Behavioral suites mediate group-level foraging dynamics in communities of tropical stingless bees

Competition for floral resources is a key force shaping pollinator communities, particularly among social bees. The ability of social bees to recruit nestmates for group foraging is hypothesized to be a major factor in their ability to dominate rich resources such as mass-flowering trees. We tested the role of group foraging in attaining dominance by stingless bees, eusocial tropical pollinators that exhibit high diversity in foraging strategies. We provide the first experimental evidence that meliponine group foraging strategies, large colony sizes and aggressive behavior form a suite of traits that enable colonies to improve dominance of rich resources. Using a diverse assemblage of Brazilian stingless bee species and an array of artificial ""flowers"" that provided a sucrose reward, we compared species` dominance and visitation under unrestricted foraging conditions and with experimental removal of group-foraging species. Dominance does not vary with individual body size, but rather with foraging group size. Species that recruit larger numbers of nestmates (Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, Trigona hyalinata, Trigona spinipes) dominated both numerically (high local abundance) and behaviorally (controlling feeders). Removal of group-foraging species increased feeding opportunities for solitary foragers (Frieseomelitta varia, Melipona quadrifasciata and Nannotrigona testaceicornis). Trigona hyalinata always dominated under unrestricted conditions. When this species was removed, T. spinipes or S. aff. depilis controlled feeders and limited visitation by solitary-foraging species. Because bee foraging patterns determine plant pollination success, understanding the forces that shape these patterns is crucial to ensuring pollination of both crops and natural areas in the face of current pollinator declines.

Ecosystem health of Montevideo coastal zone: A multi approach using some different benthic indicators to improve a ten-year-ago assessment

A study on the benthic ecosystem health was performed to assess the environmental quality of Montevideo coastal zone, in view of the construction of a new sanitation system. Data were compared to previous research undertaken 10 years ago, and biochemical composition of organic matter, heavy metals, organic matter, phytopigments, benthic diatoms, macrofauna community structure and a biotic index (AMBI) were used as proxies. Results indicate an environmental quality-gradient, with the worst conditions within the inner stations of Montevideo Bay and an improvement towards the adjacent coastal zone. Higher levels of chromium, lead, phaeopigments, organic biopolymers and poor benthic macrofauna and diatom communities, characterised the hypertrophic innermost portion of Montevideo Bay. Data indicated a clear deterioration of the adjacent coastal zone comparatively to that observed 10 years ago. The complementary use of approaches not applied before (benthic diatoms and organic biopolymers) with those formerly applied improve our assessment of the trophic status and the environmental health of the area. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Economic Effects of Ski Resorts on Communities in the State of Maine

Skiing and snowboarding is a fairly expensive activity for participant and one in which the industry as a whole makes handsome profits. In the 2005/06 season, resorts in the Northeast reported an average gross revenue of $18.5 million. (NSAA) With the current weather phenomenon of El Nino, however, resorts in New England especially, have been suffering economically. The gross revenue in New England in the ’05/’06 season was down 4% from the previous year, likely due to the fact the total snowfall declined by 16%. (NSAA) Much of this loss in revenue came during the Christmas to New Years vacation period. In the 2007 season, most mountains were less than half-opened during this peak week and the number of skiers and riders was especially low. With such a large decrease in profits, it is likely that many people will soon be affected (if they have not already been), including local employees. This project, therefore, seeks to analyze the impact that the resorts have on the local economies in order to determine the potential problems the changing snowfall patterns could have on locals’ well-being. It is hypothesized that there will be a strong correlation between the proximity of a community to a resort and the relative economic prosperity of that community; meaning that the ski industry is a pivotal part of their income and livelihood.

Diabetes e estrutura ventricular esquerda em afro-americanos : questões metodológicas em esudos epidemiológicos e dados do estudo ERIC (The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities

Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda é um importante fator de risco em doença cardiovascular e pode ser responsável por parte do elevado risco cardiovascular associado a diabetes. Apesar de que o estresse hemodinâmico seja classicamente indicado como causa da injúria miocárdica que leva ao remodelamento, a injúria associada aos fatores neuro-humorais e a sinalização celular através da ativação imuno-inflamatória também desempenham um papel, acompanhando os mecanismos recentemente descritos na síndrome metabólica, particularmente na obesidade, onde a ativação do sistema imune inato leva a uma resposta inadequada crônica mediada por citocinas em diversos sistemas corpóreos. A ecocardiografia tem sido usada para identificar anormalidades da estrutura cardíaca, porém, variações metodológicas e os diversos ajustes para os determinantes da massa ventricular como idade, sexo, tamanho corporal e outros correlatos clínicos são motivo de debate, assim como a definição dos estados de anormalidade, tanto para hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, como para outras medidas da estrutura ventricular. Em uma amostra populacional de 1479 Afro- Americanos do Estudo ARIC, investigamos de forma estratificada e multivariada as associações independentes entre diabetes e as alterações estruturais do ventrículo esquerdo, definidas por hipertrofia ventricular, aumento da espessura relativa e padrões geométricos anormais. Encontramos prevalências elevadas dea alterações estruturais nos indivíduos com diabetes. Diabetes associou-se com hipertrofia ventricular em ambos os sexos e com espessura parietal aumentada e padrões geométricos anormais nas mulheres. Na maior parte dos modelos, as associações com diabetes foram minimizadas com os ajustes para obesidade, sugerindo que o impacto da obesidade sobre as alterações estruturais vistas em diabetes pode ser mediado por fatores outros do que a hiperglicemia. Essas novas evidências estão em sintonia com o conhecimento contemporâneo descrito.