Aproximación cognitiva a la generación de manuscrito

Tutores: Miguel A. Ferrer Ballester, Aythami Morales Moreno, Rafael Pérez Jiménez. Programa de doctorado: Cibernética y telecomunicación.

Componenti spaziali della rappresentazione cognitiva della grandezza del numero

The humans process the numbers in a similar way to animals. There are countless studies in which similar performance between animals and humans (adults and/or children) are reported. Three models have been developed to explain the cognitive mechanisms underlying the number processing. The triple-code model (Dehaene, 1992) posits an mental number line as preferred way to represent magnitude. The mental number line has three particular effects: the distance, the magnitude and the SNARC effects. The SNARC effect shows a spatial association between number and space representations. In other words, the small numbers are related to left space while large numbers are related to right space. Recently a vertical SNARC effect has been found (Ito & Hatta, 2004; Schwarz & Keus, 2004), reflecting a space-related bottom-to-up representation of numbers. The magnitude representations horizontally and vertically could influence the subject performance in explicit and implicit digit tasks. The goal of this research project aimed to investigate the spatial components of number representation using different experimental designs and tasks. The experiment 1 focused on horizontal and vertical number representations in a within- and between-subjects designs in a parity and magnitude comparative tasks, presenting positive or negative Arabic digits (1-9 without 5). The experiment 1A replied the SNARC and distance effects in both spatial arrangements. The experiment 1B showed an horizontal reversed SNARC effect in both tasks while a vertical reversed SNARC effect was found only in comparative task. In the experiment 1C two groups of subjects performed both tasks in two different instruction-responding hand assignments with positive numbers. The results did not show any significant differences between two assignments, even if the vertical number line seemed to be more flexible respect to horizontal one. On the whole the experiment 1 seemed to demonstrate a contextual (i.e. task set) influences of the nature of the SNARC effect. The experiment 2 focused on the effect of horizontal and vertical number representations on spatial biases in a paper-and-pencil bisecting tasks. In the experiment 2A the participants were requested to bisect physical and number (2 or 9) lines horizontally and vertically. The findings demonstrated that digit 9 strings tended to generate a more rightward bias comparing with digit 2 strings horizontally. However in vertical condition the digit 2 strings generated a more upperward bias respect to digit 9 strings, suggesting a top-to-bottom number line. In the experiment 2B the participants were asked to bisect lines flanked by numbers (i.e. 1 or 7) in four spatial arrangements: horizontal, vertical, right-diagonal and left-diagonal lines. Four number conditions were created according to congruent or incongruent number line representation: 1-1, 1-7, 7-1 and 7-7. The main results showed a more reliable rightward bias in horizontal congruent condition (1-7) respect to incongruent condition (7-1). Vertically the incongruent condition (1-7) determined a significant bias towards bottom side of line respect to congruent condition (7-1). The experiment 2 suggested a more rigid horizontal number line while in vertical condition the number representation could be more flexible. In the experiment 3 we adopted the materials of experiment 2B in order to find a number line effect on temporal (motor) performance. The participants were presented horizontal, vertical, rightdiagonal and left-diagonal lines flanked by the same digits (i.e. 1-1 or 7-7) or by different digits (i.e. 1-7 or 7-1). The digits were spatially congruent or incongruent with their respective hypothesized mental representations. Participants were instructed to touch the lines either close to the large digit, or close to the small digit, or to bisected the lines. Number processing influenced movement execution more than movement planning. Number congruency influenced spatial biases mostly along the horizontal but also along the vertical dimension. These results support a two-dimensional magnitude representation. Finally, the experiment 4 addressed the visuo-spatial manipulation of number representations for accessing and retrieval arithmetic facts. The participants were requested to perform a number-matching and an addition verification tasks. The findings showed an interference effect between sum-nodes and neutral-nodes only with an horizontal presentation of digit-cues, in number-matching tasks. In the addition verification task, the performance was similar for horizontal and vertical presentations of arithmetic problems. In conclusion the data seemed to show an automatic activation of horizontal number line also used to retrieval arithmetic facts. The horizontal number line seemed to be more rigid and the preferred way to order number from left-to-right. A possible explanation could be the left-to-right direction for reading and writing. The vertical number line seemed to be more flexible and more dependent from the tasks, reflecting perhaps several example in the environment representing numbers either from bottom-to-top or from top-to-bottom. However the bottom-to-top number line seemed to be activated by explicit task demands.

Biopoética y lingüística cognitiva : proyecciones metafóricas y conceptualización de "Zeit" en el texto "Der Zauberberg" de Thoas Mann

Programa de doctorado: Nuevas perspectivas cognitivas en los estudios de lengua, literatura y cognición

Linguistica Cognitiva e analisi retorica: indicazioni per un percorso sulla metafora nella didattica della lingua.

