El paleozoic del massís de Begur (Girona)

The Paleozoic materials of Massís de Begur are described from a stratigraphical point of view. We distinguish two units: the lower one, present phillites with carbonate layers of cambro-ordovician age. The upper one is composed by volcanic rocks, carbonate schists and black slates, bring from caradocian and ashgillian age

Contribució al coneixement de variables geoambientals en l'àmbit de la Costa Brava (Girona)

La tesi doctoral desenvolupada, emmarcada dins del camp de les Ciències Ambientals, aplica la Geologia Ambiental orientada al coneixement dels processos i recursos geològics de cara a la planificació i a l'ordenació del territori. Com a zona d'estudi s'ha seleccionat la Costa Brava meridional, concretament tota l'àrea litoral compresa per les conques hidrogràfiques de l'Aubi, riera de Calonge, Ridaura, riera de Tossa i riera de Lloret (75 km de línia de costa i una extensió de 291 km2). Aquest treball, amb l'aptitud integradora dels conceptes i mètodes propis de les Ciències Geològiques i Ambientals, s'ha proposat com a objectius globals l'anàlisi de la qualitat i del comportament físic i químic dels materials terrestres en front les accions humanes i de la seva utilització com a recursos; l'estudi dels processos naturals i de la influència que puguin tenir sobre l'home o bé els efectes que aquest pot causar sobre aquells, i per últim, com a derivació dels anteriors, el disseny i aplicació d'instruments de tipus preventiu en la gestió del territori; és a dir, la planificació dels usos del territori. Amb la filosofia de recerca basada en que els factor geològics són uns elements d'ajuda per a la visió integral d'un territori, s'han estudiat diferents variables geoambientals procurant traduir el coneixement del medi en informació apta per a la presa de decisions sobre l'ús i preservació d'aquest àmbit litoral. Els Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica (SIG) han estat clau per a la visió sistèmica del territori, per a la integració de les diferents variables geoambientals, així com per a la producció cartogràfica temàtica i final. Pel que fa als processos geològics, lligats a la dinàmica fluviotorrencial, s'han cartografiat les principals àrees d'actuació així com analitzat els factors que inicien, afavoreixen o magnifiquen la seva ocurrència. S'han estudiat les accions denudatives, els processos de transport-sedimentació i amb l'estudi integrat d'aquests processos i formes resultants s'han identificat unitats territorials caracteritzades per un comportament geomòrfic uniforme. En quant a l'anàlisi dels recursos geològics s'ha aprofundit en el coneixement dels recursos hídrics subterranis, les roques industrials i els georecursos litorals. Pel que fa als primers s'ha centrat en la delimitació de les principals unitats i subunitats aqüíferes, així com en acotar les geometries i principals característiques hidràuliques. Pel que fa als àrids i roques de construcció l'objectiu fonamental ha estat la delimitació cartogràfica d'aquells materials que per les seves propietats fisicoquímiques són potencialment aptes per als usos indicats. Finalment s'ha fet una recerca orientada a l'estudi de factors que limiten o condicionen el potencial geoturístic d'aquesta àrea litoral, concretament en els penya-segats i les platges. Les principals aportacions d'aquesta tesi doctoral es poden emmarcar en l'àmbit regional i fenomenològic, aspectes clau en la gestió i planificació territorial. Pel que fa al primer, destaquem l'aportació de dades geoambientals a nivell cartogràfic en relació a variables litoestructurals, de processos dinàmics com de recursos geològics. Des del punt de vista de l'àmbit fenomenològic destaquem la interacció de les variables estudiades a nivell de conca hidrogràfica, com són, entre d'altres, les relacions existents entre les diferents formacions aqüíferes; la possible participació de les aigües subterrànies en la resposta hidrològica del sistema fluviotorrencial, o la problemàtica derivada de l'antropització de la sorra de la platja com a conseqüència d'abocaments de terres i residus inerts als marges de les rieres.

El pas del Paleolític Superior a Catalunya i la seva interpretació dins el context geogràfic franco-ibèric

