Reversibility of impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers following a smoking cessation programme

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do método pilates na força e atividade elétrica dos músculos respiratórios de idosas - ensaio clínico controlado randomizado

The reduction of physiological capacity present in the process of aging causes a marked decline in lung function. The exercise does promote several positive changes in the physical health of people and protect the cardiorespiratory function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a program of Pilates exercices on the strengh and electrical activity of respiratory muscles of elderly. This is a randomized, controlled clinical trial, evaluating 33 elderly aged 65 and 80 (70.88 ± 4.32), healthy, sedentary, without cognitive impairment and able the practice physical activity. The sample was divided into two groups, one experimental group with 16 elderly women who did Pilates exercises and a control group (17) that was not submitted to the exercises, but received educational booklets on aging and health care. The elderly were evaluated initially and after a period of three months, taking into account the Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP), obtained by Manovacuometry and intensity of EMG activity was measured using the values of Root Mean Square (RMS) for the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles, during the course of diaphragmatic breathing and MIP maneuver. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. For all tests, we used a significance level or p value < 0.05 and confidence interval 95%. RMS in diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles in both tests increased, but the data were significant for the rectus abdominis during diaphragmatic breathing (p = 0.03) and the diaphragm during the MIP maneuver (p = 0.01). There was no significant variation of the MIP and MEP. Pilates exercises were responsible for increasing the electrical activation of the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles in a group of healthy elderly, but had no influence on changes in strength of respiratory muscles

Treinamento muscular inspiratório para asma: revisão sistemática com metanálise

In asthmatic, the lung hyperinflation leaves the inspiratory muscle at a suboptimal position in length-tension relationship, reducing the capacity of to generate tension. The increase in transversal section area of the inspiratory muscles could reverse or delay the deterioration of inspiratory muscle function. Objective: To evaluate the evidence for the efficacy of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with an external resistive device in patients with asthma. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis was carried out. The sources researched were the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 11 of 12, 2012), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, ClinicalTrials.gov and reference lists of articles. All databases were searched from their inception up to November 2012 and there was no restriction on the language of publication. Randomised controlled trials that involved the use of an external inspiratory muscle training device versus a control (sham or no inspiratory training device) were considered for inclusion. Two reviewers independently selected articles for inclusion, evaluated risk of bias in studies and extracted data. Results: A total of five studies involving 113 asthmatic patients were included. Three clinical trials were produced by the same group. The included studies showed a significant increase in maximal inspiratory pressure (MD 13.34 cmH2O, 95% CI 4.70 to 21.98), although the confidence intervals were wide. There was no statistically significant difference between the IMT group and the control group for maximal expiratory pressure, peak expiratory flow rate, forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity, sensation of dyspnea and use of beta2-agonist. There were no studies describing exacerbation events that required a course of oral and inhaled corticosteroids or emergency department visits, inspiratory muscle endurance, hospital admissions and days of work or school. Conclusions: There is no conclusive evidence in this review to support or refute inspiratory muscle training for asthma, once the evidence was limited by the small number of studies included, number of participants in them together with the risk of bias. More well conducted randomized controlled trials are needed, such trials should investigate respiratory muscle strength, exacerbation rate, lung function, symptoms, hospital admissions, use of medications and days off work or school. IMT should also be assessed in the context of more severe asthma

Efeitos do turno fixo sobre a saúde mental em operadores de petróleo :um estudo de caso em dois ativos produção da Petrobrás

Un conjunto de cambios viene siendo implantado en la Petrobrás procurando que sus unidades de negocios resulten más modernas y competitivas para atender las necesidades del mercado. Dentro de esta perspectiva, un nuevo régimen de trabajo, denominado turno fijo , ha sido implantado en dos activos de producción de la provincia de Rio Grande do Norte. Tal situación originó varios reclamos de los petroleros y, consecuentemente, el interés del SINDIPETRO-RN en obtener una evaluación más precisa de las consecuencias de los mismos. Este estudio, realizado a partir de la demanda sindical de esos trabajadores, ha tenido como objetivo central analizar los efectos del turno fijo sobre la salud mental de los operadores de producción, actualmente lotados en los referidos activos. El estudio ha sido realizado con 39 operadores que representan el 82,9% de la población objeto de este estudio. La muestra ha sido homogénea en cuanto al género, grado de instrucción, edad y tiempo de servicio en la compañía, lo que ha posibilitado un mayor control de las variables y un estudio comparativo entre los dos activos. Para el desarrollo del estudio, se han aplicado los siguientes instrumentos de colecta de datos: una escala de medida probada y validada (QSG-12), un cuestionario abierto, entrevistas individuales y una ficha socio-demográfica. Las respuestas del cuestionario abierto han sido categorizadas mediante la aplicación de análisis de contenido. Los resultados de ese tratamiento y las respuestas del QSG-12 han sido registradas en la forma de banco de datos del SPSS for Windows (Statical Package for social sciense for Windows) para luego procederse con el desarrolllo de los análisis estadísticos. Los principales resultados encontrados en el estudio han sido que la mitad de los participantes de la muestra han presentado resultados de deteriorización de la autoeficacia más elevado que 1,44 (un una escala de 0 a 3) y, en tensión emocional y depresión, el resultado es más elevado que 1,67; la mayoría se da cuenta del aumento de carga de trabajo, revela acentuado sufrimiento con el distanciamiento de la familia, y 58,8% presenta enfermedades psicosomáticas crónicas. La percepción de los operadores sobre el turno fijo e el análisis de éste, conforme el modelo vitamínico de Warr, conducen a la conclusión de que el turno fijo es uno de los factores que está influyendo negativamente en la salud mental de esos trabajadores

