Different Effects of BORIS/CTCFL on Stemness Gene Expression, Sphere Formation and Cell Survival in Epithelial Cancer Stem Cells.

Cancer stem cells are cancer cells characterized by stem cell properties and represent a small population of tumor cells that drives tumor development, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. To date, the molecular mechanisms that generate and regulate cancer stem cells are not well defined. BORIS (Brother of Regulator of Imprinted Sites) or CTCFL (CTCF-like) is a DNA-binding protein that is expressed in normal tissues only in germ cells and is re-activated in tumors. Recent evidences have highlighted the correlation of BORIS/CTCFL expression with poor overall survival of different cancer patients. We have previously shown an association of BORIS-expressing cells with stemness gene expression in embryonic cancer cells. Here, we studied the role of BORIS in epithelial tumor cells. Using BORIS-molecular beacon that was already validated, we were able to show the presence of BORIS mRNA in cancer stem cell-enriched populations (side population and spheres) of cervical, colon and breast tumor cells. BORIS silencing studies showed a decrease of sphere formation capacity in breast and colon tumor cells. Importantly, BORIS-silencing led to down-regulation of hTERT, stem cell (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and BMI1) and cancer stem cell markers (ABCG2, CD44 and ALDH1) genes. Conversely, BORIS-induction led to up-regulation of the same genes. These phenotypes were observed in cervical, colon and invasive breast tumor cells. However, a completely different behavior was observed in the non-invasive breast tumor cells (MCF7). Indeed, these cells acquired an epithelial mesenchymal transition phenotype after BORIS silencing. Our results demonstrate that BORIS is associated with cancer stem cell-enriched populations of several epithelial tumor cells and the different phenotypes depend on the origin of tumor cells.

Computational prediction of neural progenitor cell fates

Understanding how stem and progenitor cells choose between alternative cell fates is a major challenge in developmental biology. Efforts to tackle this problem have been hampered by the scarcity of markers that can be used to predict cell division outcomes. Here we present a computational method, based on algorithmic information theory, to analyze dynamic features of living cells over time. Using this method, we asked whether rat retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) display characteristic phenotypes before undergoing mitosis that could foretell their fate. We predicted whether RPCs will undergo a self-renewing or terminal division with 99% accuracy, or whether they will produce two photoreceptors or another combination of offspring with 87% accuracy. Our implementation can segment, track and generate predictions for 40 cells simultaneously on a standard computer at 5 min per frame. This method could be used to isolate cell populations with specific developmental potential, enabling previously impossible investigations.

Immune potential and differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells (eiPSC)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have the capacity to self renew and differentiate into a myriad of cell types making them potential candidates for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. The goal of this thesis was to determine the characteristics of equine iPSC (eiPSC) that can be harnessed for potential use in veterinary regenerative medicine. Trauma to a horse’s limb often leads to the development of a chronic non-healing wound that lacks a keratinocyte cover, vital to healing. Thus, the overall hypothesis of this thesis was that eiPSC might offer a solution for providing wound coverage for such problematic wounds. Prior to considering eiPSC for clinical applications, their immunogenicity must be studied to ensure that the transplanted cells will be accepted and integrate into host tissues. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the immune response to eiPSC. To investigate the immunogenicity of eiPSC, the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules by the selected lines was determined, then the cells were used in an intradermal transplantation model developed for this study. While transplantation of allogeneic, undifferentiated eiPSC elicited a moderate cellular response in experimental horses, it did not cause acute rejection. This strategy enabled the selection of weakly immunogenic eiPSC lines for subsequent differentiation into lineages of therapeutic importance. Equine iPSC offer a potential solution to deficient epithelial coverage by providing a keratinocyte graft with the ability to differentiate into other accessory structures of the epidermis. The second objective of this thesis was to develop a protocol for the differentiation of eiPSC into a keratinocyte lineage. The protocol was shown to be highly efficient at inducing the anticipated phenotype within 30 days. Indeed, the eiPSC derived vi keratinocytes (eiPSC-KC) showed both morphologic and functional characteristics of primary equine keratinocytes (PEK). Moreover, the proliferative capacity of eiPSC-KC was superior while the migratory capacity, measured as the ability to epithelialize in vitro wounds, was comparable to that of PEK, suggesting exciting potential for grafting onto in vivo wound models. In conclusion, equine iPSC-derived keratinocytes exhibit features that are promising to the development of a stem cell-based skin construct with the potential to fully regenerate lost or damaged skin in horses. However, since eiPSC do not fully escape immune surveillance despite low MHC expression, strategies to improve engraftment of iPSC derivatives must be pursued.

