Prosomal-width-to-weight relationships in American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus): examining conversion factors used to estimate landings

Horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) are valued by many stakeholders, including the commercial fishing industry, biomedical companies, and environmental interest groups. We designed a study to test the accuracy of the conversion factors that were used by NOAA Fisheries and state agencies to estimate horseshoe crab landings before mandatory reporting that began in 1998. Our results indicate that the NOAA Fisheries conversion factor consistently overestimates the weight of male horseshoe crabs, particularly those from New England populations. Because of the inaccuracy of this and other conversion factors, states are now mandated to report the number (not biomass) and sex of landed horseshoe crabs. However, accurate estimates of biomass are still necessary for use in prediction models that are being developed to better manage the horseshoe crab fishery. We recommend that managers use the conversion factors presented in this study to convert current landing data from numbers to biomass of harvested horseshoe crabs for future assessments.

Basque legacy in the New World: on the surnames of Latin American presidents

[EN] In this article we explain the etymology of the surnames of Basque origin that some presidents of Latin American countries have or have had in the past. These family names were created in the language called Euskara, in the Basque Country (Europe), and then, when some of the people who bore them emigrated to America, they brought their surnames with them. Most of the family names studied here are either oiconymic or toponymic, but it must be kept in mind that the oiconymic ones are, very often, based on house-nicknames, that is, they are anthroponymic in the first place. As far as possible, we have related the surname, when its origin is oiconymic or toponymic, to its source, i.e. to the house or place where it was created.

Species-specific effects of four preservative treatments on oocytes and ovarian material of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides)

The lack of information concerning the preservation of ovarian material of fish species inhibits standardization of methods for determining fecundity and measuring oocytes. The effects of four preservatives (10% phosphate-buffered formalin, modified Gilson’s solution, 70% ethanol, and freezing) on ovarian material weight and oocyte size were quantified for prespawning Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides). Effects of preservation were similar between Atlantic cod and haddock but different between Atlantic cod and American plaice for nearly all comparisons. Although all treatments affected the weight of ovarian material, freezing caused the most change and formalin caused the least. Such signif icant species-specific effects should be quantified in the calculation of life history characteristics, such as fecundity, to minimize error. This is one of few studies dedicated to evaluating the effects of preservation on oocytes and ovarian material and is the first to evaluate multiple preservatives on species.

Systematics of the North American menhadens: molecular evolutionary reconstructions in the genus Brevoortia (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)

Evolutionary associations among the four North American species of menhadens (Brevoortia spp.) have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, classifications separating the four species into small-scaled and large-scaled groups were evaluated by using DNA data, and genetic associations within these groups were explored. Specifically, data from the nuclear genome (microsatellites) and the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA sequences) were used to elicit patterns of recent and historical evolutionary associations. Nuclear DNA data indicated limited contemporary gene flow among the species, and also indicated higher relatedness within the small-scaled and large-scaled menhadens than between these groups. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the large-scaled menhadens indicated the presence of two ancestral lineages, one of which contained members of both species. This result may indicate genetic diver-gence (reproductive isolation) followed by secondary contact (hybridization) between these species. In contrast, a single ancestral lineage indicated incomplete genetic divergence between the small-scaled menhaden. These results are discussed in the context of the biology and demographics of each species.

Use of endoparasitic helminths as tags in delineating stocks of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cape Breton Shelf

Endoparasitic helminths were inventoried in 483 American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) collected from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, NAFO (North Atlantic Fisheries Organization) division 4T, and Cape Breton Shelf (NAFO subdivision 4Vn) in September 2004 and May 2003, respectively. Forward stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the 4T samples indicated that abundances of the acanthocephalans Echinorhynchus gadi and Corynosoma strumosum were significant in the classification of plaice to western or eastern 4T. Cross validation yielded a correct classification rate of 79% overall, thereby supporting the findings of earlier mark-recapture studies which have indicated that 4T plaice comprise two discrete stocks: a western and an eastern stock. Further analyses including 4Vn samples, however, indicated that endoparasitic helminths may have little value as tags in the classification of plaice overwintering in Laurentian Channel waters of the Cabot Strait and Cape Breton Shelf, where mixing of 4T and 4Vn fish may occur.

