadas con problemas sociales graves, no se implantó ninguno. Son la Sierra de Cádiz y la Comarca de Jerez las zonas donde mayor problemática en cuanto a la distribución y organización del P.G.S. se pueden encontrar, de ahí que, de los seis programas existentes para el curso 98/99,cuatro de ellos estén destinados a los servicios auxiliares de oficina, mientras que se echa de menos alguno de otro tipo que esté orientado a aprovechar los recursos naturales paisajísticos de la zona. Las conclusiones de esta investigación son:La distribución en líneas generales, hasta ahora, de los Programas de Garantía Social no corresponde a planteamientos sociales que los hagan necesarios y tampoco a criterios relacionados con el rendimiento académico de los alumnos de E.S.O sino más bien a la 'buena voluntad' de los centros de las diferentes localidades. La selección de objetivos y proyectos de trabajo por los que se orientan dichos programas no es debida a demandas laborales fuertes en cada núcleo de población. Muchos de ellos se inician con los residuos de materiales de otros cursos y niveles que ya se han desarrollado en los centros como puede ser las antigua Formación Profesional. El número de alumnos a los que desde este 'nivel educativo' se atiende es demasiado elevado, se observa los porcentajes de suspensos de cualquier centro de E.S.O., en comparación con la matrícula real, lo que puede ser sintomático de una Orientación educativa que no cree en el P.G.S. como medida curricular alternativa y con opciones reales de inserción laboral de los alumnos que arrastran un expediente académico lleno de suspensos y de los que positivamente saben que no van a obtener resultados 'satisfactorios' en la Secundaria. A partir de encuestas personales y telefónicas realizadas a los profesores de Formación Básica de los Programas de Garantía Social de la provincia de Cádiz y las visitas a los centros donde se imparten, se ha realizado un breve estudio acerca del rendimiento obtenido. Rendimiento medido en términos de incorporación al mundo del trabajo y al número de alumnos que prosiguen sus estudios y que arroja los siguientes datos: El tanto por ciento de alumnos que han podido presentarse a la pruebas de acceso ha sido del 52,33 y de ellos, el 34,46 ha obtenido resultados satisfactorios. Un 18,04 del total. Las pruebas de acceso a los Ciclos Formativos son elaboradas y evaluadas por los distintos departamentos que imparten los ciclos y generalmente se han circunscrito a dos apartados diferenciados claramente: a. Una parte general que está destinada a evaluar el nivel competencial del alumno en matemáticas y lengua fundamentalmente. b. Una parte específica que versa sobre contenidos concretos relacionados con la actividad profesional para la que capacita el ciclo.Lógicamente, las críticas a este sistema de acceso podrían ser las siguientes: 1. El profesorado del departamento en cuestión no tiene por qué hacer de seleccionador de unos alumnos/as que como máximo, tendrán conocimientos de E.S.O., nivel del que no son profesores. 2. Este modelo de selección puede llevar a 'eliminar' alumnos que tienen un historial conflictivo en el centro educativo y que todos conocemos. 3. La disparidad de pruebas hace que entre localidades distintas el nivel de exigencia solicitado para realizar el mismo nivel de estudios sea diferente, con la consecuente 'injusticia' que esto acarrea. 4. El alumno del P.G.S. no tiene una valoración de su esfuerzo distinta a la del resto del alumnado de E.S.O., sin embargo en determinados casos en los que los programas de garantía social están íntimamente relacionados con los Ciclos Formativos a lo que se pretende acceder, deberían tenerse en cuenta por parte de profesorado que evalúa estas pruebas, los informes que tanto el profesor técnico como el profesor de Formación Básica deben elaborar del alumno en cuestión. Las soluciones a tan alto grado de 'ineficacia' pueden venir desde todos los sectores que componen y tienen obligada participación en el Sistema Educativo..