La tesi sviluppa le proposte teoriche della Linguistica Cognitiva a proposito della metafora e propone una loro possibile applicazione in ambito didattico. La linguistica cognitiva costituisce la cornice interpretativa della ricerca, a partire dai suoi concetti principali: la prospettiva integrata, l’embodiment, la centralità della semantica, l’attenzione per la psicolinguistica e le neuroscienze. All’interno di questo panorama, prende vigore un’idea di metafora come punto d’incontro tra lingua e pensiero, come criterio organizzatore delle conoscenze, strumento conoscitivo fondamentale nei processi di apprendimento. A livello didattico, la metafora si rivela imprescindibile sia come strumento operativo che come oggetto di riflessione. L’approccio cognitivista può fornire utili indicazioni su come impostare un percorso didattico sulla metafora. Nel presente lavoro, si indaga in particolare l’uso didattico di stimoli non verbali nel rafforzamento delle competenze metaforiche di studenti di scuola media. Si è scelto come materiale di partenza la pubblicità, per due motivi: il diffuso impiego di strategie retoriche in ambito pubblicitario e la specificità comunicativa del genere, che permette una chiara disambiguazione di fenomeni che, in altri contesti, non potrebbero essere analizzati con la stessa univocità. Si presenta dunque un laboratorio finalizzato al miglioramento della competenza metaforica degli studenti che si avvale di due strategie complementari: da una parte, una spiegazione ispirata ai modelli cognitivisti, sia nella terminologia impiegata che nella modalità di analisi (di tipo usage-based); dall’altra un training con metafore visive in pubblicità, che comprende una fase di analisi e una fase di produzione. È stato usato un test, suddiviso in compiti specifici, per oggettivare il più possibile i progressi degli studenti alla fine del training, ma anche per rilevare le difficoltà e i punti di forza nell’analisi rispetto sia ai contesti d’uso (letterario e convenzionale) sia alle forme linguistiche assunte dalla metafora (nominale, verbale, aggettivale).

Esperimenti di stigmergia cognitiva con TuCSoN e Jason

Lo scopo della tesi è quello di sperimentare le varie possibili tecniche di coordinazione stigmergica cognitiva integrando il linguaggio ad agenti Jason con l'infrastruttura TuCSoN.

Un sistema intelligente per la riabilitazione cognitiva nella sclerosi multipla

La riabilitazione cognitiva si occupa di rimediare o alleviare i deficit cognitivi risultanti da traumi dovuti a lesioni cerebrali, come quelli indotti dalla sclerosi multipla. L'obiettivo è proporre un sistema per fornire un supporto alla riabilitazione individuale e di gruppo della sclerosi multipla, mediante un meccanismo di avanzamento automatico di difficoltà degli esercizi di riabilitazione, e strumenti di controllo dinamico delle sessioni.

Estudio sobre la habilidad cognitiva "identificación" en estudiantes de nivel medio

Una de las metas importante de quienes enseñamos ciencias es lograr que nuestros estudiantes puedan argumentar, describir, explicar y justificar los fenómenos naturales que se proponen estudiar. Para ello es necesario fomentar determinadas habilidades cognitivas que favorezcan el proceso para llegar a este objetivo, una de estas habilidades básicas es la de "identificar". La habilidad de identificar conlleva asociada la habilidad de comparar, no se puede identificar un objeto, un concepto, una expresión, como igual o distinto a otro si antes no se comparó con un patrón. El presente trabajo analiza el aspecto conceptual, icónico y formal de esta habilidad, que se manifiesta en diferentes actividades propuestas a estudiantes de una escuela secundaria del conurbano bonaerense. Las mismas abordan contenidos sobre la tabla periódica de elementos y se resolvieron luego de la lectura y discusión de un texto referente al tema. El análisis de los registros se hizo en base a las dimensiones: conceptual, icónica-formal e icónica-desplazamiento. La dimensión conceptual permite poner en juego más efectivamente la habilidad de "identificar" que las dimensiones icónico-formal e icónico desplazamiento. Para los estudiantes es más sencillo hacer una identificación a través de un concepto que con el empleo de iconos o expresiones formales

Adverbios Modalizadores : Una caracterización Cognitiva

En los estudios existentes sobre la Modalización (Kerbrat Orecchioni/Benveniste) se analizan ciertos adverbios (i.e: francamente) como portadores de actitud o evaluación del hablante respecto de un contenido proposicional proferido. En el presente trabajo, exploramos estos llamados "adverbios modalizadores" desde una perspectiva cognitiva que permite explicar los procesos interpretativos que se activan en la compresión de enunciados que contienen este tipo de ítems léxicos. Este enfoque nos permitiría dar cuenta de la existencia y el funcionamiento de adverbios de tres tipos: oracionales (cuyo alcance comprende únicamente al sintagma verbal), extra-oracionales (con alcance sobre todo el contenido proposicional) y de aquellos que presentan distribución doble

Problemática lingüístico-cognitiva : Abordaje lingüístico-cognitivo de un texto de en inglés

Fil: Pérez Albizú, Candela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.