Obtenção de novos sistemas nanoautoemulsificantes a partir do óleo das sementes de Azadirachta indica A Juss e suas aplicações como inibidores de corrosão

Corrosion is a natural process that causes progressive deterioration of materials, so, reducing the corrosive effects is a major objective of development of scientific studies. In this work, the efficiency of corrosion inhibition on a AISI 1018 carbon steel of the nanoemulsion system containing the oil of the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (SNEOAI) was evaluated by the techniques of linear polarization resistance (LPR) and weight loss (CPM), a instrumented cell. For that, hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of A. indica (EAI) was solubilized in a nanoemulsion system (SNEOAI) of which O/W system (rich in aqueous phase). This nanoemulsion system (tested in different concentrations) was obtained with oil from the seeds of this plant species (OAI) (oil phase), dodecylammonium chloride (DDAC) (surfactant), butanol (cosurfactant) and water, using 30 % of C/T (cosurfactant/surfactant), 0.5 % of oil phase and 69.5 % of aqueous phase, and characterized by surface tension, rheology and droplet sizes. This systems SNEOAI and SNEOAI-EAI (nanoemulsion containing hydroalcoholic extract - EAI) showed inhibition efficiencies in corrosive environment in saline (1 %), for the method of LPR with significant value of 70.58 % (300 ppm) to SNEOAI, 74.17 % (100 ppm) and 72.51 % (150 ppm) to SNEOAI-EAI. The best efficiencies inhibitions were observed for the method of CPM with 85.41 % for the SNEOAI (300 ppm) and 83.19 % SNEOAI-EAI (500 ppm). The results show that this formulation could be used commercially for use as a corrosion inhibitor, this research contributed to the biotechnological applicability of Azadirachta indica, considering the large use of this plant species rich in limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids), especially azadirachtin

Standardization of an experimental model of parabiotic isolated heart in rabbits

O objetivo foi a padronização de modelo experimental de coração isolado parabiótico em coelhos, testando sua estabilidade e durabilidade, para fins de pesquisa cardiovascular. Foram utilizados 66 coelhos raça Norfolk-2000 divididos em grupo doador do coração isolado e animais suporte, totalizando 33 preparações. Mediante auxilio de bombas peristálticas estabeleceu-se suporte circulatório para o coração isolado mantendo-se fluxo constante(16ml/min.). Um balão intraventricular foi inserido no ventrículo esquerdo, sendo ajustado para gerar pressão diastólica de ± 10mmHg. A freqüência foi fixada em 120 batimentos por minuto mediante o uso de marcapasso. Foram avaliadas variáveis hemodinâmicas, laboratoriais e anatomopatológicas. Das 33 preparações, 13 foram excluídas mediante critérios pré-estabelecidos. Das 20 restantes, 10 cumpriram o tempo máximo do protocolo(180 minutos). Com relação ao animal suporte houve deterioração hemodinâmica progressiva c/ queda da pressão arterial média(89,30±6,09mmHg->47,50±6,35mmHg). Com relação ao corações isolado, das 10 preparações que cumpriram os 180 minutos de protocolo, houve estabilidade hemodinâmica. As variáveis laboratoriais mostraram queda progressiva do sódio, potássio e hemoglobina, sendo compatível com hemodiluição. O exame anatomopatológico mostrou espaçamento maior entre fibras, compatível com edema. O presente modelo mostrou estabilidade e atividade de 100% das preparações em 60 minutos, havendo perdas progressivas chegando a 50% das preparações em atividade em 180 minutos. O presente modelo, dentro das limitações estabelecidas é viável para pesquisas cardiovasculares.

