Dominância funcional e monitoramento da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a tecnologias Bt no Brasil

Plantas transgênicas que expressam toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) têm sido amplamente utilizadas para o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) no Brasil. Entretanto, a evolução da resistência é um dos maiores entraves para a continuidade do uso desta tecnologia. Para subsidiar programas de Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI), foram conduzidos estudos para o aprimoramento dos programas de manejo da resistência de S. frugiperda a tecnologias Bt. Foram realizadas estudos para determinar a dominância funcional da resistência de S. frugiperda a tecnologias Bt mediante a avaliação da sobrevivência de larvas neonatas provenientes das linhagens de S. frugiperda resistentes ao milho Herculex® que expressa a proteína Cry1F (HX-R), ao milho YieldGard VT PRO™ que expressa as proteínas Cry1A.105 e Cry2Ab2 (VT-R), ao milho PowerCore™ que expressa as proteínas Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 e Cry1F (PW-R), e ao milho Agrisure Viptera™ que expressa a proteína Vip3Aa20 (Vip-R), além da linhagem suscetível (Sus) e de suas respectivas linhagens heterozigotas em diversas tecnologias de milho e algodão Bt. Posteriormente, um método prático para o monitoramento fenotípico da suscetibilidade a diferentes tecnologias de milho e algodão Bt foi testado a partir da avaliação da sobrevivência de larvas neonatas em folhas de plantas Bt em populações de S. frugiperda provenientes dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Goiás e Bahia na safra agrícola 2014/15. E por último, a estimativa da frequência de alelos de resistência de S. frugiperda a Vip3Aa20 foi validada pelo método de F1 screen. Em geral, observou-se alta mortalidade dos heterozigotos nas tecnologias Bt testadas, comprovando que a resistência de S. frugiperda a proteínas Bt é funcionalmente recessiva o que suporta a estratégia de refúgio em programas de MRI. Verificou-se também que linhagens resistentes a eventos que expressam proteínas Cry não sobrevivem em tecnologias que expressam proteína Vip. No monitoramento prático da suscetibilidade a tecnologias Bt, sobrevivência larval superior a 70% foi observada para populações de campo do Paraná, Goiás e Bahia no milho Herculex®. Em tecnologias de milho PowerCore™ e YieldGard VT PRO™ houve sobrevivência larval variando de 1,1 a 17,9%. Em contraste, não houve sobreviventes em tecnologias de milho Viptera™. Em algodão WideStrike® que expressa as proteínas Cry1Ac e Cry1F, sobrevivência acima de 41% foi observada para populações de campo de S. frugiperda. A sobrevivência larval em Bollgard II® que expressa as proteínas Cry1Ac e Cry2Ab2 variou de 14 a 40%. No algodão TwinLink® que expressa as proteínas Cry1Ab e Cry2Ae, a sobrevivência larval das populações foi menor que 20%. O método de F1 screen foi eficiente na detecção de alelos de resistência a Vip3Aa20 em populações de S. frugiperda provenientes de diferentes regiões produtoras de milho no Brasil na safra 2014/2015. De 263 isofamílias testadas, foram detectadas três isofamílias positivas oriundas do Paraná, Mato Grosso e Goiás. A frequência de resistência estimada a Vip3Aa20 variou de 0,0140 a 0,0367 nas populações avaliadas, sendo que a frequência total foi de 0,0076. Neste estudo, fornecemos informações para refinar as estratégias de MRI, além de introduzir novas técnicas para monitorar a resistência de S. frugiperda a tecnologias Bt no Brasil.

