ASPECTOS PSICODINÂMICOS E CAPACIDADE MATERNA DE MÃES DE CRIANÇAS ABRIGADAS

Este estudo teve como objetivos investigar aspectos da dinâmica intrapsíquica de mães de crianças institucionalizadas em abrigo por ordem judicial, e identificar recursos defensivos utilizados por essas mães. Para atingir estes objetivos, realizou-se uma investigação clínica com estudo de três casos de mães de crianças abrigadas. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos: a) Roteiro de Entrevista roteiro de temas a serem abordados em uma ou mais entrevistas não diretivas de cunho clínico, a fim de auxiliar na investigação da psicodinâmica destas mães. b) Procedimento de Desenho Estória com Tema técnica projetiva que associa o uso de desenhos com estórias, como forma de explorar livre e dinamicamente os conteúdos da personalidade. A técnica permite o estudo das características formais e estruturais da personalidade, pois tem a particularidade de facilitar a expressão de aspectos inconscientes relacionados a pontos de angústias presentes, focos conflituosos e perturbações emergentes. Estes procedimentos foram realizados nas dependências da instituição (abrigo) onde as crianças estavam hospedadas. Os principais resultados comuns aos três casos foram: Ambigüidade e os Impeditivos de Crescimento a primeira mãe entrevistada ao mesmo tempo ataca a mãe que a abandona (mãe biológica e a mãe adotiva), em busca de uma mãe idealizada. Essa ambigüidade a impede de crescer. Nota-se a mesma tentativa de idealização na segunda mãe estudada que demonstra dificuldade em aceitar a atual situação em que vive e não consegue perceber que a aproximação de sua mãe é por causa da doença que ela adquiriu e não por continência. A terceira e última mãe entrevistada demonstra conteúdos persecutórios diante do abrigamento dos filhos e dificuldade de sentir gratidão. Os mecanismos predominantes que aparecem nos três casos são os de: idealização e regressão a estágios primitivos. Nota-se ainda, depressão, dificuldade de elaboração da posição depressiva. Estas mães não conseguem vivenciar continuamente a realidade psíquica, que implicaria na elaboração da posição depressiva, pois não conseguem fazer, ainda que tentem, uma comparação entre os mundos interno e externo, o que as levariam à uma melhor compreensão das semelhanças e diferenças. De modo que, a figura dos pais (principalmente da mãe) fica cindida entre aterrorizante e idealizada, porém os mecanismos predominantes são suas fantasias que propiciam idealização; identificação projetiva maciça. A persecutoriedade e a culpa, ao mesmo tempo parecem indicar a depressão que pode ser tão forte que levam à intensificação destes sentimentos. Há a presença da inveja que também intensifica as angústias persecutórias, requerendo mecanismos de defesa que violentam as funções psíquicas.(AU)

Estudo da capacidade de remoção de óleo solúvel, em águas produzidas, por bentonitas hidrofobizadas