Régulation de la division asymétrique chez C. elegans

La division asymétrique est essentielle pour générer la diversité au cours du développement et permet aussi de réguler la balance entre renouvellement et différenciation des cellules souches chez l’adulte. Dans ces deux cas de figure, elle dépend respectivement d’une polarité intrinsèque ou d’une polarité extrinsèque. C. elegans est un excellent modèle pour étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la division asymétrique in vivo. Chez l’embryon, le maintien d’un axe de polarité antéro-postérieur dépend des protéines PAR conservées et localisées de façon asymétrique en deux groupes mutuellement exclusifs; le groupe antérieur avec PAR-3, PAR-6, PKC-3 et le groupe postérieur avec PAR-2 et PAR-1. L’absence d’une protéine PAR entraine une perte de polarité et une létalité embryonnaire. Lors d’un crible par ARN interférence mené par Jean-Claude Labbé pour identifier les suppresseurs de la létalité associée à la perte de PAR-2, deux cyclines de type B, CYB-2.1 et CYB-2.2 ont été trouvées. J’ai déterminé que CYB-2.1 et CYB-2.2 interviennent dans la polarité sans perturber le cycle cellulaire et agissent vraisemblablement avec leur kinase associée, CDK-1, pour stabiliser les niveaux protéiques de PAR-6. Ces travaux permettent de mieux définir les liens étroits entre polarité et cycle cellulaire. La lignée germinale de C. elegans est un excellent modèle pour étudier les divisions des cellules souches germinales in vivo. Par contre, l’absence d’orientation préférentielle de ces divisions laisse envisager que la complexité morphologique de la niche pourrait engendrer une diversité d’axe possible. J’ai étudié la régulation morphologique de cette niche, une unique cellule somatique appelée distal tip cell (DTC), qui arborise de longues extensions au stade adulte. Mes résultats préliminaires favorisent un modèle dans lequel les cellules souches et progéniteurs germinaux (CSPG) supportent la formation de ces extensions. Enfin, j’ai obtenu des conditions favorables à l’étude de la division asymétrique extrinsèque dans ce modèle, en simplifiant l’architecture de la niche dans des conditions qui préservent les divisions cellulaires des cellules souches. Mes travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les liens unissant les différents processus biologiques impliqués dans la division asymétrique, d’une part par l’étude du rôle qu’y jouent des régulateurs clés du cycle cellulaire au cours du développement et d’autre part par la caractérisation d’une communication bidirectionnelle entre la niche et les cellules souches chez l’adulte.

Programmable Self-Assembly: Constructing Global Shape using Biologically-inspire

In this thesis I present a language for instructing a sheet of identically-programmed, flexible, autonomous agents (``cells'') to assemble themselves into a predetermined global shape, using local interactions. The global shape is described as a folding construction on a continuous sheet, using a set of axioms from paper-folding (origami). I provide a means of automatically deriving the cell program, executed by all cells, from the global shape description. With this language, a wide variety of global shapes and patterns can be synthesized, using only local interactions between identically-programmed cells. Examples include flat layered shapes, all plane Euclidean constructions, and a variety of tessellation patterns. In contrast to approaches based on cellular automata or evolution, the cell program is directly derived from the global shape description and is composed from a small number of biologically-inspired primitives: gradients, neighborhood query, polarity inversion, cell-to-cell contact and flexible folding. The cell programs are robust, without relying on regular cell placement, global coordinates, or synchronous operation and can tolerate a small amount of random cell death. I show that an average cell neighborhood of 15 is sufficient to reliably self-assemble complex shapes and geometric patterns on randomly distributed cells. The language provides many insights into the relationship between local and global descriptions of behavior, such as the advantage of constructive languages, mechanisms for achieving global robustness, and mechanisms for achieving scale-independent shapes from a single cell program. The language suggests a mechanism by which many related shapes can be created by the same cell program, in the manner of D'Arcy Thompson's famous coordinate transformations. The thesis illuminates how complex morphology and pattern can emerge from local interactions, and how one can engineer robust self-assembly.

Translational research and therapeutic applications of neural crest-derived stem cells in regenerative periodontology

Regeneration of periodontal tissues aims to utilize tissue engineering techniques to restore lost periodontal tissues including the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Regenerative dentistry and its special field regenerative periodontology represent relatively new and emerging branches of translational stem cell biology and regenerative medicine focusing on replacing and regenerating dental tissues to restore or re-establish their normal function lost during degenerative diseases or acute lesions. The regeneration itself can be achieved through transplantation of autologous or allogenic stem cells, or by improving the tissue self-repair mechanisms (e.g. by application of growth factors). In addition, a combination of stem cells or stem cell-containing tissue with bone implants can be used to improve tissue integration and the clinical outcome. As the oral cavity represents a complex system consisting of teeth, bone, soft tissues and sensory nerves, regenerative periodontology relies on the use of stem cells with relatively high developmental potential. Notably, the potential use of pluripotent stem cell types such as human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells is still aggravated by ethical and practical problems. Thus, other cellular sources such as those readily available in the postnatal craniofacial area and particularly in oral structures offer a much better and realistic alternative as cellular regenerative sources. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the oral neural crest-derived stem cell populations (oNCSCs) and discuss their potential in regenerative periodontology.