S'ha analitzat el pas del paleolític mitjà al paleolític superior a Catalunya en base a l'estudi dels jaciments de la cova dels Ermitons (Sales de Llierca, Garrotxa) i de les coves del Reclau -Arbreda, Mollet i Reclau Viver-(Serinyà, Pla de l'Estany). En concret s'ha estudiat la cultura material i la fauna dels nivells mosterians tardans (paleolítc mitjà final) de les coves de l'Arbreda i dels Ermitons i dels aurinyacians (paleolític superior inicial) de les coves de l'Arbreda i de Mollet. Igualment s'han analitzat els territoris d'explotació de la cova dels Ermitons i de les coves del Reclau. D'aquesta anàlisi es desprén que els dos jaciments se situen en medis absolutament diferents. S'han analitzat els contextos geològics dels dos llocs, s'ha fet les descripció morfològica de cada un dels dos jaciments, així com l'estratigràfica i sedimentològica de cada cova. S'han datat els nivells mosterians i aurinyacians esmentats pel mètode del Carboni 14 AMS, així com també els aurinyacians de la cova del Reclau Viver. S'acompanyen aquestes dades amb les anàlisis paleoecològiques corresponents que s'han pogut efectuar: palinologia, antracologia, ictiologia, herpetologia, aus, quiròpters, insectívors i rosegadors. Es comparen les datacions obtingudes ambles d'altres jaciments i troballes catalans del mateix període: l'abric Romaní (Capellades, Anoia), la Roca dels Bous (Camarasa, la Noguera) i la mandíbula de Banyoles (Pla de l'Estany). Cim a conclusions s'estableixen les diferències a Catalunya entre el paleolític mitjà (cultura de l'home Neandertal) i el paleolític superior (cultura de l'home anatòmicament modern). En el segon apareix la tècnica de talla laminar, la indústria òssia ben elaborada, l'ornamentació, la decoració, es generalitza la importació del sílex com a matèria primera, es diversifica l'utillatge lític i hi ha una major utilització de les coves. S'interpreta aquest pas dins del context geogràfic franco-ibèric i es conclou que a Catalunya es caracteritza fonamentalment per dos fenòments: el reemplaçament abrupte i la contemporaneïtat. Aquesta abastaria entre 40.000 BP i el 33.000 BP segons cronologia radiocarbònica. Durant aquests temps la influència de la cultura del paleolític superior sobre la del paleolític mitjà seria escassa, encara que identificada per la presencia d'alguns útils de tipus paleolític superior en el tardomosterià de la cova dels Ermitons

Medición del riesgo operativo en las instituciones fnancieras del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito por eventos externos naturales

El riesgo operativo en la clasificación de sus distintos tipos de eventos contempla el daño a activos físicos. Las fuentes de estos eventuales daños –entre otras causas- son los eventos naturales. En el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, las condiciones del clima, microcuencas, relieve y geología dan paso a cuatro susceptibilidades fundamentales en el manejo de riesgos en este espacio geográfico, las cuales son: Movimientos en Masa, Inundaciones, Volcanismo y Sismicidad. El Distrito Metropolitano de Quito tiene una considerable densidad de ubicación de instituciones financieras, las que ven amenazadas sus localizaciones de ejecución de procesos críticos y manejo de información vital. Estas instituciones financieras para la correcta gestión de riesgos provenientes de las variables naturales predominantes en Quito, precisan la medición del riesgo operativo que las mismas conllevan. Para este efecto, se ha configurado una metodología mixta (semi-cuantitativa) para la determinación de la severidad de los riesgos hacia las instituciones financieras en Quito. El componente cualitativo está en el propósito y relevancia de cada localización en el negocio financiero, mientras que la probabilidad de ocurrencia se deriva del procesamiento de los eventos históricos trasladados a una base de datos gráfica. El proceso descrito se apalanca en un Sistema de Información Geográfica, de cuyos resultados se coligen los niveles de riesgos de cada posición de las instituciones financieras, con un enfoque ponderado de sus emplazamientos y el consecuente conocimiento de la afectación sectorial.

La circulación del darwinismo en el Ecuador (1870-1874) (Debates)

En 1871, el jesuita alemán Theodor Wolf comenzó a difundir el darwinismo en el Ecuador a través de las clases de geología y paleontología que impartía en la Escuela Politécnica. Expuso una posición conciliadora del evolucionismo con el catolicismo, en el contexto de un Estado que promovía la cohesión y la identidad nacional a través de la moral católica y las ciencias como vehículo para el progreso. En este estudio se discuten algunos apuntes que atribuyeron estas enseñanzas como la razón por la cual Wolf se separó de la Politécnica y de la Orden Jesuita en 1874, en el marco de una controversia mayor, en la cual el darwinismo fue determinante.

Contribuição a Geologia do Holoceno da Província Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil

A região costeira do Brasil Meridional, definida como Provincia Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul é constituida por dois elementos geológicos maiores, o Embasamento e a Bacia de Pelotas. O primeiro, composto pelo complexo cristalino pré-cambriano e pelas sequências sedimentares e vulcânicas, paleozóicas e, mesozoicas, da Bacia do Paraná, comportando-se como uma plataforma instável durante os tempos cretácicos, deu origem ao segundo, através de movimentações tectônicas. Desde então a Bacia de Pelotas, uma bacia marginal subsidente, passou a receber a carga clástica derivada da dissecação das terras altas adjacentes as quais constituíam parte do seu embasamento que na parte ocidental atuou no inicio como uma área levemente positiva, estabilizando-se após. A sequência sedimentar ali acumulada, cerca de I 500 metros de espessura, é fruto de sucessivas transgressões e regressões. Controladas no princípio pelo balanço entre as taxas de subsidência e de sedimentação, a partir do Pleistoceno estas transgressões e regressões passaram a ser governadas pelas variações glacio-eustáticas ocorridas no decorrer da Era Cenozóica A cobertura holocênica deste conjunto é considerada como outro elemento geológico importante da provincia costeira pelo fato de compor a maioria das grandes feiçoes morfograficas responsáveis pela configuraçao superficial da região. Ela é constituida por um pacote trans-regressivo cuja porção superior expõe-se na planície litorânea, encerrando uma série de unidades lito-estratigraficas descontinuas e de idade variável resultantes do deslocamento de vários ambientes de sedimentação por sobre a mesma região. O estabelecimento de sua história geológica somente tornou-se possivel após detida análise geomorfológica. A planicie arenosa litorânea que separa a Lagoa dos Patos do Oceano Atlântico, revelou-se composta pela sucessão de quatro sistemas de barreiras, constituindo a denominada Barreira Múltipla da Lagoa dos Patos, cuja origem está diretamente relacionada às oscilações eustáticas que se sucederam na região,durante os últimos 6 000 anos, após o final da Transgressão Flandriana. A primeira barreira formou-se durante o nivel máximo atingido pelo mar no final da grande transgressão holocênica, construida a partir de longos esporões arenosos ancorados aos promontórios existentes na entrada das várias baias que ornamentavam a costa de então. Sobre tais esporões acumularam-se, durante pequenas oscilações do nivel do mar, extensos depósitos arenosos de natureza eólica Outra barreira foi desenvolvida a partir da emersão de barras marinhas durante a fase regressiva que se sucedeu, aprisionando um corpo lagunar sobre um terraço marinho recém exposto. Ainda no decorrer desta transgressão, grandes quantidades de areia trazidas da antepraia foram mobilizadas pelo vento construindo grandes campos de dunas sobre a barreira emersa.Na área lagunar, igualmente afetada pela regressão, depósitos lagunares e paludais foram acumulados sobre o terraço marinho. Assim estruturada, a barreira resistiu a fase transgressiva subsequente quando o aumento do nivel do mar foi insuficiente para encobri-Ia. Na margem oceânica a ação das ondas promoveu a formação de falésias, retrabalhando o material arenoso e redistribuindo-o pela antepraia. Na margem da Lagoa dos Patos de então, o avanço das aguas causou a abrasão do terraço marinho parcialmente recoberto por depósitos paludais e lagunares. Nova fase regressiva ocasionou o desenvolvimento de outra barreira no lado oceânico isolando uma nova laguna enquanto que na margem da Lagoa dos Patos emergia um terraço lagunar. Obedecendo a este mesmo mecanismo a quarta barreira foi acrescentada a costa oceânica e um segundo terraço lagunar construido na borda da Lagoa dos Patos. O constante acúmulo de sedimentos arenosos que se processou na área após a transgressão holocênica, através de processos praiais e eólicos desenvolvidos num ambiente de completa estabilidade tectônica, aumentou consideravelmente a área emersa da província costeira A parte superior da cobertura holocênica constitui assim uma grande sequência regressiva deposicional, que teve como principal fonte os extensos depósitos que recobriam a plataforma continental adjacente. De posse de tais elementos, a costa atual do Rio Grande do Sul é uma costa secundária, de barreiras, modelada por agentes marinhos, conforme a classificação de Shepard. A tentativa de correlaçao entre as várias oscilaçoes eustáticas deduzidas a partir da análise geomorfológica da região ( com aquelas que constam na curva de variaçao do nlvel do mar o corrida nos últimos 6 000 anos, apresentada por Fairbridge, revela coincidências encorajadoras no sentido de estender o esquema evolutivo aqui proposto, como uma hipótese de trabalho no estudo dos terrenos holocênicos restantes da Província Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. A sua utilização tornará muito mais fácil a organização crono-estratigráfica das diversas unidades que nela se encontram.

Metalogênese do depósito de Cu Cerro dos Martins, RS.