Geographical differences in the feeding patterns of red rockfish (Sebastes capensis) along South American coasts

Feeding habits and feeding strategy of red rockfish (Sebastes capensis) were studied from fish captured along most of the range of this species in coastal waters of South America. Stomach contents of 613 individuals, collected during 2003, were analyzed. Fish were obtained from six locations along the Chilean (23°S to 46°S) and Argentinian (43°S) coasts. The main prey items were Mysidacea (75.06% IRI), Osteichthyes (6.29% IRI),and Rhynchocinetes typus (6.03% IRI). Predator sex and size did not significantly affect the diet, but significant differences were found between locations. Four geographical areas, discriminated by prey occurrence and frequencies, were determined: three on the Pacific coast and one on the Atlantic coast. These areas correspond roughly with biogeographic zones described for the Chilean and southern Argentinian coasts. The feeding strategy index (FSI) indicated a specialized feeding strategy for S. capensis for most of its range. However, the FSI does not include the behaviour of a predator, and the FSI must be interpreted carefully for fishes like S. capensis that are passive ambush feeders. The abundance and availability of different prey may explain both the geographic differences in dietary composition and the specialized feeding strategy of S. capensis.

Imagens do feminino na vida e obra de Virginia Woolf

Em seu ensaio de 1924, Mr Bennet and Mrs. Brown, Virginia Woolf declara que por volta de 1910 o caráter humano mudara. A presente tese, seguindo o apontamento da ensaísta Woolf, pretende entender as mudanças promovidas nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, na Inglaterra, a partir da vida dos artistas e amigos que ficariam eternizados como o Bloomsbury Group. Em nossa primeira parte, apontaremos em que sentido, ao adotar o método pós-impressionista, o Bloomsbury Group alarga as discussões da teoria do conhecimento que fervilhava em Cambridge. Análogo ao silêncio dos quadros, agora totalmente formalistas, apontaremos que a linguagem de resistência de Bloomsbury parece ter sido antecipada pela vida de duas de suas artistas: elas são a própria Virginia Woolf e sua irmã, Vanessa Bell. A partir dessa suposição, de que haja uma conexão entre a vida das mulheres de Bloomsbury e a natureza refratária do grupo, começaremos uma discussão, já em nossa segunda parte, de como o silêncio que marca o feminino construído historicamente ganha um status de uma nova linguagem na prosa de Virginia Woolf. Nesse momento, tal silêncio da prosa parece comparável à própria linguagem poética, e aqui Virginia Woolf dialoga com o futuro, representado por Jean-Paul Sartre. Após marcarmos o que seria a prosa poética, ou poesia prosaica, de Woolf, apontaremos por fim a relação entre essa escrita do silêncio e o conceito de mente andrógina em Virginia Woolf, relação esta mediada pelo movimento que seria chamado de écriture féminine, representado pela francófona Hélène Cixous, entre outras

A comparison of two fishery-independent survey programs used to define the population structure of American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the Gulf of Maine

The population structure and abundance of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) stock in the Gulf of Maine are defined by data derived from a fishery-independent trawl survey program conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Few sampling stations in the survey area are located inshore, in particular along coastal Maine. According to statistics, however, more than two thirds of the lobster landings come from inshore waters within three miles off the coast of Maine. In order to include an inshore survey program, complementary to the NMFS survey, the Maine Department of Marine Resources (DMR) initialized an inshore survey program in 2000. The survey was modeled on the NMFS survey program, making these two survey programs comparable. Using data from both survey programs, we evaluated the population structure of the American lobster in the Gulf of Maine. Our findings indicate that lobsters in the Gulf of Maine tend to have a size-dependent inshore-off-shore distribution; smaller lobsters are more likely to stay inshore and larger lobsters are more likely to stay offshore. The DMR inshore and NMFS survey programs focused on different areas in the Gulf of Maine and likely targeted different segments of the stock. We suggest that data from both survey programs be used to assess the lobster stock and to describe the dynamics of the stock in the Gulf of Maine.

