Nature's shape.

Review of the book : "What shape is a snowflake?", by I.S. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, UK

L'hibernation du muscardin Muscardinus avellanarius (Gliridae, Rodentia) en nature: nids, fréquence de réveils et température corporelle

Six muscardins vivant en liberté, munis d'une marque radioactive, ont été étudiés durant un hiver dans leur habitat naturel. L'un d'eux était muni d'un radio-émetteur en position intrapéritonéale permettant de mesurer la température corporelle (Tc) au nid et sur des sites de nourrissage. Tous les nids d'hibernation (n=17) étaient situés sur le sol, dans la litière ou dans un gazon. Un nid d'été a été utilisé occasionnellement durant une période clémente. Entre décembre et avril, les périodes de torpeur de 2 à 27 jours (xmoy= 10.8 j). Les périodes de nomothérmie sans quitter le nid duraient 50 à 210 min (xmoy=105 min). Durant les réveils spontanés, la température corporelle était de 36.7 ± 0.4°C, correspondant à une température corporelle moyenne diurne durant le sommeil (36.8 ± 0.3°C). En captivité, la Tc durant la nuit équivalait à 37.6 ± 0.6°C , tandis que la température en activité, mesurée dans la nature, était de 38.5 ± 0.7°C. Durant la torpeur, la Tc était très proche de la température du sol (∆T < 1°C); quand la température descendait à -3°, la Tc a été maintenue entre -0.4 et -0.8°C. Les nids d'hiver situés en surface du sol et sous une couverture de neige restent durant une grande partie de l'hibernation près de 0 ºC, ce qui est probablement proche de la température à laquelle M. avellanarius présente des dépenses énergétiques minimales.

Oviposition Attractancy of Bacterial Culture Filtrates: response of Culex quinquefasciatus

Oviposition attractants could be used for monitoring as well as controlling mosquitoes by attracting them to lay eggs at chosen sites. In the present study, culture filtrates of seven bacterial species were tested for their attractancy against gravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus. When their oviposition active indices (OAI) were studied, the culture filtrates of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens exhibited oviposition attractancy (OAI = >0.3) at 100 ppm and the OAI were respectively 0.70 and 0.47. Culture filtrates of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (wild type), B. t. var. israelensis (mutant) and B. sphaericus showed attractancy at 2000 ppm with OAI of respectively 0.71, 0.59 and 0.68. However, the OAI of B. megaterium as well as Azospirillum brasilense was 0.13 (at 2000 ppm), which was less than 0.3 required to be considered them as attractants. When the oviposition attractancy of the bacterial culture filtrates were compared with that of a known oviposition attractant, p-cresol (at 10 ppm), the culture filtrates of B. t. var. israelensis (wild type) and B. cereus were found to be more active than p-cresol, respectively with 64.2 and 54.3% oviposition.

In Bacillus subtilis W23, the duet sigmaXsigmaM, two sigma factors of the extracytoplasmic function subfamily, are required for septum and wall synthesis under batch culture conditions.

The synthesis of poly(RboP), the main Bacillus subtilis W23 teichoic acid, is encoded by tarDF-tarABIJKL operons, the latter being controlled by two promoters designated PtarA-int and PtarA-ext. Analysis by lacZ fusions reveals that PtarA-int activity exhibits sharp increases at the beginning and end of the transition between exponential and stationary growth phase. As confirmed by mRNA quantification, these increases are mediated by ECF sigma factors sigmaX and sigmaM respectively. In liquid media, strain W23 sigX sigM double mutants experience serious difficulties in the transition and stationary growth phases. Inactivation of sigmaX- and sigmaM-controlled regulons, which precludes transcription from PtarA-int, leads to (i) delays in chromosome segregation and septation and (ii) a transient loss of up to 30% of the culture OD or lysis. However, specific inactivation of PtarA-int, leading mainly to a shortage of poly(RboP), does not affect growth while, nevertheless, interfering with normal septation, as revealed by electron microscopy. The different sigM transcription in strains W23 and 168 is discussed. In W23, expression of tarA and sigM, which is shown to control divIC, is inversely correlated with growth rate, suggesting that the sigM regulon is involved in the control of cell division.

Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates

College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.

Report of Working Group set up by the Tanaiste in March 2006 to examine the nature and extent of Haemochromatosis in Ireland and to advise her on the action necessary to address the problems caused by Haemochromatosis

It was agreed at a meeting on 15th February, 2006, between Ms Mary Harney, TD, Tanaiste and Minister for Health and Children and Dr Maurice Manning that a Working Group would be set up to examine all of the issues relating to haemochromatosis in Ireland and to advise her on the actions necessary to address these issues. Read the Report (PDF, 709kb)  

