830 resultados para Compostos fenólicos


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Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), popularly known as ‘mangabeira’, has been used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders, hypertension, dermatitis, diabetes, liver diseases and stomach disorders. Regarding the Hancornia speciosa fruits, the ethnobotany indicates its use especially for treating inflammation and tuberculosis. However, no study has been done so far to prove such biological activities. The objective was evaluation anti-inflammatory activity from the fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira). Aqueous extract was prepared by decoction, subsequently submitted the liquid-liquid fractionation. The secondary metabolites were identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with detector diode array (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography diode array detector coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS). The anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions of the fruits from H. speciosa, as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. In vivo tests comprised the xylene-induced ear edema that was measured the formation of edema, carrageenan-induced peritonitis was evaluated the total leukocytes at 4h and zymosan-induced air pouch was measured the total leukocytes and differential cell count at 6, 24 and 48 hours, whereas in vitro tests were evaluated levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α using ELISA obtained of carrageenan-induced peritonitis model. The results showed the presence of rutin and chlorogenic acid were detected in the aqueous extract from H. speciosa fruits by HPLC-DAD and LC-DAD-ME. Furthermore, the aqueous extracts and fractions, as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited the xilol-induced ear edema and reduced cell migration in the animal models such as carrageenan-induced peritonitis and zymosan-induced air pouch. In addition, reduced levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were observed. This is the first study that demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract from Hancornia speciosa fruits against different inflammatory agents in animal models, suggesting that their bioactive molecules, especially rutin and chlorogenic acid contributing, at least in part, to the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract. These findings support the widespread use of Hancornia speciosa in popular medicine and demonstrate that this aqueous extract has therapeutic potential for the development of a herbal drugs with anti-inflammatory properties.

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The monoaromatic compounds are toxic substances present in petroleum derivades and used broadly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Those compounds are continuously released into the environment, contaminating the soil and water sources, leading to the possible unfeasibility of those hydrous resources due to their highly carcinogenic and mutagenic potentiality, since even in low concentrations, the BTEX may cause serious health issues. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and search for new methodologies that assist and enable the treatment of BTEX-contaminated matrix. The bioremediation consists on the utilization of microbial groups capable of degrading hydrocarbons, promoting mineralization, or in other words, the permanent destruction of residues, eliminating the risks of future contaminations. This work investigated the biodegradation kinetics of water-soluble monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene), based on the evaluation of its consummation by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, for concentrations varying from 40 to 200 mg/L. To do so, the performances of Monod kinetic model for microbial growth were evaluated and the material balance equations for a batch operation were discretized and numerically solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The kinetic parameters obtained using the method of least squares as statistical criteria were coherent when compared to those obtained from the literature. They also showed that, the microorganism has greater affinity for ethylbenzene. That way, it was possible to observe that Monod model can predict the experimental data for the individual biodegradation of the BTEX substrates and it can be applied to the optimization of the biodegradation processes of toxic compounds for different types of bioreactors and for different operational conditions.

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The monoaromatic compounds are toxic substances present in petroleum derivades and used broadly in the chemical and petrochemical industries. Those compounds are continuously released into the environment, contaminating the soil and water sources, leading to the possible unfeasibility of those hydrous resources due to their highly carcinogenic and mutagenic potentiality, since even in low concentrations, the BTEX may cause serious health issues. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and search for new methodologies that assist and enable the treatment of BTEX-contaminated matrix. The bioremediation consists on the utilization of microbial groups capable of degrading hydrocarbons, promoting mineralization, or in other words, the permanent destruction of residues, eliminating the risks of future contaminations. This work investigated the biodegradation kinetics of water-soluble monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene), based on the evaluation of its consummation by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, for concentrations varying from 40 to 200 mg/L. To do so, the performances of Monod kinetic model for microbial growth were evaluated and the material balance equations for a batch operation were discretized and numerically solved by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The kinetic parameters obtained using the method of least squares as statistical criteria were coherent when compared to those obtained from the literature. They also showed that, the microorganism has greater affinity for ethylbenzene. That way, it was possible to observe that Monod model can predict the experimental data for the individual biodegradation of the BTEX substrates and it can be applied to the optimization of the biodegradation processes of toxic compounds for different types of bioreactors and for different operational conditions.

