Microbial transformation of the sesquiterpene lactone tagitinin C by the fungus Aspergillus terreus

The biotransformation of the sesquiterpene lactone tagitinin C by the fungus Aspergillus terreus MT 5.3 yielded a rare derivative that was elucidated by spectrometric methods. The fungus led to the formation of a different product through an unusual epoxidation reaction between C4 and C5, formation of a C3,C10 ether bridge, and a methoxylation of the C1 of tagitinin C. The chemical structure of the product, namely 1 beta-methoxy-3 alpha-hydroxy-3,10 beta-4,5 alpha-diepoxy-8 beta-isobutyroyloxygermacr-11(13)-en-6 alpha,12-olide, is the same as that of a derivative that was recently isolated from the flowers of a Brazilian population of Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia), which is the source of the substrate tagitinin C. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the substrate and the biotransformed product were evaluated in HL-60 cells using an MTT assay, and both compounds were found to be cytotoxic. We show that soil fungi may be useful in the biotransformation of sesquiterpene lactones, thereby leading to unusual changes in their chemical structures that may preserve or alter their biological activities, and may also mimic plant biosynthetic pathways for production of secondary metabolites.

Cross sections and double-helicity asymmetries of midrapidity inclusive charged hadrons in p plus p collisions at root s = 62.4 GeV

Unpolarized cross sections and double-helicity asymmetries of single-inclusive positive and negative charged hadrons at midrapidity from p + p collisions at root s = 62.4 GeV are presented. The PHENIX measurement of the cross sections for 1.0 < p(T) < 4.5 GeV/c are consistent with perturbative QCD calculations at next-to-leading order in the strong-coupling constant, alpha(s). Resummed pQCD calculations including terms with next-to-leading-log accuracy, yielding reduced theoretical uncertainties, also agree with the data. The double-helicity asymmetry, sensitive at leading order to the gluon polarization in a momentum-fraction range of 0.05 less than or similar to x(gluon) less than or similar to 0.2, is consistent with recent global parametrizations disfavoring large gluon polarization.

Light vector meson production in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV ALICE Collaboration

The ALICE experiment has measured low-mass dimuon production in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV in the dimuon rapidity region 2.5 < y < 4. The observed dimuon mass spectrum is described as a superposition of resonance decays (eta, rho, omega, eta', phi) into muons and semi-leptonic decays of charmed mesons. The measured production cross sections for omega and phi are sigma(omega)(1 < p(t) < 5 GeV/c. 2.5 < y < 4) = 5.28 +/- 0.54(stat) +/- 0.49(syst) mb and sigma(phi)(1 < p(t) < 5 GeV/c. 2.5 < y < 4) = 0.940 +/- 0.084(stat) +/- 0.076(syst) mb. The differential cross sections d(2)sigma/dy dp(t) are extracted as a function of p(t) for omega and phi. The ratio between the rho and omega cross section is obtained. Results for the phi are compared with other measurements at the same energy and with predictions by models. (C) 2012 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Previsione del comportamento dinamico e sismico di un edificio a tre piani in scala reale costituito da pareti sandwich in C.A. gettato in opera da provare su tavola vibrante

