Variability in Galactomannan detection by platelia Aspergillus EIA™ according to the Aspergillus species

Here we investigate the extent to which different Aspergillus species release galactomannan (GM) in vitro. Marked variability was observed in GM reactivity between and within Aspergillus species, with A. terreus strains showing the highest GM indexes. The in vivo significance of these findings remains to be determined.

Serological survey of hantavirus in rodents in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

We conducted a serological survey to determine the presence of hantavirus infection in rodents in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais as well as to identify and characterize associated factors. Rodents were captured using Sherman live-capture traps set in rural and peri-urban environments. A total of 611 rodents were captured. There was a higher trap success in peri-urban areas (26.3%) and a higher prevalence of antibodies among rodents captured in rural areas (2.9%). Necromys lasiurus was the most common species (42.2%) and the more frequently infected (4.6%). One Calomys tener (1/141; 0.7%) and one Calomys sp. (1/14; 7.1%) were also positive for the hantavirus infection. In N. lasiurus, antibody prevalence correlated with population density (p < 0.01), age class (p = 0.003) and presence of scars (p = 0.02). The data confirm that horizontal transmission is the main mechanism that maintains the virus in nature. The higher seropositivity in N. lasiurus is consistent with genetic studies that associate this species with an Araraquara virus reservoir; the seropositivity of C. tener and Calomys sp. may indicate the occurrence of spillover infection or the presence of other circulating hantaviruses.

Histoplasmosis presenting with multiple pulmonary nodules. A case mimicking radiological features of pulmonary metastasis

We present a case of histoplasmosis with multiple pulmonary nodules in a patient with a history of melanoma. This case closely simulated malignancy, including the presence of feeding vessel sign, which occurs in pulmonary metastasis. We emphasize the need to be aware of this infection in areas where histoplasmosis is endemic.

MULTIPLE PULMONARY NODULES CAUSED BY Corynebacterium striatum IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT

Nondiphtherial corynebacteria are ubiquitous in nature and commonly colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans, however they rarely account for clinical infection. We present the first reported case of multiple pulmonary nodules caused by Corynebacterium striatum. The infection occurred in a 72-year-old immunocompetent female, and the diagnosis was obtained by Gram's stain and culture of lung biopsy. C. striatumshould be recognized as a potential pathogen in both immunocompromised and normal hosts in the appropriate circumstances.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO BODY FLUIDS AND BEHAVIORS REGARDING THEIR PREVENTION AND POST-EXPOSURE AMONG MEDICAL AND NURSING STUDENTS AT A BRAZILIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the frequencies and characteristics of occupational exposures among medical and nursing students at a Brazilian public university, in addition to their prevention and post-exposure behavior. During the second semester of 2010, a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was completed by 253/320 (79.1%) medical students of the clinical course and 149/200 (74.5%) nursing students who were already performing practical activities. Among medical students, 53 (20.9%) suffered 73 injuries, which mainly occurred while performing extra-curricular activities (32.9%), with cutting and piercing objects (56.2%), in the emergency room (39.7%), and as a result of lack of technical preparation or distraction (54.8%). Among nursing students, 27 (18.1%) suffered 37 injuries, which mainly occurred with hollow needles (67.6%) in the operating room or wards (72.2%), and as a result of lack of technical preparation or distraction (62.1%). Among medical and nursing students, respectively, 96.4% and 48% were dissatisfied with the instructions on previously received exposure prevention; 48% and 18% did not always use personal protective equipment; 67.6% and 16.8% recapped used needles; 49.3% and 35.1% did not bother to find out the source patient's serological results post-exposure; and 1.4% and 18.9% officially reported injuries. In conclusion, this study found high frequencies of exposures among the assessed students, inadequate practices in prevention and post-exposure, and, consequently, the need for training in “standard precautions” to prevent such exposures.

USE OF MUELLER-HINTON BROTH AND AGAR IN THE GERM TUBE TEST

Candida albicans is often isolated from clinical samples, thus its presumptive differentiation from other species of the same genus can be based on its ability to form the germ tube in human serum. Nevertheless, there are two other species that share this characteristic: C. dubliniensis and C. africana. The aim of this study was to compare four different substrates to perform the germ tube (GT) test. The Candida spp. isolates were identified using a manual system (135 C. albicans, 24 C. tropicalis and one C. dubliniensis). The germ tube test was performed with fresh, previously frozen serum and Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth and agar. GT was observed in 96% (130/136) of the isolates through the fresh serum technique, 94% (128/136) through previously frozen serum, 92% (125/136) in MH agar, and 90% (122/136) in MH broth. The sensitivity of each test was higher than 90%, with 100% specificity. Both the MH agar and broth were able to identify the true positives, and false positives were not found. However, some C. albicans isolates were not identified. MH agar and broth may be used in laboratory for the rapid presumptive identification of C. albicans, as an alternative method for germ tube test.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FOUR USUAL METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF Candida SPECIES

