HIV Disclosure: Parental dilemma in informing HIV infected Children about their HIV Status in Malawi

Background Increasingly many perinatally HIV-infected children are surviving through adolescence and adulthood as a result of improvements in the management of paediatric HIV infection, particularly the increased use of combination therapy. It is usually the parents or guardians of these children who are faced with the task of informing the child living with HIV about his or her positive status. However, many parents—particularly biological parents —find this disclosure process difficult to initiate, and this study explored some of the difficulties that these parents encounter. Objective This study set out to explore potential factors that challenge parents and guardians when informing their perinatally HIV-infected child about the child’s HIV status. Design This was a qualitative narrative study that employed in-depth interviews with parents or guardians of children perinatally infected with HIV. A total of 20 parents and guardians of children who attend the outpatient HIV clinic at the Baylor College of Medicine-Abbott Fund Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence (COE) in Lilongwe, Malawi were interviewed. Of these, 14 were biological parents and six were guardians. Results Guardians and parents expressed uneasiness and apprehension with the disclosure conversation, whether or not they had already told their child that he or she had HIV. Participants who had not told their children recounted that they had contemplated starting the conversation but could not gather enough courage to follow through with those thoughts. They cited the fear of robbing their child of the happiness of living without the knowledge of being positive, fear of making their own status known to more people, and fear of confrontation or creating enmity with their child as impediments to disclosing their child’s positive HIV status to him or her. Conclusions It is apparent that guardians—more particularly biological parents—of children perinatally infected by HIV find it difficult to inform their children about their children’s HIV status. From this disempowered position, parents dread the disclosure of a positive HIV status to a child as a psychosocial process that has the potential to disturb a family’s previously established equilibrium with threats of stigmatization, marginalization, and parent-child conflict. This calls for strategies that could support parents to make disclosure to the child less challenging.

Parental feelings face to hospitalization of the child

The hospitalizatíon of a child carnes with it major changes, etther in the child's life or parent. lllness and hospttalizatíon constitute a crisis situation for both the child and the famHy as it incorporates financiai, psychotogical, relational and social changes. The purpose of this work and analyze the satísfactíon and parents' perception on the importance of nursing care during hospttalizatíon and feelings experienced by parents. Objectives: To know the opinions and feelings of the parents in relation to the admlsston of the child 1n the service of Pediatrics at North of Portugal. Methods: Integrated this study parents of chtldren hospttalized in the pediatric inpatíent at the Hospital Trás-os-Montes e alto Douro, Vila Real, whose children were in the service to at least more than 48 hours, In total 33 escorts that replied to the questionnaire. For such a study we chose the type quantitative deschptíve. We proceeded to collect data by conductíng a questíonnaire, and the results of it were drafted in the SPSS program through Quantitatíve model wtth exploratory qualitatíve approach. Results: The age ofthe partícipants is between the 21 and 46 years - old, 75. 8% of respondents were married, 78. 8% of chtldren was hospitalized in the first time. We conclude that the mother is who else accompanies the chtld in the hospital. We had positive feedback regarding the interactíon parent-nurses since many parents stressed the good relatíonship with the nursing team (It reported that "Nurses" and "Nurses and "auxiliaries" were who else helped them, with 30. 3% and 21. 2% respectively). The feelings more mentioned were: anxiety -21 answers, sadness-20, fear-15 and hope with 15. The conditions offered to the parents were considered goodfor60.6%.

Connecting the dots: Examining the role of parental beliefs and preschoolers’ affect and engagement in predicting parent-child number exploration during a meaningful math experience

The current study examined the frequency and quality of how 3- to 4-year-old children and their parents explore the relations between symbolic and non-symbolic quantities in the context of a playful math experience, as well as the role of both parent and child factors in this exploration. Preschool children’s numerical knowledge was assessed while parents completed a survey about the number-related experiences they share with their children at home, and their math-related beliefs. Parent-child dyads were then videotaped playing a modified version of the card game War. Results suggest that parents and children explored quantity explicitly on only half of the cards and card pairs played, and dyads of young children and those with lower number knowledge tended to be most explicit in their quantity exploration. Dyads with older children, on the other hand, often completed their turns without discussing the numbers at all, likely because they were knowledgeable enough about numbers that they could move through the game with ease. However, when dyads did explore the quantities explicitly, they focused on identifying numbers symbolically, used non-symbolic card information interchangeably with symbolic information to make the quantity comparison judgments, and in some instances, emphasized the connection between the symbolic and non-symbolic number representations on the cards. Parents reported that math experiences such as card game play and quantity comparison occurred relatively infrequently at home compared to activities geared towards more foundational practice of number, such as counting out loud and naming numbers. However, parental beliefs were important in predicting both the frequency of at-home math engagement as well as the quality of these experiences. In particular, parents’ specific beliefs about their children’s abilities and interests were associated with the frequency of home math activities, while parents’ math-related ability beliefs and values along with children’s engagement in the card game were associated with the quality of dyads’ number exploration during the card game. Taken together, these findings suggest that card games can be an engaging context for parent-preschooler exploration of numbers in multiple representations, and suggests that parents’ beliefs and children’s level of engagement are important predictors of this exploration.