INDICE INTRODUZIONE 1 1. DESCRIZIONE DEL SISTEMA COSTRUTTIVO 5 1.1 I pannelli modulari 5 1.2 Le pareti tozze in cemento armato gettate in opera realizzate con la tecnologia del pannello di supporto in polistirene 5 1.3 La connessione tra le pareti e la fondazione 6 1.4 Le connessioni tra pareti ortogonali 7 1.5 Le connessioni tra pareti e solai 7 1.6 Il sistema strutturale così ottenuto e le sue caratteristiche salienti 8 2. RICERCA BIBLIOGRAFICA 11 2.1 Pareti tozze e pareti snelle 11 2.2 Il comportamento scatolare 13 2.3 I muri sandwich 14 2.4 Il “ferro-cemento” 15 3. DATI DI PARTENZA 19 3.1 Schema geometrico - architettonico definitivo 19 3.2 Abaco delle sezioni e delle armature 21 3.3 Materiali e resistenze 22 3.4 Valutazione del momento di inerzia delle pareti estese debolmente armate 23 3.4.1 Generalità 23 3.4.2 Caratteristiche degli elementi provati 23 3.4.3 Formulazioni analitiche 23 3.4.4 Considerazioni sulla deformabilità dei pannelli debolmente armati 24 3.4.5 Confronto tra rigidezze sperimentali e rigidezze valutate analiticamente 26 3.4.6 Stima di un modulo elastico equivalente 26 4. ANALISI DEI CARICHI 29 4.1 Stima dei carichi di progetto della struttura 29 4.1.1 Stima dei pesi di piano 30 4.1.2 Tabella riassuntiva dei pesi di piano 31 4.2 Analisi dei carichi da applicare in fase di prova 32 4.2.1 Pesi di piano 34 4.2.2 Tabella riassuntiva dei pesi di piano 35 4.3 Pesi della struttura 36 4.3.1 Ripartizione del carico sulle pareti parallele e ortogonali 36 5. DESCRIZIONE DEL MODELLO AGLI ELEMENTI FINITI 37 5.1 Caratteristiche di modellazione 37 5.2 Caratteristiche geometriche del modello 38 5.3 Analisi dei carichi 41 5.4 Modello con shell costituite da un solo layer 43 5.4.1 Modellazione dei solai 43 5.4.2 Modellazione delle pareti 44 5.4.3 Descrizione delle caratteristiche dei materiali 46 5.4.3.1 Comportamento lineare dei materiali 46 6. ANALISI DEL COMPORTAMENTO STATICO DELLA STRUTTURA 49 6.1 Azioni statiche 49 6.2 Analisi statica 49 7. ANALISI DEL COMPORTAMENTO DINAMICO DELLA STRUTTURA 51 7.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura con il modello FEM 51 7.1.1 Modi di vibrare corrispondenti al modello con solai e pareti costituiti da elementi shell 51 7.1.1.1 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a E 51 7.1.1.2 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a 0,5E 51 7.1.1.3 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a 0,1E 51 7.1.2 Modi di vibrare corrispondenti al modello con solai infinitamente rigidi e pareti costituite da elementi shell 52 7.1.2.1 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a E 52 7.1.2.2 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a 0,5E 52 7.1.2.3 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a 0,1E: 52 7.1.3 Modi di vibrare corrispondenti al modello con solai irrigiditi con bielle e pareti costituite da elementi shell 53 7.1.3.1 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a E 53 7.1.3.2 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a 0,5E 53 7.1.3.3 Modi di vibrare con modulo pari a 0,1E 53 7.2 Calcolo del periodo proprio della struttura assimilandola ad un oscillatore semplice 59 7.2.1 Analisi svolta assumendo l’azione del sisma in ingresso in direzione X-X 59 7.2.1.1 Analisi svolta assumendo il modulo elastico E pari a 300000 Kg/cm2 59 7.2.1.1.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 59 7.2.1.1.2 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 61 7.2.1.1.3 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari ad E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 63 7.2.1.1.4 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari ad E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 66 7.2.1.2 Analisi svolta assumendo il modulo elastico E pari a 150000 Kg/cm2 69 7.2.1.2.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5E 69 7.2.1.2.2 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5E 71 7.2.1.2.3 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5 E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 73 7.2.1.2.4 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5 E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 76 7.2.1.3 Analisi svolta assumendo il modulo elastico E pari a 30000 Kg/cm2 79 7.2.1.3.