Nos fios das narradoras: tramas e urdiduras do feminino nos contos de fadas de Angela Carter e Marina Colasanti

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo a leitura comparativa dos contos de fadas da escritora inglesa Angela Carter, contidos no livro O quarto do Barba Azul, e os da ítalo-brasileira Marina Colasanti, presentes em livros como Uma ideia toda azul, Entre a rosa e a espada, Doze reis e a moça no labirinto do vento. Foram analisadas os modos pelo quais as duas autoras, através da reescrita dos contos de fadas, resistem a morte do narrador tradicional descrita por Walter Benjamin e criticam a sociedade patriarcal, revelando, naturalmente, uma postura feminista. Identificou-se, ainda, como estratégias poéticas comuns à escrita de ambas as autoras, aspectos intertextuais como a paródia, o palimpsesto e o pastiche

The autobiographical project of Soveida Dosamantes in Face of an angel, by Denise Chávez

O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar o viés coletivo da autobiografia ficcional de Face of an angel, da escritora estadunidense e de origem mexicana Denise Chávez. Desse modo, o trabalho pretende discutir a sociedade chicana descrita sob a ótica da narradora/protagonista, Soveida Dosamantes, investigando desde o processo histórico de que é resultado, passando pela iniquidade entre os papéis desempenhados por homens e mulheres até chegar ao discurso autorreferencial com que a narradora/protagonista representa o ambiente cultural em que se insere. Antes da narrativa propriamente dita, há a árvore genealógica da narradora/protagonista, assinalando que o que vai se descortinar ao longo da leitura é uma saga de família. Assim, Soveida Dosamantes utiliza a sua ambiência doméstica, bem como a comunidade da fictícia cidade de Água Oscura, sua cidade natal, como recorte de uma estrutura social maior. Fazendo uso do discurso autobiográfico, a narradora/protagonista criada por Denise Chávez expõe as mazelas de uma comunidade que, em virtude ser produto do colonialismo e do neocolonialismo, perdeu sua identidade cultural. Em Face of an angel, através do relato em primeira pessoa de sua narradora/protagonista, a autora Denise Chávez reproduz o universo em que nasceu e cresceu. Cedendo a Soveida Dosamantes componentes autobiográficos como complicadas relações familiares, personagens femininas nativas que funcionam como sentinelas de práticas ancestrais que o domínio europeu apagou, personagens masculinos que mascaram sua fragilidade por trás de uma força e de um poder aparentes, Chávez representa em Face of an Angel o microcosmos de uma comunidade que vem, aos poucos, subvertendo o discurso oficial e conquistando o seu terreno no panorama político e social estadunidense

A Century of Copepods: The U.S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross

The marine invertebrates of North America received little attention before the arrival of Louis Agassiz in 1846. Agassiz and his students, particularly Addison E. Verrill and Richard Rathbun, and Agassiz's colleague Spencer F. Baird, provided the concept and stimulus for expanded investigations. Baird's U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries (1871) provided a principal means, especially through the U.S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross (1882). Rathbun participated in the first and third Albatrossscientific cruises in 1883-84 and published the fist accounts of Albatross parasitic copepods. The first report of Albatross planktonic copepods was published in 1895 by Wilhelm Giesbrecht of the Naples Zoological Station. Other collections were sent to the Norwegian Georg Ossian Sars. The American Charles Branch Wilson eventually added planktonic copepods to his extensive published works on the parasitic copepods from the Albatross. The Albatross copepods from San Francisco Bay were reported upon by Calvin Olin Esterly in 1924. Henry Bryant Bigelow accompanied the last scientific cruise of the Albatross in 1920. Bigelow incorporated the 1920 copepods into his definitive study of the plankton of the Gulf of Maine. The late Otohiko Tanaka, in 1969, published two reviews of Albatross copepods. Albatross copepods will long be worked and reworked. This great ship and her shipmates were mutually inspiring, and they inspire us still.

The 'Baird Memorial"

In mid 1903, during the annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society, AFS members, U.S. Fish Commission (USFC) staff, and other interested persons gathered at Woods Hole, Mass., to dedicate a permanent memorial to Spencer F. Baird, founder of the U.S. Fish Commission. President of the AFS that year was the USFC Commissioner George M. Bowers. Speakers were Chicago attorney E. W. Blatchford; W. K. Brooks, a professor at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., who had conducted research at the Commission's Beaufort Laboratory; and, very briefly, the noted fish culturists Frank N. Clark of Michigan and Livingston Stone of Vermont. The following record of the dedication ceremony appeared as a twopart article in The Fishing Gazette, 22 and 29 August 1903.

