Estado nutricional da cultura de cana-de-açúcar (cana-planta) em experimentos com 15N

Estudos com isótopos estáveis são cada vez mais comuns pela qualidade e confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e por não apresentarem risco ao homem e ao ambiente. No entanto, é necessário o uso de microparcelas para diminuir o custo do projeto. Por suas áreas serem muito reduzidas em relação à parcela onde está inserida, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o estado nutricional de plantas das microparcelas com as do restante das parcelas experimentais, na fase de máximo desenvolvimento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em experimentos com doses de N. Foram instalados três experimentos, no Estado de São Paulo, com três doses de N e uma testemunha, com quatro repetições, em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Nas parcelas, de 48 linhas de 15 m cada, foram instaladas microparcelas de 3 m² com fertilizante-15N. Na época de máximo desenvolvimento da cultura foram coletadas folhas-diagnóstico para a avaliação de seu estado nutricional em todas as parcelas e microparcelas. Nessas folhas foram determinados os teores de macronutrientes, e os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Foram comparados, em cada área experimental e de forma conjunta, os resultados das parcelas com os das microparcelas quanto aos teores foliares dos nutrientes e, quando significativo o efeito das doses de N na variação desses, foram feitas regressões. Não houve diferença entre os teores de N, P, Ca, Mg e S das folhas-diagnóstico entre as parcelas e as microparcelas, as quais foram consideradas representativas da área experimental. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou os teores dos nutrientes nas folhas-diagnóstico, o que deve ser considerado na avaliação nutricional da cultura quando este tipo de experimento for realizado.

Manejo da adubação potássica na cultura da cana-de-açúcar

O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar e, devido à crescente demanda por fontes renováveis de energia, a área cultivada encontra-se em expansão. Regularmente, a cultura é plantada em solos com baixos teores de nutrientes, o que pode limitar sua produtividade. A adubação potássica da cana-de-açúcar é feita basicamente no sulco de plantio, o que pode comprometer a eficiência de utilização desse nutriente devido a possíveis perdas por lixiviação ou salinidade às raízes das plantas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar produtividade de colmos e atributos tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar em função de doses e modos de aplicação de K. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico durante o ciclo de cana-planta, com o cultivar SP90 3414, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, sendo dois modos de aplicação (100 % no plantio e 50 % no plantio + 50 % em cobertura) e quatro doses de K (0, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1 de K2O), com quatro repetições. Aos nove meses após o plantio, foram avaliados a altura das plantas e o perfilhamento e, na colheita, a produtividade de colmos e os atributos tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar. As doses de K aumentaram o crescimento em altura e o perfilhamento da cana-de-açúcar, para os dois modos de aplicação; a produtividade de colmos e de açúcar aumentou com as doses de K até um ponto de máximo de, aproximadamente, 160 kg ha-1 de K2O; e a produtividade máxima estimada de cerca de 160 t ha-1 foi obtida com 130 e 150 kg ha-1 de K2O, para a aplicação parcelada e única do fertilizante, respectivamente.

Ammonium chloride as nitrogen source in sugarcane harvested without burning

The great difficulty of incorporation of N fertilizers into the "green sugarcane" system causes concern and since urea is the most commonly used source, there is the risk of loosing NH3 through volatilization. For this reason, a field experiment was undertaken (in a Hapludox Typic) with the objective of evaluating the agronomic efficiency of ammonium chloride on stubble of the second ratoon (SP89 1115), as well as its residual effect on the subsequent cycle (third ratoon). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted of three N rates (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 N) in the form of NH4Cl, in addition to a control treatment without the addition of N fertilizer. The ratoon cane of the second cutting was harvested in November 2006 and the treatments were applied in December 2006. The second ratoon was harvested mechanically in November 2007 and in December 2007, 450 kg ha-1 of the NPK mixture 20-05-19 was applied, providing 90, 22 and 86 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively, for the purpose of evaluating the effect of residual-N from the treatments implanted in December 2006. An increase in the rates of N-NH4Cl had a positive effect on the leaf concentrations of P, Mg and S. Stalk yield (MSS - Mg ha-1 of sugarcane stalks) and sugar (MSH - Mg ha-1 of sucrose) in the November 2006 harvest responded linearly to the increase of N doses in the form of NH4Cl. In relation to the effect of residual-N in the 2007/2008 harvest, it was observed, in general, that the concentrations of macronutrients in the sugarcane leaf +1 were within the range considered adequate in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The residual-N of the NH4Cl doses resulted in a significant reduction in stalk (MSS) and sugar (MSH) production. It may be concluded that the NH4Cl source at a dose of 120 kg ha-1 N in ratoon fertilization of the second cutting was agronomically efficient, presenting, however, less efficiency of residual-N in the subsequent cycle.

Effect of fertilizer treatment on the biomass production and nutrient uptake of short-rotation willow on cut-away peatlands

Summary

Ammonia losses estimated by an open collector from urea applied to sugarcane straw

The quantification of ammonia (NH3) losses from sugarcane straw fertilized with urea can be performed with collectors that recover the NH3 in acid-treated absorbers. Thus, the use of an open NH3 collector with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-wrapped absorber is an interesting option since its cost is low, handling easy and microclimatic conditions irrelevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of an open collector for quantifying NH3-N volatilized from urea applied over the sugarcane straw. The experiment was carried out in a sugarcane field located near Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The NH3-N losses were estimated using a semi-open static collector calibrated with 15N (reference method) and an open collector with an absorber wrapped in PTFE film. Urea was applied to the soil surface in treatments corresponding to rates of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 N. Applying urea-N fertilizer on sugarcane straw resulted in losses NH3-N up to 24 % of the applied rate. The amount of volatile NH3-N measured in the open and the semi-open static collector did not differ. The effectiveness of the collection system varied non-linearly, with an average value of 58.4 % for the range of 100 to 200 kg ha-1 of urea-N. The open collector showed significant potential for use; however, further research is needed to verify the suitability of the proposed method.

Incubation methods for assessing mineralizable nitrogen in soils under sugarcane

Considering nitrogen mineralization (N) of soil organic matter is a key aspect for the efficient management of N fertilizers in agricultural systems. Long-term aerobic incubation is the standard technique for calibrating the chemical extraction methods used to estimate the potentially mineralizable N in soil. However, the technique is laborious, expensive and time-consuming. In this context, the aims of this study were to determine the amount of soil mineralizable N in the 0-60 cm layer and to evaluate the use of short-term anaerobic incubation instead of long-term aerobic incubation for the estimation of net N mineralization rates in soils under sugarcane. Five soils from areas without previous N fertilization were used in the layers 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. Soil samples were aerobically incubated at 35 ºC for 32 weeks or anaerobically incubated (waterlogged) at 40 ºC for seven days to determine the net soil N mineralization. The sand, silt and clay contents were highly correlated with the indexes used for predicting mineralizable N. The 0-40 cm layer was the best sampling depth for the estimation of soil mineralizable N, while in the 40-60 cm layer net N mineralization was low in both incubation procedures. Anaerobic incubation provided reliable estimates of mineralizable N in the soil that correlated well with the indexes obtained using aerobic incubation. The inclusion of the pre-existing NH4+-N content improved the reliability of the estimate of mineralizable N obtained using anaerobic incubation.

Uptake of heavy metals by plants from airborne deposition and polluted soils

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