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E 79 7.2.1.3.2 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E 81 7.2.1.3.3 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 83 7.2.1.3.4 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 86 7.2.2 Analisi svolta assumendo l’azione del sisma in ingresso in direzione Y-Y 89 7.2.2.1 Analisi svolta assumendo il modulo elastico E pari a 300000 Kg/cm2 89 7.2.2.1.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 89 7.2.2.1.2 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 91 7.2.2.1.3 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari ad E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 93 7.2.2.1.4 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari ad E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 98 7.2.2.1.5 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 103 7.2.2.1.6 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 105 7.2.2.1.7 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari ad E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 107 7.2.2.1.8 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari ad E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 112 7.2.2.2 Analisi svolta assumendo il modulo elastico E pari a 150000 Kg/cm2 117 7.2.2.2.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5E 117 7.2.2.2.2 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5E 119 7.2.2.2.3 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5 E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 121 7.2.2.2.4 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5 E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 126 7.2.2.2.5 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5 E 131 7.2.2.2.6 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 133 7.2.2.2.7 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 135 7.2.2.2.8 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,5E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 140 7.2.2.3 Analisi svolta assumendo il modulo elastico E pari a 30000 Kg/cm2 145 7.2.2.3.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E 145 7.2.2.3.2 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E 147 7.2.2.3.3 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 149 7.2.2.3.4 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 154 7.2.2.3.5 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H e modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1 E 159 7.2.2.3.6 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H e modulo elastico assunto pari ad E 161 7.2.2.3.7 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 2/3 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 163 7.2.2.3.8 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura considerando la massa complessiva concentrata a 1/2 H, modulo elastico assunto pari a 0,1E, e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari” delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 168 7.3 Calcolo del periodo proprio della struttura approssimato utilizzando espressioni analitiche 174 7.3.1 Approssimazione della struttura ad una mensola incastrata di peso Q=ql avente un peso P gravante all’estremo libero 174 7.3.1.1 Riferimenti teorici: sostituzione di masse distribuite con masse concentrate 174 7.3.1.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=300000 kg/cm2 177 7.3.1.3 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=30000 kg/cm2 179 7.3.2 Approssimazione della struttura ad una mensola incastrata alla base, di peso Q=ql, avente un peso P gravante all’estremo libero e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari”delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 181 7.3.2.1 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=300000 kg/cm2 181 7.3.2.