The impact of buffer zone size and management on illegal extraction, park protection and enforcement

Many protected areas or parks in developing countries have buffer zones at their boundaries to achieve the dual goals of protecting park resources and providing resource benefits to neighbouring people. Despite the prevalence of these zoning policies, few behavioural models of people’s buffer zone use inform the sizing and management of those zones. This paper uses a spatially explicit resource extraction model to examine the impact of buffer zone size and management on extraction by local people, both legal and illegal, and the impact of that extraction on forest quality in the park’s core and buffer zone. The results demonstrate trade-offs between the level of enforcement, the size of a buffer zone, and the amount of illegal extraction in the park; and describe implications for “enrichment” of buffer zones and evaluating patterns of forest degradation.

Influence of diluent alkyl substitution on the extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) by a 6,6'-bis(1,2,4-triazinyl)-2,2'-bipyridine ligand dissolved in alkylated cyclohexanone diluents

Several alkylated cyclohexanones were investigated as potential diluents for the selective extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid solutions by the CyMe4-BTBP ligand. No significant extraction of either of the metal ions was observed for these diluents themselves. In the extractions from 1 M HNO3, 3-methylcyclohexanone and 4-methylcyclohexanone gave comparable results to cyclohexanone whereas in the extractions from 4 M HNO3, 2-methylcyclohexanone, 3-methylcyclohexanone and 4-methylcyclohexanone all gave superior results. For the monomethylated diluents, DAm and SFAm/Eu decreased in the order of alkyl substitution 2 > 4 ~ 3. However, alkyl substitution of cyclohexanone significantly slows down the extraction kinetics compared to cyclohexanone, and the position of alkyl substitution was found to play an important role in the solvents properties. 3-Methylcyclohexanone was identified as the most promising of the diluents.

From BTBPs to BTPhens: the effect of ligand pre-organization on the extraction properties of quadridentate bis-triazine ligands

The synthesis, lanthanide complexation and solvent extraction of An(III) and Ln(III) radiotracers from nitric acid solutions by a pre-organized, phenanthroline-derived bis-triazine ligand CyMe4-BTPhen are described. It was found that the ligand separated Am(III) and Cm(III) from the lanthanides with remarkably high efficiency, high selectivity, and faster extraction kinetics compared to its 2,2’-bipyridine counterpart CyMe4-BTBP. The origins of the ligands extraction properties were established by a combination of solvent extraction experiments, X-ray crystallography, kinetics and surface tension measurements and lanthanide NMR spectroscopy.

Synthesis of ligands for use in actinide extraction

The invention discloses an improved process for the preparation of 2,2,5,5-tetrasubstituted hexane-1,6-dicarbonyl compounds, and in particular diethyl 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexanedioate and dimethyl 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexanedioate, by the alkylation of 1,2-difunctional ethane compounds with enolates of carbonyl compounds. The process provides higher yields and greater synthetic brevity than existing processes.

The influence of markets and policy on spatial patterns of non-timber forest product extraction

When villagers extract resources, such as fuelwood, fodder, or medicinal plants from forests, their decisions over where and how much to extract are influenced by market conditions, their particular opportunity costs of time, minimum consumption needs, and access to markets. This paper develops an optimization model of villagers’ extraction behavior that clarifies how, and under what conditions, policies that create incentives such as improved returns to extraction in a buffer zone might be used instead of adversarial enforcement efforts to protect a forest’s pristine ‘‘inner core.’’

A comparison of automated keyphrase extraction techniques and of automatic evaluation vs. human evaluation

Keyphrases are added to documents to help identify the areas of interest they contain. However, in a significant proportion of papers author selected keyphrases are not appropriate for the document they accompany: for instance, they can be classificatory rather than explanatory, or they are not updated when the focus of the paper changes. As such, automated methods for improving the use of keyphrases are needed, and various methods have been published. However, each method was evaluated using a different corpus, typically one relevant to the field of study of the method’s authors. This not only makes it difficult to incorporate the useful elements of algorithms in future work, but also makes comparing the results of each method inefficient and ineffective. This paper describes the work undertaken to compare five methods across a common baseline of corpora. The methods chosen were Term Frequency, Inverse Document Frequency, the C-Value, the NC-Value, and a Synonym based approach. These methods were analysed to evaluate performance and quality of results, and to provide a future benchmark. It is shown that Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency were the best algorithms, with the Synonym approach following them. Following these findings, a study was undertaken into the value of using human evaluators to judge the outputs. The Synonym method was compared to the original author keyphrases of the Reuters’ News Corpus. The findings show that authors of Reuters’ news articles provide good keyphrases but that more often than not they do not provide any keyphrases.

