Activation de la voie oncogénique mTOR par les formes mutées de l'isocitrate déshydrogénase 1/2 retrouvées chez les gliomes

Une des caractéristiques principales des cellules cancéreuses est la reprogrammation de leur métabolisme énergétique. Des mutations d’enzymes impliquées dans différentes voies métaboliques sont récurrentes chez plusieurs tumeurs, contribuant ainsi à la dérégulation de ces cellules et à l’oncogénèse. C’est le cas de l’isocitrate déshydrogénase 1 (IDH1) et 2 (IDH2), responsables de la conversion de l’isocitrate en α-kétoglutarate dans le cycle de l’acide citrique. Ces enzymes sont fréquemment mutées chez les gliomes, acquérant ainsi la capacité de convertir l’α-kétoglutarate en 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), un oncométabolite inhibant les oxygénases α-kétoglutarate dépendantes parmi lesquelles figure notamment KDM4A, une déméthylase de lysines. À la recherche de nouvelles voies oncogéniques potentiellement régulées par les formes mutées de IDH1/2, nous avons initialement observé que les mutations de ces deux enzymes et de PTEN, un régulateur négatif de la voie mTOR, étaient mutuellement exclusives chez les gliomes. Ceci suggère que les mutations de IDH1/2 reproduiraient certains effets engendrés par les mutations de PTEN, créant ainsi un environnement oncogénique similaire. Nous avons observé que les formes mutées de IDH1/2 stimulent l’activation de mTOR grâce à la production et l’accumulation de 2HG. Cette activation repose en partie sur l’inhibition de KDM4A par cet oncométabolite. KDM4A est impliqué dans la stabilisation de DEPTOR, un inhibiteur de mTOR. Ainsi, l’inhibition de KDM4A par le 2HG entraîne la déstabilisation de DEPTOR et, par conséquent, l’activation de mTOR. Nos travaux ont donc permis l’identification d’un nouveau mécanisme oncogénique régulé par les formes mutées de IDH1/2 retrouvées chez les gliomes, soit l’activation de mTOR.

Kinetic Studies of Purified malate Dehydrogenase in Liver of Streptozotocindiabetic Rats and the Effect of Leaf Extract of Aegle Marmelose (L.) Correa ex Roxb

The functional basis of diabetes-mellitus to a certain extent, can be elucidated by studying diabetes-induced changes in metabolic enzymes. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH), is an enzyme directly involved in glucose metabolism. The kinetic parameters of MDH and its purified cytosolic isozyme, S-MDH, have been studied in the liver of streptozotocin- diabetic rats; also the potential of the leaf extract of A. marmelose as an was investigated. The Km of the liver enzyme increased significantly, in both crude and purified preparations in the diabetic state when compared to Lhe respective controls. Insulin as well as leaf- •extract treatment of the diabetic rats brought about a reversal of K. values to near normal. Vmax of purified S-MDH was significantly higher in the diabetic state when compared to the control. Insulin and leaf extract treatment did not reverse this change. Since MDH is an important enzyme in glucose metabolism, the variation in its quantitative and qualitative nature may contribute to the pathological status of diabetes. The fact that leaf extract of A. marmelose was found to be as effective as insulin in restoration of blood glucose and body weight to normal levels, the use of A. marmelose as potential hypoglycemic agent is suggested.

Brain Glutamate Dehydrogenase Changes In Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats As A Function Of Age

Kinetic parameters of brain glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were compared in the brain stem, cerebellum and cerebral cortex of three weeks and one year old streptozotocin (STZ) induced four day diabetic rats with respective controls. A single intrafemoral dose of STZ (60mg/Kg body weight) was administered to induce diabetes in both age groups. After four days the blood glucose levels showed a significant increase in the diabetic animals of both age groups compared with the respective controls. The increase in blood glucose was significant in one year old compared to the three weeks old diabetic rats. The Vmm of the enzyme was decreased in all the brain regions studied, of the three weeks old diabetic rats without any significant change in the Km. In the adult the Vmax of GDH was increased in cerebellum and brain stem but was unchanged in the cerebral cortex. The K. was unchanged in cerebellum and cerebral cortex but was increased in the brain stem. These results suggest there may be an important regulatory role of the glutamate pathway in brain neural network disturbances and neuronal degeneration in diabetes as a function of age.