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Vegetable oils are characterized as important raw materials in the supplying of natural substances of interest pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry. Sunflower oil stands out for its important composition present in unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2), responsible for many health benefits. The main objective of this study is obtain enriched fractions in unsaturated compounds from refined sunflower oil. The oil used in this study was characterized by the determination of some properties, like iodine number, acid number and viscosity. A transesterification was done to transform the triglycerides into their corresponding methyl esters of fatty acids. These was submitted the molecular distillation process, for present as an efficient alternative to separation and purification of these substances, using high vacuum and low temperatures. Of the esters fractions that was obtained, were analyzed by gas chromatography. The experimental design technique was used to evaluate the influence of the temperature variation of evaporation and condensation system on the percentage obtained residue. The evaporator temperature proved to be the most influential variable on the studied response. The optimized conditions for the answer was studied at 100 °C for evaporator temperature and 10 °C for the condenser temperature. The graph of "split ratio" showed that for the lowest flow feed (1 mL/min) and higher evaporator temperature (110 °C) was obtained in the largest fraction of distillate. It also used the study of the influence of evaporator temperature on the concentration of unsaturated compounds. The best operating conditions for temperature was 90 °C reached 82.21 % of unsaturated compounds. Elimination curves of the unsaturated compounds present in the distillate stream were obtained. The simulation results of the molecular distillation process of sunflower oil showed the concentration profiles for three different feed flow rates. The speed, temperature and thickness profiles of the liquid film were obtained. The speed of the film increases as the fluid flows through the walls of the evaporator, reaching a maximum on length of 0.075 m. The film thickness decreases on the route, since many compounds are volatilized. The result of the temperature profile had to be consistent with the literature reproduced, being constant after reaching the maximum operating temperature in the length of 0.15 m. This study allowed characterizing and focusing, through experimental analysis, unsaturated compounds and observing the sunflower oil´s behavior through process simulation.

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Vegetable oils are characterized as important raw materials in the supplying of natural substances of interest pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry. Sunflower oil stands out for its important composition present in unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2), responsible for many health benefits. The main objective of this study is obtain enriched fractions in unsaturated compounds from refined sunflower oil. The oil used in this study was characterized by the determination of some properties, like iodine number, acid number and viscosity. A transesterification was done to transform the triglycerides into their corresponding methyl esters of fatty acids. These was submitted the molecular distillation process, for present as an efficient alternative to separation and purification of these substances, using high vacuum and low temperatures. Of the esters fractions that was obtained, were analyzed by gas chromatography. The experimental design technique was used to evaluate the influence of the temperature variation of evaporation and condensation system on the percentage obtained residue. The evaporator temperature proved to be the most influential variable on the studied response. The optimized conditions for the answer was studied at 100 °C for evaporator temperature and 10 °C for the condenser temperature. The graph of "split ratio" showed that for the lowest flow feed (1 mL/min) and higher evaporator temperature (110 °C) was obtained in the largest fraction of distillate. It also used the study of the influence of evaporator temperature on the concentration of unsaturated compounds. The best operating conditions for temperature was 90 °C reached 82.21 % of unsaturated compounds. Elimination curves of the unsaturated compounds present in the distillate stream were obtained. The simulation results of the molecular distillation process of sunflower oil showed the concentration profiles for three different feed flow rates. The speed, temperature and thickness profiles of the liquid film were obtained. The speed of the film increases as the fluid flows through the walls of the evaporator, reaching a maximum on length of 0.075 m. The film thickness decreases on the route, since many compounds are volatilized. The result of the temperature profile had to be consistent with the literature reproduced, being constant after reaching the maximum operating temperature in the length of 0.15 m. This study allowed characterizing and focusing, through experimental analysis, unsaturated compounds and observing the sunflower oil´s behavior through process simulation.