Este trabalho revisa a geologia e apresenta dados inéditos do Depósito de Cobre Cerro dos Martins (DCM), incluindo geocronologia Pb-Pb em zircão, inclusões fluidas, isótopos estáveis (C, O e S), composição isotópica do Sr e geoquímica de elementos maiores e traços das rochas vulcânicas encaixantes. O depósito está hospedado na seqüência vulcano-sedimentar do Grupo Bom Jardim, da Bacia do Camaquã, do Neoproterozóico do Escudo Sul Rio-grandense, e possui reservas calculadas de 1.450.000 t, com teor médio de 0,83% Cu. O depósito consiste de um conjunto de veios sulfetados que preenchem fraturas de direção N40º-60ºW em rochas andesíticas e sedimentares clásticas, com disseminações confinadas em níveis de siltito, arenito, andesito e conglomerado, da Formação Hilário do Grupo Bom Jardim. Os minerais do minério filoneano são a calcosina e bornita com calcopirita, pirita, galena e esfalerita subordinadas. Digenita, covelita, malaquita cuprita e azurita ocorrem como minério secundário em ganga constituída de carbonatos, quartzo, minerais argilosos, barita e rara hematita. A composição química das vulcânicas (elementos maiores e traços, incluindo ETR) indicam uma afinidade alcalina para o vulcanismo relacionado à Formação Hilário na região do Cerro dos Martins. Um corpo de quartzo-diorito, intrusivo nas rochas vulcânicas e sedimentares, mostrou idade de 550 ±5 Ma (Pb-Pb em zircões) indicando um valor mínimo para a geração do minério do DCM. Esta idade confirma a posição estratigráfica desta rocha na Formação Acampamento Velho e também fornece uma idade mínima para a deposição da seqüência vulcano-sedimentar encaixante do DCM. Os sulfetos do DCM mostram δS34 CDT com valores relativamente homogêneos entre - 6.2 e + 0.9‰ (n= 7). O valor de δS34 CDT da calcopirita, levemente positivo (+0.9‰), indica uma origem magmática para o S, mas os valores negativos encontrados nestes sulfetos, poderiam indicar o envolvimento de outras fontes com enxofre reduzido. Entretanto, a presença de hematita nas paragêneses minerais indica que o minério foi formado sob condições oxidantes, modificando a composição isotópica original do enxofre magmático (δS34 CDT ~ 0‰) para valores negativos. As baritas analisadas apresentam valores com δS34 CDT entre +9.25 e +10.65‰ (n=4) indicando deposição em condições oxidantes, originadas pela mistura de um fluido magmático-hidrotermal com água meteórica. A composição isotópica do C das calcitas do DCM varia com δC13 PDB entre - 1,90 a -4,45‰, interpretada como resultante da mistura entre carbono de fonte magmática com mármores do embasamento. Inclusões fluidas em quartzo do minério indicam temperaturas de deposição entre 157 e 273 °C com mediana de 215 °C (n = 45). A composição isotópica do oxigênio da água em equilibrio com a calcita do fluido hidrotermal (T= 215 °C) mostra valores de δ O18 SMOW entre 3 e 14, indicando H2O de origem magmática, com contribuição de água meteórica. A razão Sr87/Sr86 das mesmas calcitas mostram valores entre 0,7068 – 0,7087, de crosta superior. Rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas do escudo com idades próximas de 550 Ma possuem razões iniciais Sr87/Sr86 entre 0,704 – 0,710, compatíveis com aquelas encontradas nas calcitas da mineralização. Os fluidos hidrotermais do magmatismo shoshonítico-alcalino com idade de 595 Ma e Sr87/Sr86 entre 0,7041 a 0,7053, também são candidatos a fonte do Sr dos carbonatos hidrotermais, mas necessitariam de um componente mais radiogênico. Assim, a fonte de C-O e Sr das calcitas do minério pode ter sido originada diretamente de um fluido magmático-hidrotermal ou de uma mistura entre este fluido e mármores do embasamento. Portanto, o depósito Cerro dos Martins é interpretado como de origem magmática-hidrotermal, relacionado ao evento magmático alcalinoshoshonítico, pós-colisional da Orogênese Dom Feliciano, com idade entre 595-550 Ma. Novos modelos exploratórios para depósitos de cobre no Escudo do Rio Grande do Sul devem considerar o magmatismo alcalino na gênese dos depósitos.

Mapeamento da Bacia do Camaquã com a utilização de dados geofísicos, eologia e sensoriamento remoto

A análise tectono-estratigráfica da Bacia do Camaquã, uma sequência vulcanosedimentar do Neoproterozóico ao Eoproterozóico com depósitos de Cu (Au, Ag), Zn e Pb, é aqui apresentada com a utilização de ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto, gravimetria e perfilagem de poço. Nas imagens LANDSAT TM demarcou-se as concentrações de lineamentos junto as principais estruturas regionais e delimitou-se quatro domínios estruturais de acordo com a orientação dos trends dos lineamentos estruturais. Os perfis de poços que abrangem as formações Guaritas e Bom Jardim evidenciam eventos tectônicos com deformação rúptil e dúctil-ruptil, estabelecendo-se diferentes fácies tectonoestratigráficas de seqüências deposicionais (ambiente deltáico) e sequência deformacionais. Nos poços observa-se a variação da densidade com a profundidade entre poços, indicando a presença de duas aloformações de compactação distintas. Com base nos dados gravimétricos locais e regionais pode-se delimitar anomalias gravimétricas do embasamento, pacotes sedimentares de espessuras distintas em subsuperfície, com espessamento para NE, como também valores diferenciados para as principais unidades sedimentares da região estudada, bem como uma compartimentação escalonada da bacia do Camaquã. Ferramentas computacionais complementam a análise gravimétrica e de perfilagem geofísica, possibilitando a integração das técnicas já relacionadas e a formatação de dois perfis esquemáticos EW e SW-NE da bacia. Estes perfis auxiliam na visualização dos limites estruturais e formato da bacia, trazendo importantes informações para o modelo geológico da Bacia do Camaquã.