Thermdstable alpha amylase production by bacillus coagulans

Microbial enzymes are in great demand owing to their importance in several industries such as brewing, baking, leather, laundry detergent, dairy. starch processing and textiles besides pharmaceuticals. About 80% of the enzymes produced through fermentation and sold in the industrial scale are hydrolytic enzymes. Due to recognition of new and new applications, an intensive screening of different kinds of enzymes with novel properties, from various microorganisms, is being pursued all over the world. Bacillus sp are largely known to produce a-amylase, among the different groups of microoganisms, at industrial level. They are known to produce both saccharifying and liquefying a-amylases (Fukumoto 1963; walker and Campbell, 1967a). which are distinguishable by their mechanisms of starch degradation by the fact that the saccharifying asamylases produce an increase in reducing power about twice that of the liquefying enzyme (Fukumoto, 1963; Pazur and Okada, 1966). Under this circumstances, the present study was undertaken, with a View to utilise a fast growing B.coagu1ans isolated from soil, for production of thermostable and alkaline oz-amylase under different fermentation processes

Zur Synthese von alpha-Aminoaldehyden und Aminosäuren mit alpha-quartären Zentren durch Aziridinierung funktionalisierter Olefine

Ziel dieser Arbeit war, durch Aziridinierung homochiraler 5-Methyl-4H-1,3-dioxinen eine neue Methode zur Synthese von alpha-Aminoaldehyden und den ableitbaren Aminosäuren mit alpha-quartären Zentren zu entwickeln. Die chiralen 5-Methyl-4H-1,3-dioxine sind mit hohen Enantiomerenüberschüssen durch asymmetrische Doppelbindungsisomerisierung von 5-Methylen-1,3-dioxanen zugänglich. Die Metall-katalysierte Aziridinierung der 5-Methyl-4H-1,3-dioxine mit der Nitrenquelle (N-Tosylimino)phenyliodinan führte direkt zu N-Tosyl-geschützen 4-Methyl-1,3-oxazolidin-4-carbaldehyden. Vermutlich über ein Aziridin als nicht isolierbare Zwischenstufe werden über eine Ringöffnungs-/Ringverengungsreaktion die Oxazolidinderivate gebildet, vorzugsweise in Gegenwart von Cu(I)-Katalysatoren, während die Rhodium-katalysierte Reaktion ausschließlich zu Insertionsprodukten führt. In der Cu-katalysierten Aziridinierung ist das Verhältnis von Aziridinierung/Insertion abhängig von der Katalysatorkonzentration. Die Aziridinierung mit N-(p-Nitrobenzolsulfonyl)- und N-(Trimethylsilylethylsulfonyl)- substituierten Nitrenquellen führt zu Oxazolidinderivaten mit leichter abspaltbaren Schutzgruppen. Diese Nitrenquellen können in situ aus den korrespondierenden Sulfonamiden mit Iodosobenzol dargestellt werden. Bei dem Einsatz homochiraler 4H-1,3-Dioxine ist Erhalt der Stereoinformation abhängig vom Substituenten in 2-Position der Dioxine sowie von der Polarität des Lösungsmittels. Die höchsten Selektivitäten wurden in tert-Butylmethylether erzielt. In Falle des 2-tert-Butyl-4-methyl-3-(toluol-4-sulfonyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-4-carbaldehyds kristallisiert das Hauptdiastereomer in enantiomerenreiner Form. Die Absolutkonfiguration wurde durch Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse ermittelt. Das Anwendungspotential dieser neuen Methode konnte durch Überführen der Serinale in Aminoalkohole und alpha-Methylserin-Derivate sowie in der Synthese der unnatürlichen Aminosäure alpha-Vinylalanin gezeigt werden.

A sequence in subdomain 2 of DBL1 alpha of plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 induces strain transcending antibodies

Immunity to severe malaria is the first level of immunity acquired to Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies to the variant antigen PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) present at the surface of the parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) confer protection by blocking microvascular sequestration. Here we have generated antibodies to peptide sequences of subdomain 2 of PfEMP1-DBL1 alpha previously identified to be associated with severe or mild malaria. A set of sera generated to the amino acid sequence KLQTLTLHQVREYWWALNRKEVWKA, containing the motif ALNRKE, stained the live pRBC. 50% of parasites tested (7/14) were positive both in flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays with live pRBCs including both laboratory strains and in vitro adapted clinical isolates. Antibodies that reacted selectively with the sequence REYWWALNRKEVWKA in a 15-mer peptide array of DBL1 alpha-domains were also found to react with the pRBC surface. By utilizing a peptide array to map the binding properties of the elicited anti-DBL1 alpha antibodies, the amino acids WxxNRx were found essential for antibody binding. Complementary experiments using 135 degenerate RDSM peptide sequences obtained from 93 Ugandan patient-isolates showed that antibody binding occurred when the amino acids WxLNRKE/D were present in the peptide. The data suggests that the ALNRKE sequence motif, associated with severe malaria, induces strain-transcending antibodies that react with the pRBC surface.

Alpha signo lavoro : iniciativa comunitaria : proyecto transnacional.

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Assessment of the usability of the 'alpha' version of the prototype 'Octopus'-application of the heuristic evaluation model of user's graphic interfaces. 'Evaluación de la utilidad de la versión 'alfa' del prototipo 'Octopus'-uso del modelo de evaluación heurístico de los interfaces gráficos del usuario'.

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