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We present the results of electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements in Tb1−xYxRhIn5 (x = 0.00, 0.15, 0.4.0, 0.50 e 0.70) single crystals. Tb1−xYxRhIn5 is an antiferromagnetic AFM compound with ordering temperature TN ≈ 46 K, the higher TN within the RRhIn5 serie (R : rare earth). We evaluate the physical properties evolution and the supression of the AFM state considering doping and Crystalline Electric Field (CEF) effects on magnetic exchange interaction between Tb3+ magnetic ions. CEF acts like a perturbation potential, breaking the (2J + 1) multiplet s degeneracy. Also, we studied linear-polarization-dependent soft x-ray absorption at Tb M4 and M5 edges to validate X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a complementary technique in determining the rare earth CEF ground state. Samples were grown by the indium excess flux and the experimental data (magnetic susceptibility and specific heat) were adjusted with a mean field model that takes account magnetic exchange interaction between first neighbors and CEF effects. XAS experiments were carried on Total Electron Yield mode at Laborat´onio Nacional de Luz S´ıncrotron, Campinas. We measured X-ray absorption at Tb M4,5 edges with incident polarized X-ray beam parallel and perpendicular to c-axis (E || c e E ⊥ c). The mean field model simulates the mean behavior of the whole system and, due to many independent parameters, gives a non unique CEF scheme. XAS is site- and elemental- specific technique and gained the scientific community s attention as complementary technique in determining CEF ground state in rare earth based compounds. In this work we wil discuss the non conclusive results of XAS technique in TbRhIn5 compounds.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar os elementos dos Compostos de Marketing utilizados pelas Empresas de Serviços Contábeis (ESCs), visando contribuir com a compreensão do uso das ferramentas do Marketing de Serviços pelas ESCs, a partir da definição dos seus Compostos de Marketing. O presente estudo é de natureza exploratória e se propôs a estudar o envolvimento das empresas com a prática do marketing. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores das ESCs. Ao final, pode-se constatar que as ESCs pesquisadas adotam a prática de algumas técnicas de marketing identificadas nos Compostos de Marketing aplicados nos serviços contábeis, tais como: Produto, Preço, Promoção e Praça, Pessoas, Ambiente e Processos. A prática de marketing é influenciada pelo porte das empresas-clientes dessas ESCs. Constatou-se que as ESCs, focadas no atendimento a clientes de grande porte, já adotam algumas práticas de marketing, mesmo que de forma embrionária, o que não acontece com as ESCs que prestam serviços para micros e pequenas empresas.

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The current scenario of the Brazilian poultry production is defined by high productivity motivated by exports to markets with elevated levels of sanitary requirement. The work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of chlorinated compounds (chlorine dioxide, dichloro and trichloro) and organic acids (citric, lactic and peracetic acids) in reducing the contamination of poultry by Salmonella spp., mesophiles and enterobacteriaceae. Were isolated 102 strains Salmonella spp. poultry carcass from June to September 2014. Strains were identified by PCR. Was determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial compounds for the standard strains of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg. MIC of lactic acid and peracetic acid (20 to 10 g/L) was applied in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from the slaughter. The MIC of the compounds lactic acid and sodium dichloro was applied in contaminated chiller water with Salmonella (109 CFU/mL) and this was determined Salmonella count in water. Thighs and drumsticks poultry were contaminated with S. Heidelberg (109 UFC/mL) and were applied dichloro (60 mg/L), lactic acid (20 g/L) and sodium hypochlorite (5,0 and 0,5 mg/L) compounds. In the identification by PCR, 93,1% of the strains were identified as Salmonella. For sodium dichloro the MIC was 60 mg/L for 15 minutes to S. Heidelberg and 60 mg/L for 20 minutes for S. Enteritidis. Lactic acid presented MIC of the 5 g/L for 10 minutes to S. Enteritidis 10 g/L for 15 minutes to S. Typhimurium and 20 g/L for 20 minutes to S. Heidelberg. For peracetic acid, MICs were 10 g/L for 10 minutes to S. Typhimurium and S. Heidelberg and 10 g/L for 20 minutes to S. Enteritidis. To citric acid, MICs were 10 g/L for 10 minutes to S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis and 25 g/L for 20 minutes to S. Heidelberg. In the isolated Salmonella strains, lactic acid inhibited 97,89% of the strains and peracetic inhibited 100% of the strains. In contaminated chiller water, the compounds reduced the growth of standards strains. When applied to contaminated poultry meat, there was a reduction of Salmonella spp. 1,06 log10 CFU/g relative to the positive control with the use of sodium hypochlorite at 5,0 mg/L, 0,97 log10 CFU/g with dichloro and 0,56 log10 CFU/g with sodium hypochlorite 0,5 mg/L. For mesophiles reduction observed was 0,90 log10 CFU/g relative to the positive control with the use of sodium hypochlorite at 5,0 mg/L, 0,83 log10 CFU/g with dichloro and there isn´t reduction with hypochlorite with sodium 0,5 mg/L. For enterobacteriaceae reduction was 1,0 log10 CFU/g relative to the positive control with the use of sodium hypochlorite at 5,0 mg/L, 0,79 log10 CFU/g with dichloro and 0,22 log10 CFU/g with sodium hypochlorite at 0,5 mg/L. Lactic acid inhibit growth of the microorganisms tested. The data supports the discussions to regulate the use of the technology coadjuvants in the slaughter of poultry.