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=30000 kg/cm2 186 7.3.3 Approssimazione della struttura ad un portale avente peso Qp = peso di un piedritto, Qt=peso del traverso e un peso P gravante sul traverso medesimo 191 7.3.3.1 Riferimenti teorici: sostituzione di masse distribuite con masse concentrate 191 7.3.3.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo ellastico E=300000 kg/cm2 192 7.3.3.3 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo ellastico E=30000 kg/cm2 194 7.3.4 Approssimazione della struttura ad un portale di peso Qp = peso di un piedritto, Qt=peso del traverso e avente un peso P gravante sul traverso medesimo e struttura resistente costituita dai soli “maschi murari”delle pareti parallele all’azione del sisma 196 7.3.4.1 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=300000 kg/cm2 196 7.3.4.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=30000 kg/cm2 201 7.3.5 Approssimazione della struttura ad una mensola incastrata di peso Q=ql avente le masse m1,m2....mn concentrate nei punti 1,2….n 206 7.3.5.1 Riferimenti teorici: metodo approssimato 206 7.3.5.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=300000 kg/cm2 207 7.3.5.3 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=30000 kg/cm2 209 7.3.6 Approssimazione della struttura ad un telaio deformabile con tavi infinitamente rigide 211 7.3.6.1 Riferimenti teorici: vibrazioni dei telai 211 7.3.6.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=300000 kg/cm2 212 7.3.6.3 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=30000 kg/cm2 215 7.3.7 Approssimazione della struttura ad una mensola incastrata di peso Q=ql avente masse m1,m2....mn concentrate nei punti 1,2….n e studiata come un sistema continuo 218 7.3.7.1 Riferimenti teorici: metodo energetico; Masse ripartite e concentrate; Formula di Dunkerley 218 7.3.7.1.1 Il metodo energetico 218 7.3.7.1.2 Masse ripartite e concentrate. Formula di Dunkerley 219 7.3.7.2 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=300000 kg/cm2 221 7.3.7.3 Applicazione allo specifico caso di studio in esame con modulo elastico E=30000 kg/cm2 226 7.4 Calcolo del periodo della struttura approssimato mediante telaio equivalente 232 7.4.1 Dati geometrici relativi al telaio equivalente e determinazione dei carichi agenti su di esso 232 7.4.1.1 Determinazione del periodo proprio della struttura assumendo diversi valori del modulo elastico E 233 7.5 Conclusioni 234 7.5.1 Comparazione dei risultati relativi alla schematizzazione dell’edificio con una struttura ad un grado di libertà 234 7.5.2 Comparazione dei risultati relativi alla schematizzazione dell’edificio con una struttura a più gradi di libertà e a sistema continuo 236 8. ANALISI DEL COMPORTAMENTO SISMICO DELLA STRUTTURA 239 8.1 Modello con shell costituite da un solo layer 239 8.1.1 Analisi dinamica modale con spettro di risposta avente un valore di PGA pari a 0,1g 239 8.1.1.1 Generalità 239 8.1.1.2 Sollecitazioni e tensioni sulla sezione di base 242 8.1.1.2.1 Combinazione di carico ”Carichi verticali più Spettro di Risposta scalato ad un valore di PGA pari a 0,1g” 242 8.1.1.2.2 Combinazione di carico ”Spettro di Risposta scalato ad un valore di 0,1g di PGA” 245 8.1.1.3 Spostamenti di piano 248 8.1.1.4 Accelerazioni di piano 248 8.1.2 Analisi Time-History lineare con accelerogramma caratterizzato da un valore di PGA pari a 0,1g 249 8.1.2.1 Generalità 249 8.1.2.2 Sollecitazioni e tensioni sulla sezione di base 251 8.1.2.2.1 Combinazione di carico ” Carichi verticali più Accelerogramma agente in direzione Ye avente una PGA pari a 0,1g” 251 8.1.2.2.2 Combinazione di carico ” Accelerogramma agente in direzione Y avente un valore di PGA pari a 0,1g ” 254 8.1.2.3 Spostamenti di piano assoluti 257 8.1.2.4 Spostamenti di piano relativi 260 8.1.2.5 Accelerazioni di piano assolute 262 8.1.3 Analisi dinamica modale con spettro di risposta avente un valore di PGA pari a 0,3g 264 8.1.3.1 Generalità 264 8.1.3.2 Sollecitazioni e tensioni sulla sezione di base 265 8.1.