Unemployment, parental distress and youth emotional well-being: The moderation roles of parent-youth relationship and financial deprivation

We investigated, in a sample of 112 unemployed parents of adolescents aged 10-19 years, the links between parental distress and change in youth emotional problems related to parental unemployment, and the moderation roles of parent-youth relationship and financial deprivation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlations. Further, simple moderation, additive moderation, and moderated moderation models of regression were performed to analyze the effects of parental distress, parent-youth relationship and financial deprivation in predicting change in youth emotional problems related to parental unemployment. Results show that parental distress moderated by parent-youth relationship predicted levels of change in youth emotional problems related to parental unemployment. This study provides evidence that during job loss, parental distress is linked to youth emotional well-being and that parent-youth relationships play an important moderation role. This raises the importance of further researching parental distress impacts on youth well-being, especially during periods of high unemployment rates.

Violencia filio-parental

La violencia filio-parental es un fenómeno social que define todo tipo de violencia de hijos a padres. Es necesaria una intervención conjunta para el abordaje del problema.

Adaptação do questionário de suporte parental (QSP-6) - versão reduzida para adolescentes

"A família tem grande poder de influência e de transformação na vida de crianças e adolescentes. Os estudos recentes referem que o suporte familiar parece influenciar o desenvolvimento de comportamentos agressivos. Afirmam ainda a existência de uma relação entre o comportamento de bullying e o suporte que os jovens recebem das suas famílias. Assim, partindo da hipótese de que na fase da adolescência dos filhos, o suporte social dos pais poderá estar na origem de diferentes tipos de comportamentos agressivos/vitimizantes, o objetivo deste estudo é o de explorar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Suporte Parental (QSP-6) – versão reduzida para Adolescentes (Clouse, 2007). Deste modo, apresentamos os resultados obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 728 adolescentes e jovens (372 do sexo feminino e 356 do sexo masculino) com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 21 anos. A estrutura relacional dos 18 itens foi avaliada por uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) sobre a matriz de correlações, com extração dos fatores pelo método das componentes principais, seguido de rotação varimax. Os estudos psicométricos do QSP-6 revelam, de forma global, bons índices de fiabilidade e validade do instrumento."

Educação, lazer e envolvimento parental na educação pré-escolar - projeto de investigação exploratório num infantário londrino

A inclusão das práticas de lazer na rotina diária da família expressa um desafio ainda com muito por se desvendar. Este documento reporta a análise empírica da frequência da prática em atividades de lazer e do uso dos tempos livres após a aplicação de um projeto de investigação exploratório realizado junto de 10 famílias, maioritariamente emigrantes, com filhos entre os 2 e os 4 anos de idade, de um infantário bilingue (Português-Inglês) Londrino. Este teve como objetivo principal verificar se a integração dos pais no projeto artístico-cultural na escola dos filhos influenciava positivamente na participação artístico-cultural do quotidiano familiar: aumento da participação em atividades artístico-culturais. Para isso foi utilizado um conjunto de metodologias que consistiu na análise de um inquérito por questionário, na implementação de um conjunto de dinâmicas artístico-culturais com envolvimento parental e da análise documental. Como resultado foi possível verificar que, no geral, houve um ligeiro aumento na frequência da participação artística e cultural familiar após a realização de um conjunto de atividades de âmbito escolar que permitiu às famílias (pais e filhos) realizarem um conjunto de atividades que visou promover e estimular a vontade e o contentamento por atividades de lazer.

De la instrumentalización del testimonio del menor: un estudio sobre el Síndrome de la Alienación Parental que restringe la valoración probatoria

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Parental views of antibiotic use in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Jordan

Purpose: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents towards antibiotics use for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at 10 private outpatients’ pediatric clinics across Amman-Jordan from September to December 2013. During the study period, 1329 parents of young children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate were interviewed, and completed a validated structured questionnaire. Results: A large proportion of parents (903, 68 %) believed that weather change was the main cause of acute URTIs in their children. Although 1098 (82.8 %) of parents were aware that the recurrent use of antibiotics leads to a decrease in effectiveness due to bacterial resistance, 859 (64.6 %) of the respondents reported that they would give antibiotics without prescription. Fathers (135, 40.2 %), were significantly more aware that URTIs follow its natural course without antibiotic administration compared to mothers (N = 327, 32.9 %), respectively (p = 0.005). Conclusion: There is a lack of adequate parental knowledge concerning the use and misuse of antibiotics in children in Jordan. National publicity campaign should be mounted to improve awareness. Furthermore, existing laws should be enforced to prevent parents from purchasing antibiotics over-thecounter (OTC).