Representações espectrais de sistemas complexos: aplicações à síntese de superfícies brownianas fracionárias anisotrópicas, filtragem de sinais e identificação de correlações

In this thesis, we study the application of spectral representations to the solution of problems in seismic exploration, the synthesis of fractal surfaces and the identification of correlations between one-dimensional signals. We apply a new approach, called Wavelet Coherency, to the study of stratigraphic correlation in well log signals, as an attempt to identify layers from the same geological formation, showing that the representation in wavelet space, with introduction of scale domain, can facilitate the process of comparing patterns in geophysical signals. We have introduced a new model for the generation of anisotropic fractional brownian surfaces based on curvelet transform, a new multiscale tool which can be seen as a generalization of the wavelet transform to include the direction component in multidimensional spaces. We have tested our model with a modified version of the Directional Average Method (DAM) to evaluate the anisotropy of fractional brownian surfaces. We also used the directional behavior of the curvelets to attack an important problem in seismic exploration: the atenuation of the ground roll, present in seismograms as a result of surface Rayleigh waves. The techniques employed are effective, leading to sparse representation of the signals, and, consequently, to good resolutions

Litoestratigrafia e deformação cenzóica na região de Icapuí, Ceará, e implicações para a estruturação de campos de petróleo na borda ocidental da bacia Potiguar(NE do Brasil)