Genetic diversity and susceptibility to Vip3Aa20 protein in Brazilian populations of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was officially reported in Brazil in 2013. This species is closely related to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and has caused significant crop damage in Brazil. The use of genetically modified crops expressing insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) has been one of the control tactics for managing these pests. Genetically modified maize expressing Vip3Aa20 was approved to commercial use in Brazil in 2009. Understanding the genetic diversity and the susceptibility to B. thuringiensis proteins in H. armigera and H. zea populations in Brazil are crucial for establishing Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programs in Brazil. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (a) to infer demographic parameters and genetic structure of H. armigera and H. zea Brazil; (b) to assess the intra and interspecific gene flow and genetic diversity of H. armigera and H. zea; and (c) to evaluate the susceptibility to Vip3Aa20 protein in H. armigera and H. zea populations of Brazil. A phylogeographic analysis of field H. armigera and H. zea populations was performed using a partial sequence data from the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. H. armigera individuals were most prevalent on dicotyledonous hosts and H. zea individuals were most prevalent on maize crops. Both species showed signs of demographic expansion and no genetic structure. High genetic diversity and wide distribution were observed for H. armigera. A joint analysis indicated the presence of Chinese, Indian, and European lineages within the Brazilian populations of H. armigera. In the cross-species amplification study, seven microsatellite loci were amplified; and showed a potential hybrid offspring in natural conditions. Interespecific analyses using the same microsatellite loci with Brazilian H. armigera and H. zea in compare to the USA H. zea were also conducted. When analyses were performed within each species, 10 microsatellites were used for H. armigera, and eight for H. zea. We detected high intraspecific gene flow in populations of H. armigera and H. zea from Brazil and H. zea from the USA. Genetic diversity was similar for both species. However, H. armigera was more similar to H. zea from Brazil than H. zea from the USA and some putative hybrid individuals were found in Brazilian populations.Tthere was low gene flow between Brazilian and USA H. zea. The baseline susceptibility to Vip3Aa20 resulted in low interpopulation variation for H. zea (3-fold) and for H. armigera (5-fold), based on LC50. H. armigera was more tolerant to Vip3Aa20 than H. zea (≈ 40 to 75-fold, based on CL50). The diagnostic concentration for susceptibility monitoring, based on CL99, was fairly high (6,400 ng Vip3Aa20/cm2) for H. zea and not validated for H. armigera due to the high amount of protein needed for bioassays. Implementing IRM strategies to Vip3Aa20 in H. armigera and H. zea will be of a great challenge in Brazil, mainly due to the low susceptibility to Vip3Aa20 and high genetic diversity and gene flow in both species, besides a potential of hybrid individuals between H. armigera and H. zea under field conditions.

Maine, 1798 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1798 map of Maine drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

New Hampshire, 1796 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1796 map of New Hampshire drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Vermont, 1796 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1796 map of Vermont drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Massachusetts, 1797 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1797 map of Massachusetts drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Rhode Island, 1797 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1797 map of Rhode Island drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Connecticut, 1796 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1796 map of Connecticut drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

New York, 1799 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1799 map of New York drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Pennsylvania, 1797 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1797 map of Pennsylvania drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Maryland and Delaware, 1797 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1797 map of Maryland and Delaware drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

New Jersey, 1797 Raster Image

This layer is a digitized geo-referenced raster image of a 1797 map of New Jersey drawn by D.F. Sotzmann. These Sotzmann maps (10 maps of New England and Mid-Atlantic states) typically portray both natural and manmade features. They are highly detailed with symbols for churches, roads, court houses, distilleries, iron works, mills, academies, county lines, town lines, and more. Relief is usually indicated by hachures and country boundaries have also been drawn. Place names are shown in both German and English and each map usually includes an index to land grants. Prime meridians used for this series are Greenwich and Washington, D.C.

Das bibliothekarische Konzept der Informationskompetenz - ein Überblick

Informationskompetenz hat sich in den letzten Jahren als wichtiges Teilgebiet des Bibliothekswesens etabliert. Der vorliegende Text gibt einen einführenden Überblick über Hintergrund und Entwicklung, Terminologie, Definitionen und Inhalte, Modelle und Standards sowie Vermittlungs- und Evaluationspraxis von Informationskompetenz im bibliothekarischen Kontext. Ein Blick auf Debatten und Kritik zeigt aber auch, dass sowohl Begriff wie Konzept in bibliothekarischen Fachkreisen keineswegs unumstritten sind.

Information als Gegenstand von Informationskompetenz. Eine Begriffsanalyse

Der Informationsbegriff als zentraler Gegenstand von Informationskompetenz wird in der bibliothekarischen Diskussion in der Regel nicht explizit thematisiert, sondern lässt sich aus Fachliteratur und Bibliothekspraxis nur implizit erschließen. Eine theoretische Beschäftigung mit dem Informationsbegriff ist jedoch unabdingbar, soll das Konzept "Informationskompetenz" auch außerhalb des bibliothekarischen Kontextes verständlich und nutzbar gemacht werden. Im vorliegenden Text, der sich als Beitrag zu einer Theorie der Informationskompetenz versteht, werden zunächst verschiedene Informationstypologien und -begriffe vorgestellt und diskutiert, die im Zusammenhang mit Informationskompetenz als relevant erachtet werden. Anschließend wird das Verhältnis von Informations- und Wissensbegriff näher beleuchtet. Ergebnis dieser Begriffsanalyse ist die These, dass einem Konzept von Informationskompetenz, das auch außerhalb von Bildungswesen und Wissenschaft eingesetzt werden können soll, ein Informationsbegriff zugrunde gelegt werden muss, der über das klassische bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftliche Verständnis von Information als medial kommuniziertes, in Dokumenten repräsentiertes bzw. in Informationssystemen gespeichertes Wissen hinausgeht und weitere Dimensionen dessen, was "Information" sein kann, umfasst.

Philologische Wochenschrift.

Title from caption.