In this study we evaluated the capacity removal of PAHs in an oily solution between the bentonite hydrofobized with linseed oil and paraffin with natural bentonite. Analyses of natural bentonite and hydrofobized were made by the characterization techniques: (1) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), which aimed to evaluate the thermal events due to mass loss, both associated with the exit of moisture and decomposition of clay as due to hidrofobizante loss agent. (2) Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to determine the mineralogical phases that make up the structure of clay and (3) Spectrophotometry in the infrared region used to characterize the functional groups of both the matrix mineral (bentonite) and the hidrofobizantes agents (linseed oil and paraffin). We used a factorial design 24 with the following factors; hidrofobizante, percent hidrofobizante, adsorption time and volume of the oily solution. Analyzing the factorial design 24 was seen that none of the factors apparently was more important than the others and, as all responses showed significant values in relation to the ability of oil removal was not possible to evaluate a difference in the degree of efficiency the two hidrofobizantes. For the new study compared the efficiency of the modified clay, with each hidrofobizante separately in relation to their natural form. As such, there are four new factorial designs 23 using natural bentonite as a differentiating factor. The factors used were bentonite (with and without hydrophobization), exposure time of the adsorbent material to the oily solution and volume of an oily solution, trying to interpret how these factors could influence the process of purifying water contaminated with PAHs. Was employed as a technique for obtaining responses to fluorescence spectroscopy, as already known from literature that PAHs, for presenting combined chains due to condensation of the aromatic rings fluoresce quite similar when excited in the ultraviolet region and as an auxiliary technique to gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC-MS) used for the analysis of PAHs in order to complement the study of fluorescence spectroscopy, since the spectroscopic method only allows you an idea of total number of fluorescent species contained in the oil soluble. The result shows an excellent adsorption of PAHs and other fluorescent species assigned to the main effect of the first factor, hydrophobization for the first planning 23 BNTL 5%, for 93% the sixth stop in the second test (+-+),factorial design 23 BNTL 10%, the fourth test (++-) with 94.5% the third factorial design 23 BNTP 5%, the second test (+--) with 91% and the fourth and final planning 23 BNTP 10%, the last test ( + + +) with 88%. Compared with adsorption of bentonite in its natural form. This work also shows the maximum adsorption of each hidrofobizante

Capacidade de carga de misturas de solo laterítico e desbastes de pneus

Government efforts have found some obstacles in achieving a better infrastructure regarding environmental preservation requirements. There is a need to develop new techniques that leave the big exploitation of environmental resources. This study measures the evaluation of the behavior of a composite formed by lateritic soil mix and tire buffings. In this way, a road embankment model was developed to assess the bearing capacity of the composite. This study measured the load capacity of the composites with 0%, 10%, 20% and 40% rubber mixed with the soil, by weight, iron plate loading tests on a simulated embankment in a metal box of 1.40 x 1.40 x 0.80 m. After four compaction layers of the composite, a plate test was performed, and then stress-settlement curves were obtained for the material. The embankments with 20% and 40% rubber content was difficult to compact. There was a significant reduction in the load capacity of the soil-plate system with increasing rubber content. The composite with the lowest loss of bearing capacity in relation to the reference soil was the one with a χ = 10%. In the load capacity tests, another aspect noted was the bearing capacity in terms of CBR. The results also show a gradual decrease in bearing capacity in the composites as with the rubber incorporation content increases. As in the plate load tests, the composite that had the lower bearing capacity loss was also that with 10% content.

Estudo comparativo da capacidade de assamento de dois fornos solares com diferentes configurações

This research is presented as a comparative study about the baking capacity of two box type ovens, produced from a packing case used to equipment transportation. The two ovens have different internal settings, with the greenhouse effect and the concentration of incident solar radiation as the main parameters of differentiation. The main features of the ovens are the low cost, the reuse of materials, the manufacturing and assembly processes simplified, the easy management and the ability of baking a variety of foods simultaneously. The manufacturing and operation of the ovens can be handled by any social and intellectual level of people. The feasibility of the ovens to bake the tested foods was proved with success, ensuring the supremacy of the mirrored oven. The results obtained for both ovens were competitive even with the conventional gas oven, producing the baking of three cakes with 750g in just 80 minutes.

Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) is a native Amazon fruit, recognized worldwide as one of the main natural sources of ascorbic acid. Due to its great acidity, this fruit is generally consumed after processing into juice or as ingredient in food preparations. As a co-product of the camu-camu processing, a significant amount of agroindustrial residue is generated. Despite the studies showing the bioactive value and biological potential of the fruit, few studies have approached the possible processing techniques, transformation and preservation of camu-camu fruits and its agroindustrial pomace. Therefore, the present work has the objective of evaluating two different drying processes applied to camu-camu pomace (peel and seeds with residual pulp), freeze drying and hot air drying, in order to obtain a functional fruit product. This thesis was divided into three stages: the first one shows the studies related to the freeze drying and hot air drying, where we demonstrated the impact of the selected drying techniques on the bioactive components of camu-camu, taking the fresh pomace as the control group. Among the investigated conditions, the groups obtained at 50ºC and 4 m/s (SC50) and 80ºC and 6 m/s (SC80) were selected as for further studies, based on their ascorbic acid final content and Folin-Ciocalteau reducing capacity. In addition to SC50 and SC80, the fresh pomace (RF) and freeze dried (RL) samples were also evaluated in these further stages of the research. Overall, the results show higher bioactive concentration in the RF samples, followed by RL, SC50 and SC80. On the second step of the research, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antienzymatic activities were evaluated and the same tendency was observed. It was also reported, for the first time in the literature, the presence of syringic acid in dried camu-camu pomace. In the third and final stage of the research, it was investigated the effect of dried camu-camu on aging and neuroprotective disorders, using the in vivo model C.elegans. It was observed that camu-camu extracts were able to modulate important signaling genes relevant to thermal and oxidative stresses (p < 0.05). The polar acid, polar basic and polar neutral fractions obtained from the low molecular extracts of SC50 were able to extend the lifespan of wild type N2 C. elegans in 20% and 13% (p < 0.001). Results also showed that the paralysis induced by the β1-42 amyloid was significantly (p < 0.0001) retarded in CL4176 worms. Similarly, the camu-camu extracts attenuated the dopaminergic induction associated to Parkinson’s disease. Finally, a global analysis of the data presented here reveal that the camu-camu pomace, a co-product obtained from the industrial processing of a native Brazilian fruit, is a relevant natural source of health relevant compounds. This thesis, shows for the first time, the multifunctionality of camu-camu pomace, a natural resource still underexploited for scientific, commercial and technological purposes.

Efeitos do treino resistido na capacidade funcional e na reatividade pressórica em pacientes intradialíticos

Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) submetidos ao treinamento resistido durante a hemodiálise apresentam benefícios substanciais dos sistemas muscular e cardiovascular, da capacidade funcional e da sua qualidade de vida. Entretanto, as melhorias na reatividade pressórica ainda não estão bem esclarecidas. O objetivo foi analisar o efeito do treino resistido na melhora da capacidade funcional e da reatividade pressórica em pacientes hemodialisados, em Natal/RN no ano de 2014. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado, com amostra de 64 pacientes, com média de idade de 42,28 (±11,48) anos, distribuídos em grupo experimental (GE) e controle (GC). Para mensurar os ganhos de força de membros inferiores foram utilizados os testes de sentar e levantar e de levantar e caminhar, já para a reatividade pressórica o teste cold pressor, em ambos os grupos antes e após a intervenção. Além disso, apenas o GE participou do treinamento resistido durante a hemodiálise em 16 semanas, composto por 3 sessões semanais, 3 séries de 10 repetições máximas (RM) estimadas (para extensores de joelho e flexores de quadril e joelho), entre 50 a 70% de 10 RM. Para a intensidade do treinamento foi utilizada a escala de Borg entre 11 a 14 durante as seções. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o Teste t para amostras independentes (inter-grupos) bem como para comparar a diferença das médias nos grupos pré e pós-intervenção (intra-grupos) a partir do Teste t para amostras repetidas. Para todas as variáveis foi considerada a significância estatística de 5% executados no software SPSS® 20.0. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL - UFRN) número 37992214.2.0000.5292. Após a intervenção, verificou-se que os pacientes do GE tiveram um desempenho melhor nos testes de força (p<0,001) em comparação ao GC. Resultado também observado na pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica (PAS e PAD) ambas de repouso que apresentaram redução dos níveis pressóricos apenas no GE (p<0,001). Na reatividade pressórica tanto nos períodos pré bem como após 2 minutos também demonstraram reduções estatisticamente significativas do GE (p<0,001 e p=0,012) respectivamente quando comparado ao GC. Conclui-se que o treinamento resistido melhorou desempenho nos testes de força de membros inferiores beneficiando a capacidade funcional dos pacientes em hemodiálise, como também a pressão arterial de repouso e os níveis de reatividade pressórica obtiveram reduções significativas de seus valores após a intervenção. Além disso, este tipo de treinamento também pode ser utilizado como uma estratégia de proteção aos fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes renais crônicos.