Immobilisation of phenanthroline-bis triazine(c1-btphen) on magnetic nanoparticles for co-extraction of americium(III) and europium(III)

The present work reports a convenient route for the immobilisation of a phenanthroline-bis triazine (C1-BTPhen) group on the surface of zirconia-coated maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with C1-BTPhen were able to co-extract Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid (HNO3). The extraction efficiency of these C1-BTPhen-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for both Am(III) and Eu(III) was 20% at 4M HNO3. The interaction between C1-BTPhen and metal cations is reversible. These functionalized magnetic nanoparticles can be used for the co-extraction of traces of Am(III) and Eu(III).

Knowledge of A/A'-dependencies on subject extraction with two types of infinitives in non-native Portuguese adult bilingualism

Within generative L2 acquisition research there is a longstanding debate as to what underlies observable differences in L1/L2 knowledge/ performance. On the one hand, Full Accessibility approaches maintain that target L2 syntactic representations (new functional categories and features) are acquirable (e.g., Schwartz & Sprouse, 1996). Conversely, Partial Accessibility approaches claim that L2 variability and/or optionality, even at advanced levels, obtains as a result of inevitable deficits in L2 narrow syntax and is conditioned upon a maturational failure in adulthood to acquire (some) new functional features (e.g., Beck, 1998; Hawkins & Chan, 1997; Hawkins & Hattori, 2006; Tsimpli & Dimitrakopoulou, 2007). The present study tests the predictions of these two sets of approaches with advanced English learners of L2 Brazilian Portuguese (n = 21) in the domain of inflected infinitives. These advanced L2 learners reliably differentiate syntactically between finite verbs, uninflected and inflected infinitives, which, as argued, only supports Full Accessibility approaches. Moreover, we will discuss how testing the domain of inflected infinitives is especially interesting in light of recent proposals that Brazilian Portuguese colloquial dialects no longer actively instantiate them (Lightfoot, 1991; Pires, 2002, 2006; Pires & Rothman, 2009; Rothman, 2007).

Implementation of an interior point source in the ultra weak variational formulation through source extraction

The Ultra Weak Variational Formulation (UWVF) is a powerful numerical method for the approximation of acoustic, elastic and electromagnetic waves in the time-harmonic regime. The use of Trefftz-type basis functions incorporates the known wave-like behaviour of the solution in the discrete space, allowing large reductions in the required number of degrees of freedom for a given accuracy, when compared to standard finite element methods. However, the UWVF is not well disposed to the accurate approximation of singular sources in the interior of the computational domain. We propose an adjustment to the UWVF for seismic imaging applications, which we call the Source Extraction UWVF. Differing fields are solved for in subdomains around the source, and matched on the inter-domain boundaries. Numerical results are presented for a domain of constant wavenumber and for a domain of varying sound speed in a model used for seismic imaging.

Neocuproine-functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles for extraction of copper(II) from aqueous solution

Neocuproine has been covalently bound to silica-coated maghemite(c-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by a phenyl ether linkage. The resulting MNPs are able to remove Cu(II) from 12 ppm aqueous solution with an extraction efficiency of up to 99% at pH 2.

