p53 immunostaining pattern in Brazilian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important type of cancer etiologically related to some viruses, chemical carcinogens and other host or environmental factors associated to chronic liver injury in humans. The tumor suppressor gene p53 is mutated in highly variable levels (0-52%) of HCC in different countries. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to compare the frequency of aberrant immunohistochemical expression of p53 in HCC occurring in cirrhotic or in non-cirrhotic patients as well as in liver cell dysplasia and in adenomatous hyperplasia. We studied 84 patients with HCC or cirrhosis. RESULTS: We detected p53 altered immuno-expression in 58.3% of patients in Grade III-IV contrasting to 22.2% of patients in Grade I-II (p = 0.02). Nontumorous areas either in the vicinity of HCC or in the 30 purely cirrhotic cases showed no nuclear p53 altered expression, even in foci of dysplasia or adenomatous hyperplasia. No significant difference was found among cases related to HBV, HCV or alcohol. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of p53 immunoexpression in this population is closer to those reported in China and Africa, demanding further studies to explain the differences with European and North American reports.

A novel antibody-like material for breast cancer antigen CA15-3, used to track breast cancer by potentiometric transduction

This work presents the development of a low cost sensor device for the diagnosis of breast cancer in point-of-care, made with new synthetic biomimetic materials inside plasticized poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, membranes, for subsequent potentiometric detection. This concept was applied to target a conventional biomarker in breast cancer: Breast Cancer Antigen (CA15-3). The new biomimetic material was obtained by molecularly-imprinted technology. In this, a plastic antibody was obtained by polymerizing around the biomarker that acted as an obstacle to the growth of the polymeric matrix. The imprinted polymer was specifically synthetized by electropolymerization on an FTO conductive glass, by using cyclic voltammetry, including 40 cycles within -0.2 and 1.0 V. The reaction used for the polymerization included monomer (pyrrol, 5.0×10-3 mol/L) and protein (CA15-3, 100U/mL), all prepared in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), with a pH of 7.2 and 1% of ethylene glycol. The biomarker was removed from the imprinted sites by proteolytic action of proteinase K. The biomimetic material was employed in the construction of potentiometric sensors and tested with regard to its affinity and selectivity for binding CA15-3, by checking the analytical performance of the obtained electrodes. For this purpose, the biomimetic material was dispersed in plasticized PVC membranes, including or not a lipophilic ionic additive, and applied on a solid conductive support of graphite. The analytical behaviour was evaluated in buffer and in synthetic serum, with regard to linear range, limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility. This antibody-like material was tested in synthetic serum, and good results were obtained. The best devices were able to detect 5 times less CA15-3 than that required in clinical use. Selectivity assays were also performed, showing that the various serum components did not interfere with this biomarker. Overall, the potentiometric-based methods showed several advantages compared to other methods reported in the literature. The analytical process was simple, providing fast responses for a reduced amount of analyte, with low cost and feasible miniaturization. It also allowed the detection of a wide range of concentrations, diminishing the required efforts in previous sample pre-treating stages.

Sol-gel biomimetic material designed to target CEA cancer biomarker

1st ASPIC International Congress

Extensão Cardíaca de Carcinoma de Células Renais

Apresenta-se o caso de um homem de 62 anos de idade com um episódio de dispneia súbita que motivou estudo ecocardiográfico, o qual revelou uma massa na aurícula direita. A avaliação posterior demonstrou tratar-se de extensão de neoplasia do rim direito. A massa tumoral foi removida através duma abordagem multidisciplinar, com cirurgia torácica e abdominal. O estudo anatomopatológico mostrou tratar-se de um carcinoma de células renais.

Carcinoma Hepatocelular Metastático: Massa Auricular Direita como Manifestação Clínica Primária. Caso Clínico

Nos doentes com carcinoma hepatocelular a incidência de metástases cardíacas é de 0.67-3%. Mesmo na ressecção com intuito curativo, o prognóstico é reservado, sendo a sobrevida aos 5 anos de 12-39%. Descrevemos um caso clínico, pouco habitual, de um indivíduo do sexo masculino, de 51 anos de idade, que apresentava uma massa localizada à aurícula direita, diagnosticada por exame histopatológico, como sendo metástase de um carcinoma hepatocelular, tendo sido necessária a ressecção cirúrgica urgente, devido a instabilidade cardiovascular.