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Nesta tese descreve-se a síntese de compostos multiporfirínicos covalentes bem como a avaliação da potencial utilização destes compostos como quimiossensores de iões metálicos e para a construção de estruturas supramoleculares com fulerenos. No capítulo 1 desta tese é feita uma introdução à química, propriedades e aplicações das porfirinas e sistemas multiporfirínicos. Relativamente aos sistemas multiporfirínicos é feita uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das estratégias de síntese e abordagem geral à química supramolecular de sistemas porfirina-fulereno. No capítulo 2 são apresentados os resultados referentes à síntese e caracterização dos vários sistemas multiporfirínicos desenvolvidos neste trabalho. De um modo geral, a síntese desses compostos envolveu reações de substituição aromática nucleofílica. Para esse efeito foi necessário preparar porfirinas de partida contendo grupos nucleofílicos nas posições meso (-C6H4OH e -C6H4NH2). Os sistemas multiporfirínicos foram obtidos por reações entre as porfirinas de partida e hexafluorobenzeno ou 5,10,15,20tetraquis(pentafluorofenil)porfirina. Descreve-se também a síntese de uma díade porfirina-C60 e de uma pentíade contendo quatro unidades de porfirina e uma de C60, envolvendo reações de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar e de substituição aromática nucleofílica. Os estudos efetuados ao nível da aplicação de alguns dos novos sistemas multiporfirínicos sintetizados e de um dos seus precursores, a 5-[4(pentafluorofeniloxi)fenil]-10,15,20-trifenilporfirina, como sensores de iões metálicos encontram-se descritos no capítulo 3. Neste capítulo, a título introdutório, é feita uma breve abordagem aos quimiossensores colorimétricos e de fluorescência, apresentando também alguns exemplos de porfirinas como quimiossensores de iões metálicos já descritos na literatura científica. A caracterização fotofísica dos compostos em estudo também é descrita neste capítulo. Os compostos estudados mostraram capacidade de interagir com vários iões metálicos, verificando-se um aumento da seletividade para o ião Hg2+ com o aumento do número de unidades porfirínicas constituintes dos sistemas multiporfirínicos. Os resultados referentes aos estudos de complexação de alguns dos sistemas multiporfirínicos sintetizados com fulerenos encontram-se descritos no capítulo 4. Neste capítulo descreve-se também a caracterização fotofísica dos compostos em estudo. Os estudos realizados com os sistemas multiporfirínicos mostraram uma fraca interação com os fulerenos C60 e C70. No entanto, os valores das constantes de afinidade obtidos com 1-metil-2-(4piridil)[60]fulero[c]pirrolidina mostraram que os sistemas multiporfirínicos apresentam capacidade para formar complexos com este derivado de C60 por coordenação axial e por interações π-π. No capítulo 5 é discutido o trabalho que envolveu o desenvolvimento de novos métodos na síntese de derivados tetrapirrólicos do tipo pirrolo[3,4-b]porfirinas contendo um grupo NH livre no anel exocíclico. A estratégia de síntese requereu a preparação de uma clorina fundida com um anel pirrolina seguida da redução do anel pirrolina. Deste modo obteve-se uma nova clorina fundida com um anel pirrolidina contendo um grupo NH livre. Esta nova clorina foi usada na preparação de uma díade clorina-porfirina por reação de N-arilação com 5,10,15,20-tetraquis(pentafluorofenil)porfirina. A estrutura cristalina da nova díade foi resolvida por difração de raios-X de cristal único. A estrutura dos compostos sintetizados foi estabelecida recorrendo a diversas técnicas espectroscópicas nomeadamente ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN de 1H, 13C e 19F), espectrometria de massa e espectrofotometria de UVvis. No último capítulo desta tese descrevem-se, pormenorizadamente, todas as experiências efetuadas, incluindo os métodos de síntese, purificação e caracterização estrutural dos diversos compostos sintetizados bem como as medições espectrofotométricas e espectrofluorimétricas.