The Commercial, Subsistence, and Recreational Fisheries of American Samoa

Domestic fisheries in American Samoa landed 587,000 lb of fish and invertebrates in 1991 worth $993,000. Most of the catch (78%) and value (80%) was taken by the shoreline subsistence fishery that occurs on the coral reefs surrounding the islands. Artisanal fisheries for offshore pelagic fishes (primarily skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis; and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares) and bottomfishes (snappers, emperors, groupers) accounted for 16% and 3%, respectively, of the domestic catch. Recreational tournament catches for pelagic fishes represented the remainder (3%). While sportfishing is becoming increasingly important, other domestic fisheries have declined in recent years. The shoreline subsistence fishery has dropped by about 25% over the past decade owing to socioeconomic factors and possibly overexploitation. Artisanal fisheries have also declined precipitously in recent years owing to hurricane-related damages, attrition of fishermen, and competition with imports. Artisanal fisheries show some potential for growth, but may be constrained by marketing issues, vessel capabilities, and limited stock sizes (for bottomfish) or local availability of high-value (pelagic) fishes. In contrast to the small-scale domestic fisheries, American Samoa is also homeport to a distant-water fleet of large purse seiners and longliners that fish beyond the EEZ and deliver about 160,000-220,000 short tons of tuna per year to local canneries.

Estudo sobre o manejo dos resíduos biológicos classe A4.

A complexidade na implantação de processos seguros para o manejo dos resíduos biológicos em diversas classes de riscos, conforme a Resolução RDC no. 306/2004 ANVISA, é um desafio para administrações públicas e Unidades de Serviços de Saúde (USS) do país. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o atual manejo destes resíduos, em particular os da classe de risco A4. A pesquisa tem caráter exploratório e qualitativo consistindo de revisão bibliográfica do estado da arte sobre o tema e de levantamento de dados. A coleta das informações foi realizada em Unidades de Serviços de Saúde (USS); órgãos ambientais; nas visitas técnicas em empresas tratadoras de resíduos; em gerenciadores de aterros sanitários; e através de entrevistas com especialistas no assunto. A título de exemplo, dois casos sobre o manejo dos resíduos biológicos foram estudados: no Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e em Orlando (Flórida - USA). A relevância da pesquisa está na constatação das mudanças em andamento no setor de saneamento no país, como o passo importante que esta sendo dado com a aprovação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). Para se atingir melhores indicadores de saúde e meio ambiente, torna-se imprescindível o gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos com a incorporação de métodos, técnicas e abordagens atuais. Quanto aos resíduos biológicos, existe aqui uma tendência em se adotar o modelo americano, mais rígido, que considera vários resíduos, comuns para nós, como sendo infectantes, e não separa estes resíduos biológicos em classes, colocando-os todos no mesmo grau de risco. Para a realidade brasileira tal rigidez de conceitos aumenta o risco no manejo para todos os envolvidos na cadeia e o custo da operação como um todo, tornando-a impraticável na maior parte do país. No Brasil a gestão inadequada dos resíduos em muitas USS e a grande quantidade de lixões existentes, com a presença de catadores de materiais recicláveis, são processos inseguros e para melhorar este quadro, é fundamental a implementação da PNRS. Nossa legislação se mostra eficiente, mas necessitamos de maior monitoramento e avaliação, e uma consequente ação educativa. Em complemento deve haver maior determinação de responsabilidades, aplicação de punições e empreender reformas substanciais nas áreas de educação e saúde pública. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua com a construção de um modelo de manejo adequado dos resíduos biológicos, sobretudo os de classe A4, de forma mais sustentável e segura. Para estudos futuros, indica-se uma avaliação estratégica sobre a sustentabilidade técnica e econômica do modelo de gerenciamento destes resíduos a ser realizada em contexto mais amplo. Para tal, recomenda-se a extensão da pesquisa a outros estados da federação, assim como o acompanhamento das tendências mundiais para classificação dos riscos dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde e de sua destinação mais adequada, principalmente em países com realidades semelhantes à nossa.