Increased production of hydrogen peroxide by peripheral blood monocytes associated with smoking exposure intensity in smokers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Caracterização macro, meso e microscópica das estruturas frágeis do corpo arenítico conglomerático da região de Santana do Acaraú (CE) e seu embasamento circundante

The structural framework of the sedimentary basins usually plays an important role in oil prospects and reservoirs. Geometry, interconectivity and density of the brittle features developed during basin evolution could change the permo-porous character of the rocks involved in generation, migration and entrapment of fluid flow. Once the structural characterization of the reservois using only sub-surface data is not an easy task, many studies are focused in analogous outcrops trying to understand the main processes by which brittle tectonic is archieved. In the Santana do Acaraú region (Ceará state, NE Brazil) a pack of conglomeratic sandstone (here named CAC) has its geometry controlled mainly by NE trending faults, interpreted as related to reactivation of a precambrian Sobral Pedro II Lineament (LSP-II). Geological mapping of the CAC showed a major NE-SW trending synform developed before its complete lithification during a dextral transpression. This region was then selected to be studied in details in order of constrain the cretaceous deformation and so help the understanding the deformation of the basins along the brazilian equatorial margin. In order to characterize the brittle deformation in different scales, I study some attributes of the fractures and faults such as orientation, density, kinematic, opening, etc., through scanlines in satellite images, outcrops and thin sections. The study of the satellite images showed three main directions of the macrostructures, N-S, NE-SW and E-W. Two of theses features (N-S and E-W) are in aggreement with previous geophysical data. A bimodal pattern of the lineaments in the CAC´s basement rocks has been evidenciated by the NE and NW sets of structures obtained in the meso and microscale data. Besides the main dextral transpression two others later events, developed when the sediments were complety lithified, were recognized in the area. The interplay among theses events is responsible for the compartimentation of the CAC in several blocks along within some structural elements display diferents orientations. Based on the variation in the S0 orientation, the CAC can be subdivided in several domains. Dispite of the variations in orientations of the fractures/faults in the diferents domains, theses features, in the meso and microscopic scale, are concentrated in two sets (based on their trend) in all domains which show similar orientation of the S0 surface. Thus the S0 orientation was used to group the domains in three major sets: i) The first one is that where S0 is E-W oriented: the fractures are oriented mainly NE with the development of a secondary NW trending; ii) S0 trending NE: the fractures are concentrated mainly along the trend NW with a secondary concentration along the NE trend; iii) The third set, where S0 is NS the main fractures are NE and the secondary concentration is NW. Another analized parameter was the fault/fracture length. This attribute was studied in diferent scales trying to detect the upscale relationship. A terrain digital model (TDM) was built with the brittlel elements supperposed. This model enhanced a 3D visualization of the area as well as the spatial distribution of the fault/fractures. Finally, I believe that a better undertanding of the brittle tectonic affecting both CAC and its nearby basement will help the future interpretations of the tectonic envolved in the development of the sedimentary basins of the brazilian equatorial margin and their oil reservoirs and prospects, as for instance the Xaréu field in the Ceará basin, which subsurface data could be correlated with the surface ones

Desigualdade de indicadores de mortalidade no Sudeste do Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: Há indícios de que a deterioração das condições de trabalho ocorrida em anos recentes influencie a mortalidade. O objetivo do estudo é estimar indicadores de mortalidade para a população de Botucatu, classificada de acordo com as ocupações exercidas. MÉTODO: Foram calculados os indicadores coeficiente de mortalidade padronizado (CMP), razão de risco padronizada e anos potenciais de vida perdidos (APVP) para a população de Botucatu, em 1997, segundo ocupações e causas básicas do óbito. RESULTADOS: Os indicadores CMP e APVP variaram entre 0,6 e 39,9 óbitos/1000 trabalhadores e entre 33 e 334 anos/1000 trabalhadores, respectivamente, de acordo com a ocupação principal exercida. Observou-se que a ordenação quantitativa das causas de óbito depende da ocupação e do indicador utilizado. CONCLUSÕES: Os indicadores de mortalidade verificados apresentam uma grande heterogeneidade quando analisados de acordo com ocupação e causas básicas de óbito, refletindo a enorme desigualdade social existente na população estudada.