This thesis deals with the sedimentological/stratigraphic and structural evolution of the sedimentary rocks that occur in the NW continental border of the Potiguar Basin. These rocks are well exposed along coastal cliffs between the localities of Lagoa do Mato and Icapuí, Ceará State (NE Brazil). The sedimentological/stratigraphic study involved, at the outcrop scale, detailed facies descriptions, profile mapping of the vertical succession of different beds, and columnar sections displaying inferred lateral relationships. The approach was complemented by granulometric and petrographic analyses, including the characterization of heavy mineral assemblages. The data set allowed to recognize two kinds of lithological units, a carbonate one of very restricted occurrence at the base of the cliffs, and three younger, distinct siliciclastic units, that predominate along the cliffs, in vertical and lateral extent. The carbonate rocks were correlated to the late Cretaceous Jandaíra Formation, which is covered by the siliciclastic Barreiras Formation. The Barreiras Formation occurs in two distinct structural settings, the usual one with nondeformed, subhorizontal strata, or as tilted beds, affected by strong deformation. Two lithofacies were recognized, vertically arranged or in fault contacts. The lower facies is characterized by silty-argillaceous sandstones with low-angle cross bedding; the upper facies comprises medium to coarse grained sandstones, with conglomeratic layers. The Tibau Formation (medium to coarse-grained sandstones with argillite intercalations) occurs at the NW side of the studied area, laterally interlayered with the Barreiras Formation. Eolic sediments correlated to the Potengi Formation overly the former units, either displaying an angular unconformity, or simply an erosional contact (stratigraphic unconformity). Outstanding structural features, identified in the Barreiras Formation, led to characterize a neocenozoic stress field, which generated faults and folds and/or reactivated older structures in the subjacent late cretaceous (to paleogene, in the offshore basin) section. The structures recognized in the Barreiras Formation comprise two distinct assemblages, namely a main extensional deformation between the localities of Ponta Grossa and Redonda, and a contractional style (succeeded by oblique extensional structures) at Vila Nova. In the first case, the structural assemblage is dominated by N-S (N±20°Az) steep to gently-dipping extensional faults, displaying a domino-style or listric geometry with associated roll-over structures. This deformation pattern is explained by an E-W/WNW extension, contemporaneous with deposition of the upper facies of the Barreiras Formation, during the time interval Miocene to Pleistocene. Strong rotation of blocks and faults generated low-angle distensional faults and, locally, subvertical bedding, allowing to estimate very high strain states, with extension estimates varying between 40% up to 200%. Numerous detachment zones, parallel to bedding, help to acommodate this intense deformation. The detachment surfaces and a large number of faults display mesoscopic features analoguous to the ones of ductile shear zones, with development of S-C fabrics, shear bands, sigmoidal clasts and others, pointing to a hydroplastic deformation regime in these cases. Local occurrences of the Jandaíra limestone are controled by extensional faults that exhume the pre-Barreiras section, including an earlier event with N-S extension. Finally, WNWtrending extensional shear zones and faults are compatible with the Holocene stress field along the present continental margin. In the Vila Nova region, close to Icapuí, gentle normal folds with fold hinges shallowly pluging to SSW affect the lower facies of the Barreiras Formation, displaying an incipient dissolution cleavage associated with an extension lineation at high rake (a S>L fabric). Deposition of the upper facies siliciclastics is controlled by pull-apart graben structures, bordered by N-NE-trending sinistral-normal shear zones and faults, characterizing an structural inversion. Microstructures are compatible with tectonic deformation of the sedimentary pile, burried at shallow depths. The observed features point to high pore fluid pressures during deformation of the sediments, producing hydroplastic structures through mechanisms of granular flow. Such structures are overprinted by microfractures and microfaults (an essentially brittle regime), tracking the change to microfracturing and frictional shear mechanisms accompanying progressive dewatering and sediment lithification. Correlation of the structures observed at the surface with those present at depth was tested through geophysical data (Ground Penetrating Radar, seismics and a magnetic map). EW and NE-trending lineaments are observed in the magnetic map. The seismic sections display several examples of positive flower structures which affect the base of the cretaceous sediments; at higher stratigraphic levels, normal components/slips are compatible with the negative structural inversion characterized at the surface. Such correlations assisted in proposing a structural model compatible with the regional tectonic framework. The strong neogenepleistocene deformation is necessarily propagated in the subsurface, affecting the late cretaceous section (Açu and Jandaíra formations), wich host the hydrocarbon reservoirs in this portion of the Potiguar Basin. The proposed structural model is related to the dextral transcurrent/transform deformation along the Equatorial Margin, associated with transpressive terminations of E-W fault zones, or at their intersections with NE-trending lineaments, such as the Ponta Grossa-Fazenda Belém one (the LPGFB, itself controlled by a Brasiliano-age strike-slip shear zone). In a first step (and possibly during the late Cretaceous to Paleogene), this lineament was activated under a sinistral transpressional regime (antithetic to the main dextral deformation in the E-W zones), giving way to the folds in the lower facies of the Barreiras Formation, as well as the positive flower structures mapped through the seismic sections, at depth. This stage was succeeded (or was penecontemporaneous) by the extensional structures related to a (also sinistral) transtensional movement stage, associated to volcanism (Macau, Messejana) and thermal doming processes during the Neogene-Pleistocene time interval. This structural model has direct implications to hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activities at this sector of the Potiguar Basin and its offshore continuation. The structure of the reservoirs at depth (Açu Formation sandstones of the post-rift section) may be controlled (or at least, strongly influenced) by the deformation geometry and kinematics characterized at the surface. In addition, the deformation event recognized in the Barreiras Formation has an age close to the one postulated for the oil maturation and migration in the basin, between the Oligocene to the Miocene. In this way, the described structural cenario represents a valid model to understand the conditions of hydrocarbon transport and acummulation through space openings, trap formation and destruction. This model is potentially applicable to the NW region of the Potiguar Basin and other sectors with a similar structural setting, along the brazilian Equatorial Atlantic Margin

Aspectos morfo-tectônicos nos platôs de Portalegre, Martins e Santana/RN

A morpho-structural analysis was performed in the uplifted siliciclastic deposits of the Serra do Martins Formation along the Portalegre, Martins and Santana plateaux, in the southeastern and central regions of Rio Grande do Norte State. Due to the lack of biostratigraphic records, this formation has a disputable age.The adopted approach was based on the analysis of the drainage patterns and in the recognition of topographic surfaces and regional structures, subjected to neotectonic deformation and rejuvenation the present stress field. These events are recorded in the lineament arrays and as anomalous features of the landscape, such as the uplifted plateaux.The morpho-sculptural evolution of the studied blocks is expressed as erosive and accumulative processes. The former ones include erosional scarpments, cuestas and amphitheaters as the most characteristic features, while debris slopes represent acumulative examples. Such elements attest to the recent disequilibrium of the plateaux, and the absence of well developed alluvium terraces suggest an accelerated uplift process. The directions of the linear features observed in remote sensing products evidence the control of the basement structural trends, inherited from the pre-Cenozoic evolution. The NNE-SSW direction controls the main erosional features of the plateaux, while the N-S direction is a major drainage control, being also recognized in the Potiguar Basin. An E-W trend occurs as a less developed direction, reflecting either a system of mesozoic basic dykes or precambrian brittle structures. As regards to the drainage arrays, an arborescent, varying to a roughly N-S rectangular pattern, was identified in the Portalegre-Martins block. The Santana plateau displays rectilinear (northern border) and dendritic arborescent (southern border) patterns. In the sedimentary cover, the drainage pattern varies from rectangular to angular, reflecting inheritance from the crystaline basement. The most significative directions, N, NE and NW, mark the erosional fronts of the plateaux. Drainage anomalies, characterized by elbows or paralell confluencies, reinforce the arguments mentioned above. The data sets evidence the relationships between endogenous (lithology, structures) and exogenous features as the main controls of terrain dissecation, associated to vertical (epirogenesis) movements and horizontal tectonics. A final discussion addresses the relationships of the Serra do Martins Formation with the sedimentary record of Potiguar Basin, trying to establish chronostratigraphic links with the main evolutionary steps of this part of the Borborema Province, and possible mechanisms involved in the uplift of the plateaux and other stratigraphic units in the region