Pulmonary thromboembolism in AIDS patient with chronic venous insufficiency, pulmonary tuberculosis and breast cancer: a case report and pathophysiology review

Recent literature reports thrombotic episodes occurring in patients with HIV infection associated with other abnormalities including neoplasms and infections predisposing to a hypercoagulable state. We report a 47-year-old woman who developed pulmonary thromboembolism in association with HIV infection, pulmonary tuberculosis and breast cancer. She was treated with rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide; heparin, phenprocoumon, zidovudine, lamivudine and efavirenz. Acid fast bacilli were visualized in a sputum smear and three months after, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from lymph node biopsy during a episode of immune reconstitution. The isolated mycobacteria showed sensitivity to all first-line drugs. HIV infection, breast cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis have several mechanisms that induce hypercoagulable state and can lead to thromboembolic complications. Pulmonary thromboembolism in this patient was a diagnostic challenge because of all the other severe diseases that she experienced at the same time.

Hemoperitoneu Como Forma de Apresentação de Carcinoma Hepatocelular. Contributo da Tomografia Computorizada Para o Diagnóstico

Nos países europeus, o hemoperitoneu por ruptura de carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) é muito raro. Apresentam-se dois casos clínicos de hemoperitoneu secundário a ruptura espontânea de carcinoma hepatocelular, em que a Tomografia Computorizada (TC) abdominal foi de primordial importância para o diagnóstico. A propósito faz-se revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos mais relevantes desta patologia.

Derrame Pleural Revelador de Recidiva de Carcinoma Adenoquístico do Palato

Os autores apresentam um caso clínico de derrame pleural direito, num doente do sexo feminino com 68 anos de idade, surgindo fora do contexto de patologia cardiovascular ou infecciosa previamente conhecida. O diagnóstico final foi de neoplasia pleural secundária a carcinoma adenoquístico, com localização primitiva no palato duro, diagnosticado e tratado 8 anos antes, e que nunca apresentara recidiva local. Salienta-se a raridade deste diagnóstico e o facto de que, estando descrita a metastização pulmonar com possível envolvimento secundário da pleura, é muito raro o aparecimento de metástase pleural isolada.

Orbital Exenteration for Eyelid Skin Carcinoma

Exenteration of the orbit is a disfiguring and destructive procedure; it is generally performed for orbital malignancies and often provides a significant reconstructive challenge. Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical indications for orbital exenteration in a tertiary referral center and to assess the reconstructive options employed. A retrospective nonrandomized analysis was performed, selecting all patients undergoing orbital exenteration over a 5-year period, between January 2005 and January 2010. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and reconstructive techniques used were evaluated. Twenty patients with a mean age of 76.5 years underwent total orbital exenteration. Basal cell carcinoma was the main operative indication (45%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (15%). Reconstructive techniques included cover of the raw orbital cavity with a temporal muscular flap in all cases followed with split skin grafting (25%), bilaterally pedicle V-Y advancement flap (10%) and a fasciocutaneous island flap of the retroauricular region (65%). Twenty percent of patients had local complications and all were treated in a satisfactory fashion. Eyelid skin tumors remain an important cause of orbital exenteration. Temporal muscle flap is a reliable and stable reconstructive solution after orbital exenteration and additional aid is supplied with skin grafts or local flaps. This technique ensures a good aesthetic outcome and better situation for later complementary treatments and minimal associated donor site morbidity.

Effects of Environmental Organochlorine Pesticides on Human Breast Cancer: Putative Involvement on Invasive Cell Ability

Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a certainty, even to long banned pesticides like o,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p′-DDT), and its metabolites p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE), and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′-DDD). POPs are known to be particularly toxic and have been associated with endocrine-disrupting effects in several mammals, including humans even at very low doses. As environmental estrogens, they could play a critical role in carcinogenesis, such as in breast cancer. With the purpose of evaluating their effect on breast cancer biology, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDD (50–1000 nM) were tested on two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines: MCF-7 expressing estrogen receptor (ER) α and MDA-MB-231 negative for ERα, regarding cell proliferation and viability in addition to their invasive potential. Cell proliferation and viability were not equally affected by these compounds. In MCF-7 cells, the compounds were able to decrease cell proliferation and viability. On the other hand, no evident response was observed in treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Concerning the invasive potential, the less invasive cell line, MCF-7, had its invasion potential significantly induced, while the more invasive cell line MDA-MB-231, had its invasion potential dramatically reduced in the presence of the tested compounds. Altogether, the results showed that these compounds were able to modulate several cancer-related processes, namely in breast cancer cell lines, and underline the relevance of POP exposure to the risk of cancer development and progression, unraveling distinct pathways of action of these compounds on tumor cell biology.