Snake C-type lectin-like proteins and platelet receptors

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active proteins and peptides. Many affect haemostasis by activating or inhibiting coagulant factors or platelets, or by disrupting endothelium. Snake venom components are classified into various families, such as serine proteases, metalloproteinases, C-type lectin-like proteins, disintegrins and phospholipases. Snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins have a typical fold resembling that in classic C-type lectins such as the selectins and mannose-binding proteins. Many snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins have now been characterized, as heterodimeric structures with alpha and beta subunits that often form large molecules by multimerization. They activate platelets by binding to VWF or specific receptors such as GPIb, alpha2beta1 and GPVI. Simple heterodimeric GPIb-binding molecules mainly inhibit platelet functions, whereas multimeric ones activate platelets. A series of tetrameric snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins activates platelets by binding to GPVI while another series affects platelet function via integrin alpha2beta1. Some act by inducing VWF to bind to GPIb. Many structures of these proteins, often complexed with their ligands, have been determined. Structure-activity studies show that these proteins are quite complex despite similar backbone folding. Snake C-type lectin-like proteins often interact with more than one platelet receptor and have complex mechanisms of action.

Little evidence that hepatitis C virus leads to a higher risk of mortality in the absence of cirrhosis and excess alcohol intake: the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study

The objective of this study was to describe the all-cause mortality of participants in the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort compared to the Swiss general population. Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection attending secondary and tertiary care centres in Switzerland. One thousand six hundred and forty-five patients with HCV infection were followed up for a mean of over 2 years. We calculated all-cause standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using age, sex and calendar year-specific Swiss all-cause mortality rates. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to model the variability of SMR by cirrhotic status, HCV genotype, infection with hepatitis B virus or HIV, injection drug use and alcohol intake. Sixty-one deaths were recorded out of 1645 participants. The crude all-cause SMR was 4.5 (95% CI: 3.5-5.8). Patients co-infected with HIV had a crude SMR of 20 (95% CI: 11.1-36.1). The SMR of 1.1 (95% CI: 0.63-2.03) for patients who were not cirrhotic, not infected with HBV or HIV, did not inject drugs, were not heavy alcohol consumers (cated no strong evidence of excess mortality. We found little evidence of excess mortality in hepatitis C infected patients who were not cirrhotic, in the absence of selected risk factors. Our findings emphasize the importance of providing appropriate preventive advice, such as counselling to avoid alcohol intake, in those infected with HCV.

C-3 Alkyl /Arylalkyl-2,3-dideoxy hex-2-enopyranosides as Antitubercular Agents: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and QSAR Study

A series of C-3 alkyl and arylalky 2,3-dideoxy hex-2-enopyranoside derivatives were synthesized by Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction using enulosides 4, 5 and 6 and various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for the complete inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. They exhibited moderate to good activity in the range of 25-1.56 µg/mL. Among these, 4d, 4h, 5c and 4hr showed activity at minimum inhibitory concentrations, 3.12, 6.25, 1.56 and 1.56µg/mL, respectively. These compounds were safe against cytotoxicity in VERO cell line and mouse macrophage cell line J 744A.1. A QSAR analysis by CP-MLR with alignment-free 3D-descriptors indicated the relevance of structure space comparable to the minimum energy conformation (from conformational analysis) of 5c to the activity. The study indicates that the compounds attaining conformational space 5c and reflecting some symmetry, minimum eccentricity and closely placed geometric and electronegativity centers therein are favorable for activity.

HELIOSPHERIC ENERGETIC NEUTRAL HYDROGEN MEASURED WITH ASPERA-3 AND ASPERA-4

We re-analyze the signal of non-planetary energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) in the 0.4-5.0 keV range measured with the Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) of the ASPERA-3 and ASPERA-4 experiments on board the Mars and Venus Express satellites. Due to improved knowledge of sensor characteristics and exclusion of data sets affected by instrument effects, the typical intensity of the ENA signal obtained by ASPERA-3 is an order of magnitude lower than in earlier reports. The ENA intensities measured with ASPERA-3 and ASPERA-4 now agree with each other. In the present analysis, we also correct the ENA signal for Compton-Getting and for ionization loss processes under the assumption of a heliospheric origin. We find spectral shapes and intensities consistent with those measured by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). The principal advantage of ASPERA with respect to the IBEX sensors is the two times better spectral resolution. In this study, we discuss the physical significance of the spectral shapes and their potential variation across the sky. At present, these observations are the only independent test of the heliospheric ENA signal measured with IBEX in this energy range. The ASPERA measurements also allow us to check for a temporal variation of the heliospheric signal as they were obtained between 2003 and 2007, whereas IBEX has been operational since the end of 2008.

Regulation of adenylyl cyclase by protein kinase C and P$\sb2$ purinergic agonists