Multipotent stem cells from umbilical cord: Cord is richer than blood!

The identification of mesenchymal stem cell ( MSC) sources that are easily obtainable is of utmost importance. Several studies have shown that MSCs could be isolated from umbilical cord (UC) units. However, the presence of MSCs in umbilical cord blood (UCB) is controversial. A possible explanation for the low efficiency of MSCs from UCB is the use of different culture conditions by independent studies. Here, we compared the efficiency in obtaining MSCs from unrelated paired UCB and UC samples harvested from the same donors. Samples were processed simultaneously, under the same culture conditions. Although MSCs from blood were obtained from only 1 of the 10 samples, we were able to isolate large amounts of multi-potent MSCs from all UC samples, which were able to originate different cell lineages. Since the routine procedure in UC banks has been to store the blood and discard other tissues, such as the cord and/or placenta, we believe our results are of immediate clinical value. Furthermore, the possibility of originating different cell lines from the UC of neonates born with genetic defects may provide new cellular research models for understanding human malformations and genetic disorders, as well as the possibility of testing the effects of different therapeutic drugs.

Gene Expression Profile of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Paired Umbilical Cord Units: Cord is Different from Blood

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells which can be obtained from several adult and fetal tissues including human umbilical cord units. We have recently shown that umbilical cord tissue (UC) is richer in MSC than umbilical cord blood (UCB) but their origin and characteristics in blood as compared to the cord remains unknown. Here we compared, for the first time, the exonic protein-coding and intronic noncoding RNA (ncRNA) expression profiles of MSC from match-paired UC and UCB samples, harvested from the same donors, processed simultaneously and under the same culture conditions. The patterns of intronic ncRNA expression in MSC from UC and UCB paired units were highly similar, indicative of their common donor origin. The respective exonic protein-coding transcript expression profiles, however, were significantly different. Hierarchical clustering based on protein-coding expression similarities grouped MSC according to their tissue location rather than original donor. Genes related to systems development, osteogenesis and immune system were expressed at higher levels in UCB, whereas genes related to cell adhesion, morphogenesis, secretion, angiogenesis and neurogenesis were more expressed in UC cells. These molecular differences verified in tissue-specific MSC gene expression may reflect functional activities influenced by distinct niches and should be considered when developing clinical protocols involving MSC from different sources. In addition, these findings reinforce our previous suggestion on the importance of banking the whole umbilical cord unit for research or future therapeutic use.

Symmetry in biology: from genetic code to stochastic gene regulation

Mathematical models, as instruments for understanding the workings of nature, are a traditional tool of physics, but they also play an ever increasing role in biology - in the description of fundamental processes as well as that of complex systems. In this review, the authors discuss two examples of the application of group theoretical methods, which constitute the mathematical discipline for a quantitative description of the idea of symmetry, to genetics. The first one appears, in the form of a pseudo-orthogonal (Lorentz like) symmetry, in the stochastic modelling of what may be regarded as the simplest possible example of a genetic network and, hopefully, a building block for more complicated ones: a single self-interacting or externally regulated gene with only two possible states: ` on` and ` off`. The second is the algebraic approach to the evolution of the genetic code, according to which the current code results from a dynamical symmetry breaking process, starting out from an initial state of complete symmetry and ending in the presently observed final state of low symmetry. In both cases, symmetry plays a decisive role: in the first, it is a characteristic feature of the dynamics of the gene switch and its decay to equilibrium, whereas in the second, it provides the guidelines for the evolution of the coding rules.

Exploring the Role of Soluble Factors Associated with Immune Regulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized as multipotent stromal cells with the capacity for both self-renewal and differentiation into mesodermal cell lineages. MSCs also have a fibroblast-like phenotype and can be isolated from several tissues. In recent years, researchers have found that MSCs secrete several soluble factors that exert immunosuppressive effects by modulating both innate (macrophages, dendritic and NK cells) and adaptive (B cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) immune responses. This review summarizes the principal trophic factors that are related to immune regulation and secreted by MSCs under both autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The understanding of mechanisms that regulate immunity in MSCs field is important for their future use as a novel cellular-based immunotherapy with clinical applications in several diseases.

Stem cells in embryonic skin development

The skin is a complex stratified organ which acts not only as a permeability barrier and defense against external agents, but also has essential thermoregulatory, sensory and metabolic functions. Due to its high versatility and activity, the skin undergoes continuous self-renewal to repair damaged tissue and replace old cells. Consequently, the skin is a reservoir for adult stem cells of different embryonic origins. Skin stem cell populations reside in the adult hair follicle, sebaceous gland, dermis and epidermis. However, the origin of most of the stem cell populations found in the adult epidermis is still unknown. Far more unknown is the embryonic origin of other stem cells that populate the other layers of this tissue. In this review we attempt to clarify the emergence, structure, markers and embryonic development of diverse populations of stem cells from the epidermis, dermis and related appendages such as the sebaceous gland and hair follicle.