Watermelon Stomach, Hemorrhagic Pericarditis, Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung and Synchronous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue Base

Based on a case of gastric antral vascular ectasia (watermelon stomach) that was associated with hemorrhagic pericarditis, small cell lung carcinoma with mediastinal lymph node metastases and a synchronous squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue, the authors made a review of the clinical, endoscopic and histopathological aspects of this type of gastropathy, and its association with other diseases, and of the results of its endoscopic therapy. The causes of hemorrhagic pericarditis are considered, emphasizing the necessity to know if the effusion has a malignant etiology. To the best of our knowledge the association of watermelon stomach to small cell lung carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue has not yet been described. Extensive metastases to mediastal lymph nodes are common to small cell lung carcinoma.

Longitudinal analysis of tumor marker CEA of breast cancer patients from Braga's hospital

Allied to an epidemiological study of population of the Senology Unit of Braga’s Hospital that have been diagnosed with malignant breast cancer, we describe the progression in time of repeated measurements of tumor marker Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Our main purpose is to describe the progression of this tumor marker as a function of possible risk factors and, hence, to understand how these risk factors influences that progression. The response variable, values of CEA, was analyzed making use of longitudinal models, testing for different correlation structures. The same covariates used in a previous survival analysis were considered in the longitudinal model. The reference time used was time from diagnose until death from breast cancer. For diagnostic of the models fitted we have used empirical and theoretical variograms. To evaluate the fixed term of the longitudinal model we have tested for a changing point on the effect of time on the tumor marker progression. A longitudinal model was also fitted only to the subset of patients that died from breast cancer, using the reference time as time from date of death until blood test.

Metástase Uterina de Carcinoma da Mama. A Propósito de um Caso Clínico

Estão raramente descritos na literatura casos de metástases uterinas de cancros extra genitais, sendo o aparelho genital feminino normalmente invadido por contiguidade. Mais frequentes são contudo, as metástases ováricas de neoplasias extragenitais sobretudo do aparelho gastrointestinal e mama. Descrevemos o caso clínico de uma doente de 71 anos que recorreu ao serviço de urgência por metrorragias pós menopausa (sem THS), tendo sido diagnosticado pólipo do endocolo e efectuada polipectomia. No exame anatomopatológico foi identificada, no eixo do pólipo, uma infiltração neoplásica compatível com metástase de carcinoma lobular da mama. A doente encontra-se desde há um ano a efectuar Quimioterapia com boa resposta.

Hemoperitoneu Espontâneo. Rotura de Carcinoma Hepatocelular

Introdução: A rotura de carcinoma hepatocelular é um evento que ocorre em 3 a 26% dos casos de carcinoma hepatocelular e está associado a uma elevada taxa de mortalidade. A apresentação habitual é a de um quadro de hemoperitoneu. A abordagem destes doentes ainda não é consensual e encontra-se dependente da reserva hepática funcional e estadiamento tumoral, mas também dos meios tecnológicos disponíveis na instituição hospitalar e experiência da equipa cirúrgica. Caso clínico: Doente de 57 anos admitida no serviço de urgência por um quadro clínico de abdómen agudo associado a sinais de hipovolémia. Durante a observação registou-se um agravamento clínico e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Dos exames complementares destacava-se a existência de acidose metabólica, anemia aguda, e após medidas iniciais de ressuscitação com estabilização hemodinâmica, tomografia computorizada que revelou sinais de hemoperitoneu associados à existência de um tumor hepático em rotura no segmento V/VI. A doente foi abordada cirurgicamente, encontrando-se tumor hepático solitário em hemorragia activa. Realizado controlo hemostático e ressecção hepática. Pós-operatório sem intercorrências. Na histologia da peça operatória foi identificado carcinoma hepatocelular. Conclusão: O presente caso clínico pretende chamar a atenção para uma causa não frequente de hemoperitoneu espontâneo, mas associada a elevada taxa de mortalidade. O diagnóstico e abordagem precoces são essenciais para evitar um evento fatal.

Anal squamous carcinoma: a new AIDS-defining cancer? Case report and literature review

Squamous anal cell carcinoma is a rare malignancy that represents the 1.5% to 2% of all the lower digestive tract cancers. However, an increased incidence of invasive anal carcinoma is observed in HIV-seropositive population since the widespread of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Human papillomavirus is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of anal cancer. Anal intercourse and a high number of sexual partners appear to be risk factors to develop anal cancer in both sexes. Anal pain, bleeding and a palpable lesion in the anal canal are the most common clinical features. Endo-anal ultrasound is the best diagnosis method to evaluate the tumor size, the tumor extension and the infiltration of the sphincter muscle complex. Chemoradiotherapy plus antiretroviral therapy are the recommended treatments for all stages of localized squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in HIV-seropositive patients because of its high rate of cure. Here we present an HIV patient who developed a carcinoma of the anal canal after a long time of HIV infection under highly active antiretroviral therapy with a good virological and immunological response.