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) causes multiple effects on adenylyl cyclase (AC), (i) an inhibition of (hormone) receptor/G$\sb{\rm s}$ coupling, consistent with PKC modification of the receptor and (ii) a postreceptor sensitization consistent with a PKC-mediated modification of the stimulatory (G$\sb{\rm s}$) or inhibitory (G$\sb{\rm i}$) G-proteins or the catalyst (C) of AC. In L cells expressing the wild-type beta-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$AR) 4-$\beta$ phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) caused 2-3-fold increases in the K$\sb{\rm act}$ and V$\sb{\rm max}$ for epinephrine-stimulated AC activity and an attenuation of GTP-mediated inhibition of AC. Deletion of a concensus site for PKC phosphorylation (amino acids 259-262) from the $\beta$AR eliminated the PMA-induced increase in the K$\sb{\rm act}$, but had no effect on the other actions of PMA. PMA also increased the K$\sb{\rm act}$ and V$\sb{\rm max}$ for prostaglandin E$\sb1$ (PGE$\sb1$)-stimulated AC and the V$\sb{\rm max}$ for forskolin-stimulated AC. Maximal PMA-induced sensitizations were observed when AC was assayed in the presence of 10 $\mu$M GTP and 0.3 mM (Mg$\sp{++}$).^ Liao et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 265:11273-11284 (1990)) have shown that the P$\sb2$ purinergic receptor agonist ATP stimulates hydrolysis of 4,5 inositol bisphosphate (PIP$\sb2$) by phospholipase C (PLC) in L cells. To determine if agonists that stimulate PLC and PMA had similar effects on AC function we compared the effects of ATP and PMA. ATP caused a rapid 50-150% sensitization of PGE$\sb1$-, epinephrine-, and forskolin-stimulated AC activity with an EC$\sb{50}$ of 3 $\mu$M ATP. The sensitization was similar (i.e. Mg$\sp{++}$ and GTP sensitivity) to that caused by 10 nM PMA. However, unlike PMA ATP did not affect the K$\sb{\rm act}$ for hormone-stimulated AC and its effects were unaltered by down-regulation of PKCs following long term PMA treatment. Our results demonstrate that a PKC concensus site in the $\beta$AR, is required for the PMA-induced decrease in receptor/G$\sb{\rm s}$ coupling. Our data also indicate that activation of P$\sb2$ purinergic receptors by ATP may be important in the sensitization of AC in L cells. The mechanism behind this effect remains to be determined. ^

Developmental effects of estrogen and PCBs in the reproductive tract of BALB/C mice

Many of the tumorigenic effects that result from neonatal exposure to both natural and synthetic estrogens resemble those found in humans exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Using this established DES neonatal mouse model, my goal was to investigate long-term molecular and morphological effects of certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that are weakly estrogenic in adult mice. Focusing on the cervicovaginal (CV) tract, since this is where tumors develop in the BALB/c mouse, I first assessed the 17β-estradiol (E2) dose-response for expression of lactoferrin (LTF). LTF is a highly inducible estrogen biomarker that is permanently altered in uteri from neonatally treated mice. Treatments were administered via 5 subcutaneous injections beginning within 16 hrs after birth, days 1–5. ^ The ontogeny of LTF expression from mouse CV tracts was determined by examining three different stages of life: pups, immature, and mature mice. Northern RNA analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that neonatal E 2 treatment both increases and decreases LTF expression. Early expression of LTF in the CV tract at all doses occurred in pups. In both immature and adult mice, increased LTF expression was dependent on whether E2 induced ovary-dependent or ovary-independent persistent vaginal cornification. ^ Next, I studied biological responses from neonatally PCB exposed adult mice. As expected, using a neonatal uterine bioassay I showed that 2 ′4′6′-trichloro-4-biphenylol (OH-PCB-30), 2′3′4′ 5-tetrachloro-4-biphenyloI (OH-PCB-61), and OH-PCB-30/61 (50/50 mixture), were estrogenic causing a dose-dependent increase in uterine weight. ^ Long-term effects of OH-PCB 30 [200 μg/pup/day] were most similar to E2 as seen by an increased uterine wet weight in day 50 mice similar to E2 [5 μg/pup/day] (141% and 140% of control, respectively). Another similarity between OH-PCB 30 and E2 neonatally treated mice was found in those sacrificed at 20 months of age. At these same doses CV tract squamous cell carcinoma induction was 43% of E2 treated mice and 47% of OH-PCB 30 treated mice. Differences were noted in adenoaquamous; cell carcinoma development, where 16% of OH-PCB-30 neonatally treated mice developed tumors versus 8% for E2. Based on these results using the neonatal mouse model, I conclude that the OH-PCBs tested are strongly estrogenic and tumorigenic showing dose-response relationships when exposure occurs during development of the reproductive tract in mice. These results may have important implications for risk assessment in determining the effects of xenoestrogens exposure early versus later in life. ^