SUMMARY Infection by Candidaspp. is associated with high mortality rates, especially when treatment is not appropriate and/or not immediate. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly identify the genus and species of Candida. The aim of this study was to compare the identification of 89 samples of Candida spp. by the manual methods germ tube test, auxanogram and chromogenic medium in relation to the ID 32C automated method. The concordances between the methods in ascending order, measured by the Kappa index were: ID 32C with CHROMagar Candida(κ = 0.38), ID 32C with auxanogram (κ = 0.59) and ID 32C with germ tube (κ = 0.9). One of the species identified in this study was C. tropicalis,which demonstrated a sensitivity of 46.2%, a specificity of 95.2%, PPV of 80%, NPV of 81.1%, and an accuracy of 80.9% in tests performed with CHROMagar Candida;and a sensitivity of 76.9%, a specificity of 96.8%, PPV of 90.9%, NPV of 91%, and an accuracy of 91% in the auxanogram tests. Therefore, it is necessary to know the advantages and limitations of methods to choose the best combination between them for a fast and correct identification of Candidaspecies.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN Schistosoma mansoni MALE WORMS AFTER in vitro INCUBATION WITH THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF Mentha x villosa Huds

Introduction: The essential oil Mentha x villosa (MVEO) has a wide range of actions, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and schistosomicidal actions. The present study aimed to investigate the ultrastructural changes of MVEO on the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of MVEO were tested on S. mansoni adult worms in vitro. Ultrastructural changes on the tegument of these adult worms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The MVEO caused the death of all worms at 500 μg mL-1 after 24 h. After 24h of 500 μg mL-1 MVEO treatment, bubble lesions were observed over the entire body of worms and they presented loss of tubercles in some regions of the ventral portion. In the evaluation by TEM, S. mansoni adult worms treated with MVEO, 500 μg mL-1, presented changes in the tegument and vacuoles in the syncytial matrix region. Glycogen granules close to the muscle fibers were visible. Conclusion: The ability of MVEO to cause extensive ultrastructural damage to S. mansoni adult worms correlates with its schistosomicidal effects and confirms earlier findings with S. mansoni.

Ação dos sucos digestivos sobre a absorção e destino do bcg Oral

Estudou-se a ação do suco gástrico artificial e suco duodenal humano sobre a vacina BCG, bem como a absorção e destino desta após administração intragástrica em camundongos. O contato de 2 horas do bacilo com o suco gástrico provocou uma diminuição significante do consumo de oxigênio e uma moderada perda da viabilidade. O suco duodenal induziu marcante decréscimo da respiração bacilar egrande redução da viabilidade. O BCG foi marcado com carbono-14 usando-se 14C-glicerol como precursor dos lipidios micobacterianos. Níveis similares de radioatividade foram obtidos nos órgãos dos animais, 24 horas após administração intragástrica de 14C- BCG, 14C-BCG rompido por ultra-som e 14C-glicerol. Os níveis de 14C-BCG permaneceram estáveis do 6º ao 24º dia, enquanto o sonicado de 14C-BCG e 14C-glicerol definiram um processo de decaimento biológico. As curvas de biodecaimento no intestino delgado e no fígado indicaram que o processo de absorção foi desencadeado rapidamente e alcançou seu nível máximo às 24 horas, decaindo em seguida de acordo com a complexidade química do material dado aos camundongos. Não foram isolados bacilos viáveis dos órgãos dos animais que receberam BCG não marcado. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que a maioria dos bacilos foram absorvidos intactos mas não viáveis.

Inquérito intradérmico com histoplasmina e paracoccidioidina em duas regiões do Rio Grande do Sul

Entre agosto e outubro de 1992, realizou-se estudo de prevalência de Intradermorreação com histoplasmina e paracoccidioidina nas cidades de Cachoeira do Sul (Vale do Rio Jacuí) e Santo Ângelo (Encosta Ocidental do Planalto), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O teste cutâneo foi aplicado em 193 soldados em Cachoeira do Sul e 161 soldados de Santo Ângelo, ambos grupos com idade entre 17 e 19 anos. Em Cachoeira do Sul a prevalência de testes positivos para o histoplasmina foi de 89% e para a paracoccidioidina foi de 82%. Em Santo Angelo 48% das reações intradérmicas foram positivas para histoplasmina e 39% para paracoccidioidina.