Prevalência e fatores associados à alteração vocal em idosos institucionalizados com capacidade cognitiva preservada

Voice disorders (VD) in the elderly can interfere negatively in communication, emotional well-being and quality of life, conditions that correspond to greater exposure to illness and social isolation bringing consequent economic impact for the health system. It is assumed that institutionalized confinement, weakness and morbidity associated to nursing home (NH) contribute to transform VD an especially prevalent condition in institutionalized elderly, including those without cognitive impairment. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of VD in NH elderly residents without cognitive impairment. There is no epidemiological diagnostic instruments of VD for elderly populations, so the first step of this study was dedicated to prepare and analyze the psychometric properties of a short, inexpensive and easy to use questionnaire named Screening for Voice Disorders in Older Adults (Rastreamento de Alterações Vocais em Idosos—RAVI). The methodological procedures of this step followed the guidelines of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing and contemplated validity evidence based on test content, based on response processes, based on internal structure and based on relations with other variables, as well as reliability analysis and clinical consistency. The result of the validation process showed that the RAVI final score generate valid and reliable interpretations for the epidemiological diagnosis of VD in the elderly, which endorsed the use of the questionnaire in the second stage of the study, performed in ten NH located in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. At this stage, data from socioeconomic and demographic variables, lifestyle, general health conditions and characterization of the institution were collected. It was performed a bivariate analysis and it was calculated the prevalence ratio as a magnitude association measure, with a confidence interval of 95%. The variables with p-value less than 0.20 were included in the multiple logistic regression model that followed the Forward selection method. The odds ratio found in the multivariate model was converted into prevalence ratio and the level of significance was 5%. The sample consisted of 117 subjects with predominance of females and average of 79.68 (± 7.92) years old. The prevalence of VD was 39.3% (95% CI: 30.4-48.1%). The multivariate model showed statistically significant association between VD and depressive symptoms, smoking for a year or more and selfreported hearing loss. In conclusion, VD is a prevalent health condition in NH elderly residents without cognitive impairment and is associated with factors involving psychosocial, lifestyle and communicative disability that require attention of managers and professionals involved with NH environment. Strategies to encourage communication and social integration, actions to combat smoking and minimizing the effects of hearing loss could stimulate the physical well-being, emotional and mental health of institutionalized elderly population, contributing to the vocal and communicative maintenance, a more effective social inclusion and better overall health condition.

Uso do índice de pobreza hídrica (WPI) através da análise de componentes principais

To contribute in the performance of policies and strategies formulated by development agencies, indexes have been created in anticipation of expressing the multiple dimensions of water resources in an easily interpretable form. Use of Hydro Poverty Index ( WPI) is spreading worldwide , with the same formed by the combination of sub - indices Resource, access, capacity , use and environment. S ome critics a s to its formation have emerged, a mong them stands out the allo cation of weights of sub - indexes , made by an arbitrary process attributing subjectivity to the selection criteria. By involving statistical analysis, when considering the characteristics of the variables generated by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), it turns out that it is able to solve this problem. The objective of this study is to compare the results of the original WPI with content generated by Principal Com ponent Analysis (PCA) for the indicati on of the weights of sub - indec es applicable in the Seridó River hydrographic Basin . We conclude that the use of Principal Component Analysis in the allocation of weights of Water Poverty Index has identified the sub - indices Resources, Access and Environment are the most representative for the river basin Seridó , and that this new index, WPI' , presented the most comprehensive ranges of values , allowing more easily identify disparities among municipalities. In addition, t he evaluation of the sub - indec es in the study area has great potential to inform the decision - maker in the management of water resources, the most critical locations and deserve greater investments in the aspects analyzed, as the index itself can not cap ture this information.