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The jet energy scale (JES) and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 inverse pb. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0.4 or R=0.6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pt > 20 GeV and pseudorapidities eta<4.5. The JES systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams. The JES uncertainty is less than 2.5% in the central calorimeter region (eta<0.8) for jets with 60 < pt < 800 GeV, and is maximally 14% for pt < 30 GeV in the most forward region 3.2certainty for additional energy from multiple proton-proton collisions in the same bunch crossing is less than 1.5% per additional collision for jets with pt > 50 GeV after a dedicated correction for this effect. The JES is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pt, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pt jets recoiling against a high-pt jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, providing an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The JES systematic uncertainty determined from a combination of in situ techniques are consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pt jets.

NGRIP CH4 concentration from 120 to 10 kyr before present and its relation to a δ15N temperature reconstruction from the same ice core

During the last glacial cycle, Greenland temperature showed many rapid temperature variations, the so-called Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events. The past atmospheric methane concentration closely followed these temperature variations, which implies that the warmings recorded in Greenland were probably hemispheric in extent. Here we substantially extend and complete the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) methane record from the Preboreal Holocene (PB) back to the end of the last interglacial period with a mean time resolution of 54 yr. We relate the amplitudes of the methane increases associated with DO events to the amplitudes of the local Greenland NGRIP temperature increases derived from stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) measurements, which have been performed along the same ice core (Kindler et al., 2014). We find the ratio to oscillate between 5 parts per billion (ppb) per °C and 18 ppb °C−1 with the approximate frequency of the precessional cycle. A remarkably high ratio of 25.5 ppb °C−1 is reached during the transition from the Younger Dryas (YD) to the PB. Analysis of the timing of the fast methane and temperature increases reveals significant lags of the methane increases relative to NGRIP temperature for DO events 5, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 19, and 20. These events generally have small methane increase rates and we hypothesize that the lag is caused by pronounced northward displacement of the source regions from stadial to interstadial. We further show that the relative interpolar concentration difference (rIPD) of methane is about 4.5% for the stadials between DO events 18 and 20, which is in the same order as in the stadials before and after DO event 2 around the Last Glacial Maximum. The rIPD of methane remains relatively stable throughout the full last glacial, with a tendency for elevated values during interstadial compared to stadial periods.

Melting of metasomatized peridotite at 4–6 GPa and up to 1200 °C: an experimental approach

The phase assemblages and compositions in a K-bearing lherzolite + H2O system are determined between 4 and 6 GPa and 850–1200 °C, and the melting reactions occurring at subarc depth in subduction zones are constrained. Experiments were performed on a rocking multi-anvil apparatus. The experiments had around 16 wt% water content, and hydrous melt or aqueous fluid was segregated and trapped in a diamond aggregate layer. The compositions of the aqueous fluid and hydrous melt phases were measured using the cryogenic LA-ICP-MS technique. The residual lherzolite consists of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet, while diamond (C) is assumed to be inert. Hydrous and alkali-rich minerals were absent from the run products due to preferred dissolution of K2O (and Na2O) to the aqueous fluid/hydrous melt phases. The role of phlogopite in melting relations is, thus, controlled by the water content in the system: at the water content of around 16 wt% used here, phlogopite is unstable and thus does not participate in melting reactions. The water-saturated solidus, i.e., the first appearance of hydrous melt in the K–lherzolite composition, is located between 900 and 1000 °C at 4 GPa and between 1000 and 1100 °C at 5 and 6 GPa. Compositional jumps between hydrous melt and aqueous fluid at the solidus include a significant increase in the total dissolved solids load. All melts/fluids are peralkaline and calcium-rich. The melting reactions at the solidus are peritectic, as olivine, clinopyroxene, garnet, and H2O are consumed to generate hydrous melt plus orthopyroxene. Our fluid/melt compositional data demonstrate that the water-saturated hybrid peridotite solidus lies above 1000 °C at depths greater than 150 km and that the second critical endpoint is not reached at 6 GPa for a K2O–Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–Cr2O3(–TiO2) peridotite composition.