Estratigrafia de sequências do intervalo aptiano ao albino na Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil

This study has as a main objective to make a detailed stratigraphic analysis of the Aptian-Albian interval in the east part of Araripe Basin, NE of Brazil which correspond, litostratigraphically, to Rio Da Batateira, Crato, Ipubi and Romualdo formations. The stratigraphic analysis was based on three different stages, the 1D, 2D and 3D analysis; these ones were adapted to the sequence stratigraphy concepts in order to create a chronostratigraphic framework for the study area within the basin. The database used in the present study contains field and well information, wells that belong to Santana Project, carried out by the Ministério de Minas e Energia- DNPM- CPRM from 1977 to 1978. The analysis 1D, which was done separately for each well and outcrop allowed the recognition of 13 sedimentary facies, mainly divided based on predominant litologies and sedimentary structures. Such facies are lithologically represented by pebble, sandstones, claystones, margas and evaporates; these facies are associated in order to characterize different depositional systems, that integrate from the continental environment (fluvial system and lacustre), paralic system (delta system and lagunar) to the marine environment (shelfenvironment). The first one, the fluvial system was divided into two subtypes: meandering fluvial system, characterized by fill channel and floodplain deposits; the facies of this system are associated vertically according to the textural thinning upward cycles (dirting-up trend pattern in well logs). Lacustrine environment is mainly related with the lithotypes of the Crato Formation, it shows a good distribution within the basin, been composed by green claystone deposits and calcareous laminated. Deltaic System represented by prodelta and delta front deposits which coarsening upward tendency. Lagunar system is characterised by the presence of anhydrite and gypsum deposits besides the black claystone deposits with vegetal fragments which do not contain a fauna typically marine. The marine platform system is composed by successions of black and gray claystone with fossiliferous fauna of Dinoflagellates (Spiniferites Mantell, Subtilisphaera Jain e Subtilisphaera Millipied genre) typical of this kind of depositional system. The sedimentary facies described are vertically arranged in cycles with progradational patterns which form textural coersening upward cycles and retrogradational, represented by textural thinning dowward cycles. Based in these cycles, in their stack pattern and the vertical change between these patterns, the systems tracks and the depositional sequences were recognized. The Low System Track (LST) and High System Track (HST) are composed by cycles with progradational stack pattern, whereas the Trangessive System Track (TST) is composed by retrogradational stack pattern cycles. The 2D stratigraphic analysis was done through the carrying out of two stratigraphic sections. For the selection of the datum the deepest maximum flooding surface was chosen, inside the Sequence 1, the execution of these sections allowed to understand the behaviour of six depositional systems along the study area, which were interpreted as cycles of second order or supercycles (cycles between 3 and 10 Ma), according to the Vail, et al (1977) classification. The Sequence 1, the oldest of the six identified is composed by the low, transgressive and high systems tracks. The first two system tracks are formed exclusively by fluvial deposits of the Rio da Batateira Formation whereas the third one includes deltaic and lacustrine deposits of the Crato Formation. The sequences 2 and 3 are formed by the transgressive systems tracks (lake spreading phase) and the highstand system track (lake backward phase). The TST of these sequences are formed by lacustrine deposits whereas HST contains deltaic deposits, indicating high rates of sedimentary supply at the time of it s deposition. The sequence 4 is composed by LST, TST and HST, The TST4 shows a significant fall of the lake base level, this track was developed in conditions of low relation between the creation rate of space of accommodation and the sedimentary influx. The TST4 marks the third phase of expansion of the lacustrine system in the section after the basin´s rift, the lacustrine system established in the previous track starts a backward phase in conditions that the sedimentary supply rate exceeds the creation rate of space accommodation. The sequence 5 was developed in two different phases, the first one is related with the latest expansion stage of the lake, (TST5), the basal track of this sequence. In this phase the base level of the lake rose considerably. The second phase (related to the TST5) indicates the end of the lacustrine domain in the Araripe Basin and the change to lagunar system ant tidal flat, with great portions in the supratidal. These systems were formed by restricted lagoons, with shallow level of water and with intermittent connections with the sea. This, was the phase when the Araripe Basin recorded the most several arid conditions of the whole interval studied, Aptian Albian, conditions that allow the formation of evaporitic deposits. The sequence 6 began its deposition after a significant fall of the sea (LST6). The sequence 6 is without any doubtlessly, the sequence that has deposits that prove the effective entrance of the sea into the Araripe Basin. The TST6, end of this sequence, represents the moment which the sea reaches its maximum level during the Aptian Albian time. The stratigraphic analysis of the Aptian Albian interval made possible the understanding that the main control in the development of the depositional sequences recognized in the Araripe Basin were the variations of the local base level, which are controlled itself by the climate changes