Capacidade de adesão e formação de biofilme de Candida ssp. isoladas da cavidade oral de pacientes transplantados renais na presença do extrato de Eugenia uniflora

Candidiasis is a major oral manifestation in kidney transplant patients. Candida spp. possess essential virulence factors which contribute for the infectious process, including the ability to adhere to epithelial cells and biofilm formation. The extract obtained from the leaves of Eugenia uniflora [acetone: water (7:3, v/v)] has demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida spp. This study evaluated the influence of the extract of E. uniflora in adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) and biofilm formation of 42 strains of Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant patients. Candida spp. strains belonging to a culture collection were reactivated and phenotypically re-identified by classical and molecular methods (genotyping ABC and RAPD), when necessary, to complete the identification to the species level. For the virulence tests evaluated in vitro, yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of 1000 g/mL of the extract. A ratio of 10: 1 (Candida spp. cells x HBECs) was incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C, 200 rpm, fixed with 10% formalin and the number of Candida cells adhered to 150 HBEC determined by optical microscope. Biofilms were formed on polystyrene microplates in the presence or absence of the extract. The quantification was performed with crystal violet staining at 570 nm. All isolates were viable and exhibited phenotypic characteristics suggestive of each species identified. Two strains presumptively identified as Candida dubliniensis belonged to this species as determined with genotyping ABC, while strains identified as belonging to the Candida parapsilosis species complex were differentiated by RAPD genotyping. Candida albicans was found to be the most adherent species to the buccal epithelia, while C. tropicalis showed remarkable biofilm formation.We could detect that the extract of E. uniflora was able to reduce adhesion to HBEC for both Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species. On the other hand, only 16 Candida spp. strains (36 %) showed reduced biofilm formation. However, two highly biofilm producer strains of C. tropicalis had an expressive reduction in biofilm formation. This study reinforces the idea that besides growth inhibition, E. uniflora may interfere with the expression of some virulence factors of Candida spp., and may be possibly applied in the future as a novel antifungal agent.

Os estados no SUAS: uma análise da capacidade institucional dos governos estaduais na assistência social

This paper deals of the effects generated by institutional designs in the behavior of political actors. The literature that discusses the implications of federal arrangements in the production of public policies to dock at two opposing arguments: (1) the federal configuration would cause dispersion and variation in service provision between subnational governments; and (2) the central government would own mechanisms to induce the provision of national policies in more homogeneous levels, similar to unitary states. The research is part of this discussion because it analyzes the effects of the institutional design of the Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) in the decisions of states in Brazil. Therefore, we analyzed the institutional capacity built by the 26 state governments after the implementation of SUAS, conceiving this system as defined mechanism of government functions and federative cooperation.It is argued that the existence of a heterogeneous institutional capacity of state governments in social assistance is a result of the autonomy contained in the institutional design of SUAS to this level of government. This freedom of action relativize the idea that the implementation of national public policy systems would generate positive (or homogeneous) effects in all subnational governments, at the same time as it preclude to generalize the premise of fragility of the states in the brazilian federal plan.

Materiais bionanocompósitos a base de argilominerais e hidróxidos duplos lamelares como sistemas de liberação de fármacos

Bionanocomposites systems clay base (montmorillonite and sepiolite), layered double hidroxides and biopolymers (carboxymethylcellulose and zein) were evaluated as topical delivery systems with antibacterial activity and as oral delivery systems. For this study, neomycin, a topical antibiotic, indicated mainly for open wound infections. The drug amoxicillin, an antibiotic indicated mainly for throat infections, were also used in this study. Both antibiotics were used as model drugs. Initially, drugs were incorporated directly into the biopolymer matrix, comprising the combination of carboxymethylcellulos and zein, being conformed as movies and balls and evaluated for their antibacterial activity and controlled release simulating gastrointestinal fluids. Moreover, hybrids materials have been prepared where the neomycin drug was incorporated into the lamellar inorganic solids, such as montmorillonite by ion exchange reaction, and the fibrous type, such as sepiolite by adsorption in aqueous solution. But the drug amoxicillin was incorporated into layered double hydroxides by anion exchange and montmorillonite by cation exchange. The resulting hybrids were in turn combined with the biopolymer matrix yielding bionanocomposites shaped materials such as films were tested for their antibacterial activity, and the shaped materials beads were tested for their release in the gastrointestinal fluids. Through the analysis of various physico-chemical techniques, we observed the interactions between the studied materials, the formation of hybrids materials, obtaining the bionanocomposites materials and material efficiency when applied in controlled release of drugs both topical and use oral mainly influenced by the presence of zein, are promising as topical delivery systems and oral drugs.