Measurements of jet vetoes and azimuthal decorrelations in dijet events produced in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector

Additional jet activity in dijet events is measured using pp collisions at ATLAS at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, for jets reconstructed using the anti-kt algorithm with radius parameter R=0.6. This is done using variables such as the fraction of dijet events without an additional jet in the rapidity interval bounded by the dijet subsystem and correlations between the azimuthal angles of the dijets. They are presented, both with and without a veto on additional jet activity in the rapidity interval, as a function of the mean transverse momentum of the dijets and of the rapidity interval size. The double differential dijet cross section is also measured as a function of the interval size and the azimuthal angle between the dijets. These variables probe differences in the approach to resummation of large logarithms when performing QCD calculations. The data are compared to POWHEG, interfaced to the PYTHIA 8 and HERWIG parton shower generators, as well as to HEJ with and without interfacing it to the ARIADNE parton shower generator. None of the theoretical predictions agree with the data across the full phase-space considered; however, POWHEG+PYTHIA 8 and HEJ+ARIADNE are found to provide the best agreement with the data.These measurements use the full data sample collected with the ATLAS detector in 7 TeV pp collisions at the LHC and correspond to integrated luminosities of 36.1 pb−1 and 4.5 fb−1 for data collected during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

The behaviour of incompatible elements during hydrous melting of metasomatized peridotite at 4–6 GPa and 1000 °C–1200 °C

Trace element behavior during hydrous melting of a metasomatized garnet–peridotite was examined at pressures of 4–6 GPa and temperatures of 1000 °C–1200 °C, conditions appropriate for fluid penetrating the mantle wedge atop the subducting slab. Experiments were performed in a rocking multi-anvil apparatus using a diamond-trap setup. The compositions of the fluid and melt phases were measured using the cryogenic LA-ICP-MS technique. The water-saturated solidus of the K-lherzolite composition is located between 900 °C and 1000 °C at 4 GPa and between 1000 °C and 1100 °C at 5 and 6 GPa. The partition coefficients between fluid or melt and clinopyroxene reveal an asymmetric MREE trough with a minimum at Dy. The clinopyroxene in equilibrium with aqueous fluids is characterized by DUfluid–cpx > DThfluid–cpx while DUmelt–cpx tends to be similar to DThmelt–cpx. The partition coefficients between fluid or melt and garnet reveal very strong light to heavy REE fractionation, DLa/DLu from 95 (hydrous melt) to 1600 (aqueous fluid). The LILE are highly incompatible with partition coefficients > 50. The behavior of HFSE are decoupled, with DZr,Hf close to 1 while DNb,Ta > 10. Garnet is characterized by DUmelt/fluid–garnet < DThmelt/fluid–garnet. A comparison of our experimental partitioning results for trivalent cations as well as the results from the literature and the calculations carried out using the lattice strain model adapted to the presence of water in the bulk system indicates that H2O in the fluid or melt phase has a prominent effect on trace element partitioning. Garnet in mantle rocks in equilibrium with an aqueous fluid is characterized by significantly higher Do(3 +) for REE in the X site of the garnet compared with the partitioning values of the optimal cation in garnet in equilibrium with hydrous melts. Our data show for the first time that the change in the nature of the mobile phase (fluid vs. melt) does affect the affinities of trace elements into the garnet crystal at conditions below the second critical endpoint of the system. The same also applies for clinopyroxene, although this is less clear. Consequently, our new data allow for refinements in predictive modeling of element transfer from the slab to the mantle wedge and of possible compositions of metasomatized mantle that sources OIB magmatism.