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Esta dissertação reporta a síntese de novos derivados de 4-quinolonas com potencial atividade biológica e está dividida em 3 capítulos. No primeiro capítulo é feita uma breve introdução aos compostos do tipo 4quinolona, azepina e indol, focando a nomenclatura, atividade biológica e métodos de síntese mais comuns deste tipo de compostos, e é apresentada a nomenclatura dos compostos sintetizados ao longo deste trabalho. No segundo capítulo são descritas as metodologias desenvolvidas para obtenção dos compostos pretendidos. Foram sintetizados novos derivados de 4-quinolonas via reações de N-metilação seguida de ciclização in situ da (E)-N(2-acetilfenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)acrilamida, via reações de redução da 1-metil-2-[2(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona e reações de halogenação da 1-metil-2-[2(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona e da 2-[2-(2-aminofenil)vinil]-1metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Posteriormente, fizeram-se estudos de reatividade da 1-metil-2-[2-(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona e da 2-[2-(2-aminofenil)vinil]-3bromo-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Na reação de redução in situ seguida de ciclização intramolecular da 1-metil-2-[2-(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona obteve-se a 2-(1H-indol-2-il)-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Partindo da 2-[2-(2aminofenil)vinil]-3-bromo-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona via reações de BuchwaldHartwig obteve-se a 11-metil-5H-benzo[6,7]azepino[3,2-b]quinolin-6(11H)-ona. Novas N-[2-(2-(3-bromo-1-metil-4-oxo-1,4-di-hidroquinolin-2il)vinil)fenil]alquilamidas foram obtidas via reações de acilação da 2-[2-(2aminofenil)vinil]-3-bromo-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona em piridina seca usando diferentes cloretos de acilo. Numa tentativa de ciclização intramolecular da N[2-(2-(3-bromo-1-metil-4-oxo-1,4-di-hidroquinolin-2-il)vinil)fenil]-hexanamida via reação de Ullmann intramolecular foi obtida a 2-(1-hexanoil-1H-indol-2-il)-1metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Após a descrição detalhada das metodologias de síntese são apresentadas as principais conclusões deste trabalho e perspectivas futuras. Por último, no terceiro capítulo, são apresentados os procedimentos experimentais usados para obtenção dos compostos sintetizados e os dados relativos à sua caracterização estrutural, que foi sendo discutida ao longo do segundo capítulo. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espetroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear monodimensional (1H e 13C) e bidimensional (HSQC, HMBC) e por espetrometria de massa e sempre que possível por espetrometria de massa de alta resolução.

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No presente estudo buscou-se avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de compostos LVL produzidos com a madeira de paricá ( Schizolobium amazonicum Huber ex. Ducke) por meio do ultrassom. Para isso, foram utilizados LVL produzidos em laboratório e destes retiradas amostras para realização dos ensaios não destrutivos. Posteriormente, as mesmas amostras foram destinadas para realização dos ensaios físicos (absorção de água; inchamento em espessura e inchamento residual) ou mecânicos (resistência e rigidez à flexão estática flatwise; resistência e rigidez à flexão estática edgewise; resistência à compressão paralela e resistência ao cisalhamento paralelo e perpendicular). Os dados da velocidade de propagação de ondas e do módulo de elasticidade dinâmico obtidos nos ensaios não destrutivos foram utilizados no ajuste de equações para estimar as propriedades avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos apontaram o uso do ultrassom como uma ferramenta eficaz para a predição da maior parte das propriedades avaliadas. Dentre as variáveis independentes avaliadas, o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico obteve os melhores resultados quando comparado à velocidade de propagação das ondas.

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O imposex em gastrópodes (Acanthina monodon, Oliva peruviana e Xanthochroid Cassidyformis) e os níveis de butilestânicos (BTs) em sedimentos superficiais e tecidos foram avaliados em três áreas sob a influência das atividades marítimas ao longo da costa central do Chile. As concentrações mais elevadas de TBT foram observadas na baia de São Vicente (Concepción), atingindo 122,3 ng Sn g-1 em sedimentos superficiais e 59,7 ng Sn g-1 em tecidos de gastrópodes, enquanto em Valparaiso variou de 7,4 a 15,8 ng Sn g-1 em biota. As menores concentrações de TBT em sedimentos foram detectadas em Coquimbo (<2 ng Sn g- 1 ), que pode ser atribuída a um menor tráfego de embarcações (provavelmente usando produtos livres de TBT) associado à dinâmica local. Apesar de DBT e MBT serem os analitos predominantes, aportes recentes de TBT foram evidentes em algumas áreas. Na verdade, os barcos de pesca pode ser uma fonte relevante, uma vez que estes predominaram nos locais mais contaminados. Além disso, a ausência de diferenças significativas entre os níveis BTs de ambos os sexos de A. monodon sugere que os tecidos de sexos distintos podem ser indistintamente utilizados para estudos futuros de contaminação. A incidência de Imposex foi detectada em 11 dos 15 locais amostrados, indicando que os níveis ambientais de TBT tem sido suficiente para induzir efeitos deletérios sobre os organismos expostos. Assim, os impactos causados pelo TBT nas zonas costeiras do Chile foram detectáveis e consistentes com outros estudos realizados na América do Sul. Este problema ambiental pode ser, provavelmente, devido a falta de regulamentação proibindo o uso de tintas antiincrustantes a base de TBT, indicando que esta pode ser a realidade das demais áreas do Chile sob influência de atividades marítimas.