Seleção de características para identificação de diferentes proporções de tipos de fibras musculares por meio da eletromiografia de superfície

Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fiber types that have different physiological and biochemical characteristics. Basically, the muscle fiber can be classified into type I and type II, presenting, among other features, contraction speed and sensitivity to fatigue different for each type of muscle fiber. These fibers coexist in the skeletal muscles and their relative proportions are modulated according to the muscle functionality and the stimulus that is submitted. To identify the different proportions of fiber types in the muscle composition, many studies use biopsy as standard procedure. As the surface electromyography (EMGs) allows to extract information about the recruitment of different motor units, this study is based on the assumption that it is possible to use the EMG to identify different proportions of fiber types in a muscle. The goal of this study was to identify the characteristics of the EMG signals which are able to distinguish, more precisely, different proportions of fiber types. Also was investigated the combination of characteristics using appropriate mathematical models. To achieve the proposed objective, simulated signals were developed with different proportions of motor units recruited and with different signal-to-noise ratios. Thirteen characteristics in function of time and the frequency were extracted from emulated signals. The results for each extracted feature of the signals were submitted to the clustering algorithm k-means to separate the different proportions of motor units recruited on the emulated signals. Mathematical techniques (confusion matrix and analysis of capability) were implemented to select the characteristics able to identify different proportions of muscle fiber types. As a result, the average frequency and median frequency were selected as able to distinguish, with more precision, the proportions of different muscle fiber types. Posteriorly, the features considered most able were analyzed in an associated way through principal component analysis. Were found two principal components of the signals emulated without noise (CP1 and CP2) and two principal components of the noisy signals (CP1 and CP2 ). The first principal components (CP1 and CP1 ) were identified as being able to distinguish different proportions of muscle fiber types. The selected characteristics (median frequency, mean frequency, CP1 and CP1 ) were used to analyze real EMGs signals, comparing sedentary people with physically active people who practice strength training (weight training). The results obtained with the different groups of volunteers show that the physically active people obtained higher values of mean frequency, median frequency and principal components compared with the sedentary people. Moreover, these values decreased with increasing power level for both groups, however, the decline was more accented for the group of physically active people. Based on these results, it is assumed that the volunteers of the physically active group have higher proportions of type II fibers than sedentary people. Finally, based on these results, we can conclude that the selected characteristics were able to distinguish different proportions of muscle fiber types, both for the emulated signals as to the real signals. These characteristics can be used in several studies, for example, to evaluate the progress of people with myopathy and neuromyopathy due to the physiotherapy, and also to analyze the development of athletes to improve their muscle capacity according to their sport. In both cases, the extraction of these characteristics from the surface electromyography signals provides a feedback to the physiotherapist and the coach physical, who can analyze the increase in the proportion of a given type of fiber, as desired in each case.

Avaliação da Capacidade Antioxidante e da Estabilidade Após Embalamento a Vácuo de Hambúrgueres de Pata-roxa (Scyliorhinus canicula).