Des aptamères pour améliorer l’encapsulation et la libération contrôlée des liposomes

Mémoire par article

Entre contestation et résignation : l’expérience de profilage racial de jeunes racisés ayant reçu des constats d’infraction dans le cadre du contrôle de l’occupation de l’espace public montréalais

Ce mémoire explore le vécu et la construction de l’expérience de jeunes racisés ayant reçu des constats d’infraction dans le cadre de leur occupation de l’espace public montréalais. Il s’agit spécifiquement d’appréhender, à partir de la sociologie de l’expérience de Dubet (1994), le profil et les conditions de vie, la présence dans l’espace public, les raisons et la nature des constats d’infraction, les stratégies mises en œuvre face au profilage racial ainsi que les conséquences du profilage racial sur les jeunes racisés. Se situant dans une perspective qualitative, la méthodologie de recherche a reposé sur le recueil de dix entrevues semi-dirigées, soit neuf jeunes hommes et une jeune fille entre 18 et 30 ans ayant eu des contacts avec la police dans le cadre du contrôle de l’espace public à Montréal. Basée essentiellement sur l’approche mixte de Miles et Huberman (2003), l’analyse du corpus a permis de rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité de l’expérience des jeunes racisés et profilés interrogés et de dégager deux types d’expérience de profilage racial : les contestataires et les résignés. Si les interactions avec les forces de l’ordre engendrent des traitements perçus comme discriminatoires, l’expérience se construit en fonction de la nature des interactions, du niveau de maturité et de la tranche d’âge des jeunes et elle se décline en une logique de soumission et une logique de lutte pour la contestation des constats d’infraction. Les résultats de la recherche démontrent par ailleurs la pertinence de l’accompagnement du jeune au niveau de la prise de conscience de ses droits et de la contestation des tickets reçus.

Les interactions vestibulo-corticales qui sous-tendent le contrôle de la posture chez les sujets sains

Le système vestibulaire et le cortex moteur participent au contrôle de la posture, mais la nature de leurs interactions est peu documentée. Afin de caractériser les interactions vestibulo-corticales qui sous-tendent le contrôle de l’équilibre en position debout, l’activité électromyographique (EMG) du soléaire (SOL), du tibial antérieur (TA) et du péronier long (PERL) de la jambe droite a été enregistrée chez 14 sujets sains. La stimulation galvanique vestibulaire (GVS) a été appliquée avec la cathode derrière l’oreille droite ou gauche à différents intervalles inter-stimulus (ISIs) avant ou après la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne induisant des potentiels moteurs évoqués (MEPs) au niveau des muscles enregistrés. Lorsque que la cathode était à droite, une inhibition des MEPs a été observée au niveau du SOL à un ISI de 40 et 130 ms et une facilitation des MEPS a été observée au niveau TA à un ISI de 110 ms. Lorsque la cathode était à gauche, une facilitation des MEPs a été observée au niveau du SOL, du TA et du PERL à un ISI de 50, -10 et 0 ms respectivement. L’emplacement de ces interactions sur l’axe neural a été estimé en fonction des ISIs et en comparant l’effet de la GVS sur les MEPs à son effet sur l’EMG de base et sur le réflexe-H. Selon ces analyses, les modulations observées peuvent avoir lieu au niveau spinal ou au niveau supraspinal. Ces résultats suggèrent que les commandes de la voie corticospinale peuvent être modulées par le système vestibulaire à différents niveaux de l’axe neuronal.

Le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques comme espace d’autodétermination : les cas de l’Accord de Kelowna et de la Loi sur le contrôle par les Premières Nations de leur système d’éducation

L’objectif du présent mémoire est double. D’une part, il cherche à identifier les facteurs qui permettent au gouvernement canadien et aux peuples autochtones de s’entendre sur des politiques publiques, malgré la persistance d’une logique coloniale. Nous verrons que l’atteinte d’une entente est conditionnelle à la légitimité du processus d’élaboration de la politique publique d’un point de vue autochtone. D’autre part, ce travail invite à penser le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques comme espace potentiel d’autodétermination. Étant donné la malléabilité des règles qui encadrent l’élaboration des politiques publiques en contexte canadien, le gouvernement – s’il en a la volonté - peut modeler le processus d’élaboration de façon à le rendre plus égalitaire et donc plus légitime d’un point de vue autochtone. Il sera démontré que, dans une optique de changements progressifs, un tel processus d’élaboration peut permettre aux peuples autochtones de regagner une certaine autonomie décisionnelle et ainsi atténuer les rapports de pouvoir inégalitaires. Notre cadre théorique a été construit à l’aide de différents courants analytiques, issus notamment des littératures sur le colonialisme, sur les politiques publiques et sur la légitimité. La comparaison de deux études de cas, soit les processus d’élaboration de l’Accord de Kelowna et du projet de loi C-33, Loi sur le contrôle par les Premières Nations de leur système d’éducation, permettra d’illustrer nos arguments et d’en démontrer l’applicabilité pratique. En somme, nous verrons comment la première étude de cas permet de concevoir l’élaboration des politiques publiques comme espace potentiel d’autodétermination, et comment la deuxième, au contraire, démontre que cette sphère peut encore en être une d’oppression.