Acometimento ósseo na paracoccidioidomicose crônica disseminada: relato dos primeiros casos no Rio Grande do Sul

São relatados os primeiros casos de paracoccidioidomicose com envolvimento ósseo observados no Rio Grande do Sul. Comentam-se os achados clínico-radiológicos e destacam-se peculiaridades observadas nos casos sul-riograndenses.

Despopulação neuronal pancreática em chagásicos crônicos

Revendo a literatura não encontramos estudos anatômicos dos gânglios intrapancreáticos na forma crônica da doença de Chagas; lesões dos mesmos poderiam explicar, ao menos em parte, os distúrbios funcionais do pâncreas exócrino e endócrino descritos nesta forma da doença. Decidimos então analisar morfologicamente tais gânglios. Para isso, estudamos segmentos transversais da cabeça, corpo e cauda do pâncreas de doze chagásicos crônicos, com idade média de 46,5 ± 9,1 anos, e quatorze controles, com idade média de 41,2 ± 11,0 anos. Os segmentos foram processados histologicamente e seccionados de forma seriada até o esgotamento, analisando-se os cortes múltiplos de sete. Para análise estatística, usamos o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Na cabeça do pâncreas, a contagem de neurônios teve média de 57,3 ± 50,8 para o grupo chagásico e 117,5 ± 99,0 para o grupo controle (p < 0,05); no corpo, 25,9 ± 19,4 para o grupo chagásico e 54,7 ± 47,8 para o controle (p < 0,05); na cauda, 23,4 ± 16,3 para o chagásico e 54,1 ± 29,2 para o controle (p < 0,01), sendo a contagem total de 106,6 ± 71,1 para o chagásico e 226,3 ± 156,5 para o controle (p < 0,01). Nossos achados nos permitiram concluir que: a) ocorreu despopulação neuronal estatisticamente significante no grupo chagásico em relação ao controle, em cada segmento pancreático analisado, bem como no órgão como um todo; b) 50% dos chagásicos tiveram número total de neurônios inferior ao menor número dos controles (80); c) 75% e 91,6% dos chagásicos tiveram número de neurônios inferior, respectivamente, à mediana (171) e à média (226) do grupo controle; d) assim, a despopulação neuronal pancreática foi frequente, porém não constante; e) o fator idade não pareceu ter sido o responsável pela despopulação neuronal dos chagásicos.

Paracoccidioidomicose aguda/subaguda disseminada. Primeiro caso no Rio Grande do Sul

É relatado o primeiro caso autóctone de paracoccidioidomicose disseminada aguda/subaguda ocorrido em criança no Rio Grande do Sul. A doença iniciou com adenomegalias superficiais generalizadas, seis meses antes da internação hospitalar. O diagnóstico foi feito através de biópsia de gânglio cervical. É comentado o espectro de formas clínicas da micose observado nesse Estado.

Paracoccidioidomicose em crianças em Belém do Pará

No período janeiro de 1985 e julho de 1996 foram observados 102 casos de paracoccidioidomicose em hospital de Belém, PA. Treze pacientes eram crianças entre 3 e 13 anos de idade, com predomínio do sexo feminino (8:5). Todos apresentavam a forma disseminada subaguda da micose. É comentada a alta prevalência da micose em crianças em áreas endêmicas da Região Amazônica.

Report on ticks collected in the Southeast and Mid-West regions of Brazil: analyzing the potential transmission of tick-borne pathogens to man

Specimens of ticks were collected in 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998, mostly from wild and domestic animals in the Southeast and Mid-West regions of Brazil. Nine species of Amblyommidae were identified: Anocentor nitens, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma fulvum, Amblyomma striatum, Amblyomma rotundatum, Boophilus microplus, Boophilus annulatus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The potential of these tick species as transmitters of pathogens to man was analyzed. A Flaviviridade Flavivirus was isolated from Amblyomma cajennense specimens collected from a sick capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris). Amblyomma cajennense is the main transmitter of Rickettsia rickettsii (=R. rickettsi), the causative agent of spotted fever in Brazil. Wild mammals, mainly capybaras and deer, infested by ticks and living in close contact with cattle, horses and dogs, offer the risk of transmission of wild zoonosis to these domestic animals and to man.