Toneladas de pescado são desperdiçadas diariamente aquando do processamento do peixe e o hambúrguer de pata-roxa foi desenvolvido para reaproveitar esse pescado subvalorizado e para ser uma fonte nutricional rica em antioxidantes. No presente trabalho, pretendeu-se comprovar o potencial antioxidante antes e após o tratamento térmico do hambúrguer de pata-roxa, e o potencial citotóxico e antiproliferativo sobre um modelo celular do cancro da mama (MCF-7). Foi também observada a estabilidade do hambúrguer de pata-roxa embalado a vácuo e refrigerado. A extração dos compostos fitoquímicos foi realizada com solventes de polaridade distinta (água, metanol e diclorometano) e com diferentes durações do processo (12h e 24h). O tratamento térmico aplicado foi vinte minutos a 180ºC. O potencial antioxidante foi avaliado pela capacidade de redução do radical livre 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e pela capacidade de redução de radicais de oxigénio (ORAC), e através da quantificação total de polifenóis (QTP) pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu (FC). O potencial citotóxico e antiproliferativo foi avaliado na linha celular MCF-7, cujos resultados foram revelados por ensaios espectrofotométricos (método do brometo de 3- (4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil tetrazólio (MTT)) e fluorimétricos (método de acetoxi-metil éster de calceína (calceína-AM)). A estabilidade do hambúrguer de pataroxa em vácuo e refrigerado foi avaliada através do estudo microbiológico com metodologias de referência (contagens de “totais” e produtores de sulfureto de hidrogénio (H2S) aeróbios e anaeróbios, esporos de Clostridium sulfitos-redutores, enterobactérias, Escherichia coli e pesquisa de Salmonella spp.), da determinação do índice de ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA) e da avaliação da cor do hambúrguer pelo sistema CIE-L*a*b*. Os ensaios de DPPH e ORAC comprovaram a atividade antioxidante do extrato de hambúrguer de pata-roxa (metanol, 12h) com 79,5% de redução do DPPH e 8603,01μmol ET/100g para amostras sem tratamento térmico, e 87,4% de redução do DPPH e 2567,27μmol ET/100g para amostras com tratamento térmico. Quanto ao conteúdo fenólico, os extratos (metanol, 12h) revelaram 17,13mg EAG/100g do hambúrguer cru e 31,81mg EAG/100g do hambúrguer cozinhado. A extração de 24 horas não aumentou a quantidade de compostos fitoquímicos presentes no extrato. O hambúrguer apenas revelou ainda um potencial citotóxico in vitro relevante na linha celular MCF-7 (1mg/mL, 24h).Apesar do abuso observado na temperatura de armazenamento em refrigeração (temperatura média de 10,3ºC), o hambúrguer de pata-roxa cru, quando submetido ao embalamento a vácuo, apresentou um aumento no período de vida útil de prateleira de 4 dias relativamente à pata-roxa. Foi detetada a presença de esporos de Clostridium sulfito-redutores e 1,0x101ufc E. coli por 1g de hambúrguer de pata-roxa. Não foi detetada a presença de Salmonella spp. O índice de TBA manteve-se estável, mas o hambúrguer de pata-roxa sofreu uma perda na vivacidade (Cab) e na tonalidade (hab) da cor ao fim de 6 dias em refrigeração. É necessário continuar o estudo para melhorar o novo produto alimentar funcional, mas o presente trabalho permitiu concluir que o hambúrguer de pata-roxa reúne as condições para ter um elevado potencial antioxidante, apresentar maior estabilidade em armazenamento e, em simultâneo, constituir uma solução para o desperdício de pescado.

Mecanismos de neurotoxicidade induzidos pela Dopamina e pela 6–OH-dopamina num modelo celular humano: efeito da presença de extratos de algas com elevada capacidade antioxidante