An optimized method for the extraction of bacterial mRNA from plant roots infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7

Analysis of microbial gene expression during host colonization provides valuable information on the nature of interaction, beneficial or pathogenic, and the adaptive processes involved. Isolation of bacterial mRNA for in planta analysis can be challenging where host nucleic acid may dominate the preparation, or inhibitory compounds affect downstream analysis, e.g., quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qPCR), microarray, or RNA-seq. The goal of this work was to optimize the isolation of bacterial mRNA of food-borne pathogens from living plants. Reported methods for recovery of phytopathogen-infected plant material, using hot phenol extraction and high concentration of bacterial inoculation or large amounts of infected tissues, were found to be inappropriate for plant roots inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. The bacterial RNA yields were too low and increased plant material resulted in a dominance of plant RNA in the sample. To improve the yield of bacterial RNA and reduce the number of plants required, an optimized method was developed which combines bead beating with directed bacterial lysis using SDS and lysozyme. Inhibitory plant compounds, such as phenolics and polysaccharides, were counteracted with the addition of high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The new method increased the total yield of bacterial mRNA substantially and allowed assessment of gene expression by qPCR. This method can be applied to other bacterial species associated with plant roots, and also in the wider context of food safety.

The effect of alkyl substitution on the extraction properties of BTPhen ligands for the partitioning of trivalent minor actinides and lanthanides in spent nuclear fuels

Bis-triazinylphenanthroline ligands (BTPhens), which contain additional alkyl (n-butyl and sec-butyl) groups attached to the triazine rings, have been synthesized, and the effects of this alkyl substitution on their extraction properties with Ln(III) and An(III) cations in simulated nuclear waste solutions have been studied. The speciation of n-butyl-substituted ligand (C4- BTPhen) with some trivalent lanthanide nitrates was elucidated by 1 H-NMR spectroscopic titrations. These experiments have shown that the dominant species in solution were the 1:2 complexes [Ln(III)(BTPhen)2], even at higher Ln(III) concentrations, and the relative stability of 2:1 to 1:1 BTPhen-Ln(III) complexes varied with different lanthanides. As expected, sec-butylsubstituted ligand (sec-C4 BTPhen) showed higher solubility than C4-BTPhen in certain diluents. A greater separation factor (SFAm/Eu = ca. 210) was observed for sec-C4-BTPhen compared to C4-BTPhen (SFAm/Eu = ca. 125) in 1-octanol at 4 M HNO3 solutions. The greater separation factor may be due to the higher solubility of the 2:1 complex for sec-C4-BTPhen at the interface than the 1:1 complex of C4-BTPhen.

Towards pain-free diagnosis of skin diseases through multiplexed microneedles: biomarker extraction and detection using a highly sensitive blotting method

Immunodiagnostic microneedles provide a novel way to extract protein biomarkers from the skin in a minimally invasive manner for analysis in vitro. The technology could overcome challenges in biomarker analysis specifically in solid tissue, which currently often involves invasive biopsies. This study describes the development of a multiplex immunodiagnostic device incorporating mechanisms to detect multiple antigens simultaneously, as well as internal assay controls for result validation. A novel detection method is also proposed. It enables signal detection specifically at microneedle tips and therefore may aid the construction of depth profiles of skin biomarkers. The detection method can be coupled with computerised densitometry for signal quantitation. The antigen specificity, sensitivity and functional stability of the device were assessed against a number of model biomarkers. Detection and analysis of endogenous antigens (interleukins 1α and 6) from the skin using the device was demonstrated. The results were verified using conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection limit of the microneedle device, at ≤10 pg/mL, was at least comparable to conventional plate-based solid-phase enzyme immunoassays.

Extraction of unexpected rules from Twitter hashtags and its application to sport events

Twitter has become a dependable microblogging tool for real time information dissemination and newsworthy events broadcast. Its users sometimes break news on the network faster than traditional newsagents due to their presence at ongoing real life events at most times. Different topic detection methods are currently used to match Twitter posts to real life news of mainstream media. In this paper, we analyse tweets relating to the English FA Cup finals 2012 by applying our novel method named TRCM to extract association rules present in hash tag keywords of tweets in different time-slots. Our system identify evolving hash tag keywords with strong association rules in each time-slot. We then map the identified hash tag keywords to event highlights of the game as reported in the ground truth of the main stream media. The performance effectiveness measure of our experiments show that our method perform well as a Topic Detection and Tracking approach.