Nature et historicité : essai sur la philosophie de Herbert Marcuse

Résumé de Thèse Proche de Horkheimer, d'Adorno ou encore de Benjamin, ce philosophe issu de l'École de Francfort ne manque pas moins d'attirer la curiosité. On a tôt fait de classer Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) aux oubliettes alors que sa pensée était peu connue, nonobstant une médiatisation très importante qui a dépassé le cadre classique des universités. Ce philosophe allemand atypique dont le nom surgit notamment suite à la publication de L'Homme unidimensionnel fut abondamment lu mais peu systématisé. Repris à tort et à travers, instrumentalisé aux temps des révoltes étudiantes des années 60, il ne lègue pas moins une pensée qui doit apparaître sous une forme nouvelle et prospective. Cette recherche vise prioritairement à l'extraire de ce brouhaha qui l'enveloppa et menaça de le faire disparaître. Cet essai insiste sur un retour à l'exigence scientifique via l'exhumation des textes méconnus du grand public et une insertion indispensable dans l'histoire des penseurs philosophiques. Accéder à la connaissance de ce philosophe passe par un certain nombre de clefs parmi lesquelles le concept de nature. Pour y arriver, cependant, la quête des fondements d'une philosophie dont les sources sont plurielles et inconciliables s'impose comme étape primordiale et pleine de promesses. A la vérité, le peu de systématisation de la pensée marcusienne est en grande partie liée à cette « prolifération » de références auxquelles s'est adonné Marcuse, laissant une mince passerelle susceptible de dégager une architecture globale et cohérente de sa pensée. Certes, la présentation de Marcuse est restée jusque-là prisonnière de l'influence de Hegel, Marx et Freud. L'auteur de cette thèse tente de démontrer que la pensée marcusienne s'oriente à partir de Kant. Attaché à la tradition philosophique germanique de l'Aufklärung, l'oeuvre du philosophe francfortois combat toutes sortes d'irrationalités qui obstruent la voie menant vers un humanisme réel. La nature reste un concept polémique parce qu'il ne saurait se résumer à l'étant. Ni la nature intérieure, ni la nature extérieure ne se limitent à cet horizon dépourvu de subjectivité. Disciple de Heidegger, Marcuse définit la nature à partir du Dasein, un être-là qui est jeté dans l'histoire et qui porte en lui la qualité de l'historicité. Contre la société dite unidimensionnelle postindustrielle qui annonce l'acmé du capitalisme triomphant, les travaux de Marcuse visent un retour à la nature autant qu'ils font de celle-ci un futur. La nature n'est pas seulement ce qu'elle a été, elle est aussi ce qui est à être. En invalidant le consumérisme ambiant, il décrit la publicité marchande comme un acte de négation des vraies valeurs humaines. Ni la superfluité secrétée par le marché, ni les systèmes communiste (le marxisme soviétique et ses sbires) et capitaliste ne sont capables de provoquer l'idéal de l'humain. Le discours marcusien fécondé par la « Théorie Critique » invente le concept de « Grand Refus » adossé à la dialectique hégélienne, obligeant la conscience à veiller sur le réel pour le conduire vers l'émancipation plutôt que vers un « chemin qui ne mène nulle part ». Attachée à la concrétude et la transformation historique héritée de Marx, il réoriente le Dasein heideggérien en lui donnant plus de chair. Nature et historicité, cette réalité duelle se complique parce qu'elle incarne une difficile révolution qui nécessitera davantage d'imagination. Le « Grand Refus » aura besoin d'un allié plus subtile : l'esthétique qui laisse apparaître la Troisième critique kantienne. Au-delà de ce refuge dans l'art, on aura toujours besoin de Marcuse pour mieux comprendre nos sociétés en pleine mutation et pour habiter en conséquence notre monde perfectible.

Differential distribution of two microtubule-associated proteins, MAP2 and MAP5, during chick dorsal root ganglion development in situ and in culture.

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are essential components necessary for the early growth process of axons and dendrites, and for the structural organization within cells. Both MAP2 and MAP5 are involved in these events, MAP2 occupying a role predominantly in dendrites, and MAP5 being involved in both axonal and dendritic growth. In the chick dorsal root ganglia, pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons have a T-shaped axon and are devoid of any dendrites. Therefore, they offer an ideal model to study the differential expression of MAPs during DRG development, specifically during axonal growth. In this study we have analyzed the expression and localization of MAP2 and MAP5 isoforms during chick dorsal root ganglia development in vivo, and in cell culture. In DRG, both MAPs appeared as early as E5. MAP2 consists of the 3 isoforms MAP2a, b and c. On blots, no MAP2a could be found at any stage. MAP2b increased between E6 and E10 and thereafter diminished slowly in concentration, while MAP2c was found between stages E6 and E10 in DRG. By immunocytochemistry, MAP2 isoforms were mainly located in the neuronal perikarya and in the proximal portion of axons, but could not be localized to distal axonal segments, nor in sciatic nerve at any developmental stage. On blots, MAP5 was present in two isoforms, MAP5a and MAP5b. The concentration of MAP5a was highest at E6 and then decreased to a low level at E18. In contrast, MAP5b increased between E6 and E10, and rapidly decreased after E14. Only MAP5a was present in sciatic nerve up to E14. Immunocytochemistry revealed that MAP5 was localized mainly in axons, although neuronal perikarya exhibited a faint immunostaining. Strong staining of axons was observed between E10 and E14, at a time coincidental to a period of intense axonal outgrowth. After E14 immunolabeling of MAP5 decreased abruptly. In DRG culture, MAP2 was found exclusively in the neuronal perikarya and the most proximal neurite segment. In contrast, MAP5 was detected in the neuronal cell bodies and all along their neurites. In conclusion, MAP2 seems involved in the early establishment of the cytoarchitecture of cell bodies and the proximal axon segment of somatosensory neurons, while MAP5 is clearly related to axonal growth.

Building a Culture of Patient Safety - Report of the Commission on Patient Safety and Quality Assurance

The Commission on Patient Safety and Quality Assurance was established in January 2007 and reported to the Minister in July 2008. The report was considered by government in January 2009 which agreed the implementation process. The overall objective of the Commission was to develop clear and practical recommendations to ensure that safety and quality of care for patients is paramount within the healthcare system. The Commission’s report set out a wide range of policy measures that will drive the safety and quality agenda in Irish healthcare in the coming years. The establishment of the Commission was prompted by an increasing awareness of patient safety issues in general and high profile health service system failures at home and abroad and in particular by the Lourdes Hospital Inquiry. These have underlined the need for an increased focus on patient safety and quality. Download document here Download summary document on the Report