O aumento da esperança média de vida tem elevado a prevalência de doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso da doença de Parkinson. Nos últimos anos a procura de novas soluções terapêuticas, assim como a minimização dos efeitos dos tratamentos atualmente utilizados tem promovido a procura de novas soluções. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no estudo dos mecanismos moleculares de neurotoxicidade induzidos pela dopamina (DA) e 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) num modelo celular do neuroblastoma humano (SH-SY5Y), bem como na avaliação do potencial neuroprotetor de extratos de algas com elevada capacidade antioxidante. O efeito neurotóxico da DA e 6-OHDA, assim como o efeito protetor dos extratos das algas com maior atividade antioxidante (Sargassum muticum, Saccorhiza polyschides, Padina pavonica, Codium tomentosum, Ulva compressa) foi avaliado através da viabilidade celular das células SH-SY5Y utilizando o método de MTT. De modo a compreender os efeitos induzidos na viabilidade celular pela DA e 6-OHDA procedeu-se ao estudo da atividade da caspase-3, alterações do potencial mitocondrial e quantificação de H2O2. Os resultados demonstraram um claro efeito dependente da concentração da DA (30-3000μM) e 6-OHDA (10-1000μM) na viabilidade celular das células SH-SY5Y, bem como do tempo de exposição (6-48h). No que diz respeito a prevenção do efeito neurotóxico da DA (1000μM (56,41±5,05% de células viáveis); 24h) e 6-OHDA (100μM (66,76±3,24% de células viáveis);24h) pelos extratos das algas (1mg/mL; 24h) verificou-se que os extratos que apresentaram um efeito preventivo mais marcado pertencem as algas Sargassum muticum (82,37±6,41% de células viáveis e 115,8±8,53% de células viáveis, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente), Saccorhiza polyschides (89,26±8,62% de células viáveis e 106,51±4,26% de células viáveis, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente) e Codium tomentosum (81,28±3,68% de células viáveis e 103,17±7,25% de células viáveis, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). A morte celular induzida pela DA e pela 6-OHDA foi acompanhada pelo aumento da atividade da caspase-3 quando comparado com o controlo (DA - 66,46±1,49fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto; 6-OHDA - 22,56±1,71fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto; controlo – 4,8 ±0,48fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto), pela presença de elevadas quantidades de peróxido de hidrogénio (H2O2) (363,81±28,58 % do controlo e 214,26 ± 8,46 % do controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente) e pela despolarização da membrana mitocondrial (162,3±2,34 % do controlo e 144,7±2,87 % do controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). Por sua vez, durante o tratamento com extratos das algas (1mg/mL) na presença de DA e 6-OHDA verificou-se uma inibição da atividade da caspase-3 induzida pelas algas Sargassum muticum (2,53±2,49fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto e 4,52±1,36 fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente), Saccorhiza polyschides (4,71±0,70fluorescência (u.a.)/mg de proteína/minuto e 2,73±1,11 fluorescência (u.a.)/mg de proteína/minuto, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente) e Codium tomentosum (17,05±1,72fluorescência (u.a.)/mg de proteína/minuto e 2,58±1,77fluorescência (u.a)/mg de proteína/minuto, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). De igual modo verificou-se uma diminuição da produção de H2O2 pelas células SH-SY5Y na presença dos extratos das algas Sargassum muticum (132,58 ± 10,68% controlo), Saccorhiza polyschides (150,54 ± 23,54% controlo) e Codium tomentosum (54,074 ± 6,66% do controlo), quando expostas a 6-OHDA, contudo não se verificou o mesmo efeito na presença de DA. Relativamente ao potencial mitocondrial observou-se uma inibição da despolarização mitocondrial induzida pela DA e 6-OHDA nas células SH-SY5Y pela presença dos extratos das algas Sargassum muticum (135,7±2,97% controlo e 49,3±1,17% controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente), Saccorhiza polyschides (126,7±5,46% controlo e 94,3±1,70% controlo, após tratamento com DA e 6-OHDA, respetivamente). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram o potencial citoprotetor dos extratos de algas sobre efeitos neurotóxicos induzidos pela DA e 6-OHDA no modelo celular SH-SY5Y. O efeito protetor é mediado pela diminuição da condição de stress oxidativo, com redução da produção de H2O2, diminuição da atividade da caspase-3 e prevenção da alteração do potencial mitocondrial induzido pela DA e 6-OHDA. Conclui-se que os extratos de algas produzem moléculas bioativas com elevado potencial antioxidante, podendo ser uma fonte promissora de novos compostos neuroprotetores com aplicação terapêutica para doenças neurodegenerativas como a doença de Parkinson.