Resident angiogenic mesenchymal stem cells from multiorgan donor thoracic aortas

Stem cells are one of the most fascinating areas of biology today, and since the discover of an adult population, i.e., adult Stem Cells (aSCs), they have generated much interest especially for their application potential as a source for cell based regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. aSCs have been found in different tissues including bone marrow, skin, intestine, central nervous system, where they reside in a special microenviroment termed “niche” which regulate the homeostasis and repair of adult tissues. The arterial wall of the blood vessels is much more plastic than ever before believed. Several animal studies have demonstrated the presence of cells with stem cell characteristics within the adult vessels. Recently, it has been also hypothesized the presence of a “vasculogenic zone” in human adult arteries in which a complete hierarchy of resident stem cells and progenitors could be niched during lifetime. Accordingly, it can be speculated that in that location resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the ability to differentiate in smooth muscle cells, surrounding pericytes and fibroblasts are present. The present research was aimed at identifying in situ and isolating MSCs from thoracic aortas of young and healthy heart-beating multiorgan donors. Immunohistochemistry performed on fresh and frozen human thoracic aortas demonstrated the presence of the vasculogenic zone between the media and the adventitial layers in which a well preserved plexus of CD34 positive cells was found. These cells expressed intensely HLA-I antigens both before and after cryopreservation and after 4 days of organ cultures remained viable. Following these preliminary results, we succeeded to isolate mesenchymal cells from multi-organ thoracic aortas using a mechanical and enzymatic combined procedure. Cells had phenotypic characteristics of MSC i.e., CD44+, CD90+, CD105+, CD166+, CD34low, CD45- and revealed a transcript expression of stem cell markers, e.g., OCT4, c-kit, BCRP-1, IL6 and BMI-1. As previously documented using bone marrow derived MSCs, resident vascular wall MSCs were able to differentiate in vitro into endothelial cells in the presence of low-serum supplemented with VEGF-A (50 ng/ml) for 7 days. Under the condition described above, cultured cells showed an increased expression of KDR and eNOS, down-regulation of the CD133 transcript, vWF expression as documented by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, qPCR and TEM. Moreover, matrigel assay revealed that VEGF induced cells were able to form capillary-like structures within 6 hours of seeding. In summary, these findings indicate that thoracic aortas from heart-beating, multi-organ donors are highly suitable for obtaining MSCs with the ability to differentiate in vitro into endothelial cells. Even though their differentiating potential remains to be fully established, it is believed that their angiogenic ability could be a useful property for allogenic use. These cells can be expanded rapidly, providing numbers which are adequate for therapeutic neovascularization; furthermore they can be cryostored in appropriate cell banking facilities for later use.

The search for Multiple Myeloma Stem cells: molecular characterization and self-renewal mechanisms involved in the disease persistence

The existence of Multiple Myeloma Stem cells (MMSCs)is supposed to be one of the major causes of MM drug-resistance. However, very little is known about the molecular characteristics of MMSCs, even if some studies suggested that these cells resembles the memory B cells. In order to molecularly characterize MMSCs, we isolated the 138+138- population. For each cell fraction we performed a VDJ rearrangement analysis. The complete set of aberrations were performed by SNP Array 6.0 and HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray analyses (Affymetrix). The VDJ rearrangement analyses confirmed the clonal relationship between the 138+ clone and the immature clone. Both BM and PBL 138+ clones showed exactly the same genomic macroalterations. In the BM and PBL 138-19+27+ cell fractions several micro-alterations (range: 1-350 Kb) unique of the memory B cells clone were highlighted. Any micro-alterations detected were located out of any genomic variants region and are presumably associated to the MM pathogenesis, as confirmed by the presence of KRAS, WWOX and XIAP genes among the amplified regions. To get insight into the biology of the clonotypic B cell population, we compared the gene expression profile of 8 MM B cells samples 5 donor B cells vs, thus showing a differential expression of 11480 probes (p-value: <0,05). Among the self-renewal mechanisms, we observed the down-regulation of Hedgehog pathway and the iperactivation of Notch and Wnt signaling. Moreover, these immature cells showed a particular phenotype correlated to resistance to proteasome inhibitors (IRE1α-XBP1: -18.0; -19.96. P<0,05). Data suggested that the MM 138+ clone might resume the end of the complex process of myelomagenesis, whereas the memory B cells have some intriguing micro-alterations and a specific transcriptional program, supporting the idea that these post germinal center cells might be involved in the transforming event that originate and sustain the neoplastic clone.