Smoking and Periodontal Disease: Clinical Evidence for an Association

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genotype as a risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Objective: To assess alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) polymorphism at position Ile349Val as indicator of risk factor for upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer to verify its association with UADT cancer in nonalcoholic or nonsmoking individuals.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Primary care or referral center.Patients: the study group consisted of 141 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx admitted for surgical treatment. The comparison group consisted of 94 inpatients without cancer from the A. C. Camargo or other São Paulo (Brazil) hospital and 40 healthy individuals.Intervention: All participants were interviewed and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. After written informed consent was obtained, 20 mL of blood was collected in heparinized tubes.Main Outcome Measures: Odds ratio for ADH3 genotypes using logistic regression models.Results: After adjustment for sex, age, tobacco use, and history of cancer in first-degree family relatives, a significantly higher odds ratio for UADT cancer was observed among individuals with AA genotype and low cumulative alcohol consumption (:5 100 kg of ethanol) (odds ratio=3.8 [95% confidence interval, 1.5-9.7]). A 4-fold increase in odds ratio for UADT cancer among individuals with AA genotype and low tobacco consumption (:525 pack-years) was also found in the adjusted model.Conclusions: These results suggest that genotype AA may be a risk factor for UADT cancer, especially in individuals with low alcohol or tobacco consumption. However, further epidemiological case-control or cohort studies, preferably prospective, are needed to establish the exact role of ADH3 polymorphism and its association with the development of UADT cancers.

As parcerias entre prefeituras paulistas e o setor privado na política educacional: expressão de simbiose?

L'article présente les résultats finaux de l'enquête inter-institutionnelle qui a eu pour objet d'analyser la nature et les conséquences de partenariats conclus entre des secteurs privés et des gouvernements municipaux de la métropole de São Paulo pour le service de l'éducation à la maternelle et à l'enseignement élémentaire. La période a correspondu aux années 1996 à 2006, sachant que la perception d'une augmentation des responsabilités des municipalités pour l'offre éducationnelle, suite à la municipalisation de l'enseignement élémentaire, pourrait stimuler la sous-traitance de l'offre et la privatisation de l'éducation municipale. L'étude présente des tendances en relation avec trois modalités de partenariat: subvention publique pour l'offre de places en institutions privées de l'éducation élémentaire; acquisition de systèmes privés de l'enseignement et recours à des cabinets de conseil privés pour la gestion de l'éducation municipale. Les tendances perçues dans l'analyse indiquent que les actuelles relations entre les sphères publiques et privées dans le champ de l'éducation, suite à la décentralisation survenue dans le secteur, représentent un mouvement dans le sens de sa privatisation.

A controlled clinical trial on the effects of exercise on neuropsychiatric disorders and instrumental activities in women with Alzheimer's disease

OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos de seis meses de intervenção de um programa de atividade física sobre os distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos e o desempenho nas atividades instrumentais da vida diária de idosos com Doença de Alzheimer (DA). MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 20 pacientes nos estágios entre leve e moderado da DA. Segundo o escore clínico de demência (CDR), foram distribuídos em dois grupos: o grupo treinamento (GT), composto por dez mulheres que participaram de um program de exercícios físicos por um período de seis meses, e o grupo controle (GC), composto por dez outras participantes que não realizaram nenhum tipo de intervenção motora estruturada durante o mesmo período. Todas as participantes foram avaliadas por meio do Miniexame do Estado Mental, para obtenção da caracterização cognitiva; Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico, para identificação dos distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos mais prevalentes e Questionário de Atividades Instrumentais de Pfeffer, para verificação do grau de comprometimento funcional. RESULTADOS: Os participantes do GC mostraram uma deterioração tanto no desempenho das atividades instrumentais quanto na intensificação dos distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos, quando comparados os momentos pré e pós-intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: O GT demonstrou uma atenuação da intensificação dos distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos e do desempenho funcional em relação ao grupo sedentário.

Efeitos do treinamento de corrida em diferentes intensidades sobre a capacidade aeróbia e produção de lactato pelo músculo de ratos Wistar

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

An approach using Lagrangian/surrogate relaxation for lot-sizing with transportation costs

Neste trabalho estuda-se um problema de dimensionamento de lotes e distribuição que envolve além de custos de estoques, produção e preparação, custos de transportes para o armazém da empresa. Os custos logísticos estão associados aos contêineres necessários para empacotar os produtos produzidos. A empresa negocia um contrato de longo prazo onde um custo fixo por período é associado ao transporte dos itens, em contrapartida um limite de contêineres é disponibilizado com custo mais baixo que o custo padrão. Caso ocorra um aumento ocasional de demanda, novos contêineres podem ser utilizados, no entanto, seu custo é mais elevado. Um modelo matemático foi proposto na literatura e resolvido utilizando uma heurística Lagrangiana. No presente trabalho a resolução do problema por uma heurística Lagrangiana/surrogate é avaliada. Além disso, é considerada uma extensão do modelo da literatura adicionando restrições de capacidade e permitindo atraso no atendimento a demanda. Testes computacionais mostraram que a heurística Lagrangiana/surrogate é competitiva especialmente quando se têm restrições de capacidade apertada.