As relações entre tectonismo e seqüências deposiconais no rifte potiguar - porção SW do Graben de Umbuzeiro, bacia potiguar emersa

Through an integrated approach, using litho, chrono and biostratigraphic data, the relative importance of climate variations and tectonics were recognized in rift sediments of the onshore Potiguar Basin, Northeast Brazil. Concepts of sequence stratigraphy were applied as a template to integrate sedimentological and geochemical data (oxygen isotopes), as well as quantitative palynologic methods to address and recognize the main depositional patterns produced in a rift basin. The main objective was to address the relative importance of climate changes and tectonics to the resultant stratigraphic architecture. The results of computer simulations of sedimentary basin fills of rift basins were quite useful to test working hypothesis and mimic the process of filling a half graben during a rift event. The studied section includes a neovalanginian-eobarremian (Lower Cretaceous) rift interval from the Pendência Formation, located in the southwestern portion of Umbuzeiro Graben, in the offshore Potiguar Basin. The depositional setting is interpreted as progradational deltaic system entering a lake from its flexural margin. Sismoestratigraphyc and well logs analyses allowed to interpret two regressive intervals (Green and Yellow Sequences), separated by a broad transgressive interval (Orange Sequence), known as the Livramento Shale. The depositional history encompass three stages: two tectonically active phases, during the deposition of the Green and Yellow Sequences, and a tectonically quiescent phase, during the deposition of the Orange Sequence. Paleoclimatic interpretation, based on quantitative palynology and geochemical data (��18O), suggests a tendency to arid conditions during the tectonically active phases and wet conditions during the tectonically quiescent phase. Stratigraphic modeling and backstripping techniques, supported by paleoclimatic/paleoecologic interpretations provide a powerful methodology to evaluate the tectonic and climatic controls on tectonic lakes

Interpretação de dados de GPR com base na hierarquização de superfícies limitantes e na adaptação de critérios sismoestratigráficos

Due to its high resolution, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been used to image subsurface sedimentary deposits. Because GPR and Seismic methods share some principles of image construction, the classic seismostratigraphic interpretation method has been also applied as an attempt to interpret GPR data. Nonetheless some advances in few particular contexts, the adaptations from seismic to GPR of seismostratigraphic tools and concepts unsuitable because the meaning given to the termination criteria in seismic stratigraphy do not represent the adequate geologic record in the GPR scale. Essentially, the open question relies in proposing a interpretation method for GPR data which allow not only relating product and sedimentary process in the GPR scale but also identifying or proposing depositional environments and correlating these results with the well known Sequence Stratigraphy cornerstones. The goal of this dissertation is to propose an interpretation methodology of GPR data able to perform this task at least for siliciclastic deposits. In order to do so, the proposed GPR interpretation method is based both on seismostratigraphic concepts and on the bounding surface hierarchy tool from Miall (1988). As consequence of this joint use, the results of GPR interpretation can be associated to the sedimentary facies in a genetic context, so that it is possible to: (i) individualize radar facies and correlate them to the sedimentary facies by using depositional models; (ii) characterize a given depositional system, and (iii) determine its stratigraphic framework highligthing how it evolved through geologic time. To illustrate its use the proposed methodology was applied in a GPR data set from Galos area which is part of the Galinhos spit, located in Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil. This spit presents high lateral sedimentary facies variation, containing in its sedimentary record from 4th to 6th cicles caused by high frequency sea level oscillation. The interpretation process was done throughout the following phases: (i) identification of a vertical facies succession, (ii) characterization of radar facies and its associated sedimentary products, (iii) recognition of the associated sedimentary process in a genetic context, and finally (iv) proposal of an evolutionay model for the Galinhos spit. This model proposes that the Galinhos spit is a barrier island constituted, from base to top, of the following sedimentary facies: tidal channel facies, tidal flat facies, shore facies, and aeolic facies (dunes). The tidal channel facies, in the base, is constituted of lateral accretion bars and filling deposits of the channels. The base facies is laterally truncated by the tidal flat facies. In the foreshore zone, the tidal flat facies is covered by the shore facies which is the register of a sea transgression. Finally, on the top of the stratigraphic column, aeolic dunes are deposited due to areal exposition caused by a sea regression