Los recursos medioambientales aplicados a la arquitectura contemporánea en vivienda aislada

Objetivos. Análisis a través del prisma de la sostenibilidad, con un triple objetivo: consumo de energía, aspecto constructivo y recursos arquitectónicos, de algunos ejemplos destacados de vivienda aislada desde 1973, crisis del petróleo, hasta el cambio ideológico del 11 de septiembre de 2001. Emplazadas en microclimas semejantes en distintas latitudes, para extrapolar al clima mediterráneo. Ejemplos. Siete viviendas aisladas de distinto diseño conceptual, situadas en climas subtropicales, en ecosistemas variados pero de concepción medioambiental, constructiva y arquitectónica muy actual. Los ejemplos elegidos, por su intencionalidad, su diseño, y su sentido utilitario, constructivo y semiótico, se analizan desde el hecho acumulativo y el hecho reactivo, mediante el procedimiento de contrastar diversas fuentes de información. Objetivos. El análisis de cada una de las viviendas procedentes de diferentes arquitectos, se hace mediante la simulación de modelos que permitan describir la parte esencial del comportamiento de un sistema de interés, así como diseñar y realizar experimentos con el modelo para extraer conclusiones de sus resultados y apoyar la toma de decisiones proyectual. Procedimiento. En una primera fase, el medio natural queda definido por su localización, interpretación del lugar, el clima concreto (mediante climogramas generales y de isopletas), determinando un diagnóstico medioambiental para el establecimiento de estrategias a partir de los datos experimentales a contrastar con el resultado finalmente obtenido. En una segunda fase se eligen los casos más representativos de LowTech / LowEnergy y HighTech / HighEnergy. Se realiza un análisis del modelo, frente a uno de los elementos predominantes: sol, aire, agua, tierra, luna, vegetación y miscelánea. Resultados. De los casos estudiados se extraen principios aplicables en cada uno de los ámbitos: medioambiental, relacionados con la adaptabilidad energética; constructivo, en relación con la economía; y arquitectónico, vinculado con lo social, con una perspectiva diferente sobre los nuevos espacios vivibles. Conclusiones y relevancia. En los emplazamientos estudiados, los arquitectos herederos del movimiento moderno, han utilizado los recursos medioambientales pasivos y activos más actuales en cada uno de los elementos, así como la orientación, la ventilación, la radiación, la inercia térmica,…las actitudes más contemporáneas como expertos bioclimáticos. Los principios extraídos deben facilitar un proceso proyectual mediante pautas experimentales a desarrollar sin un uso desmesurado de la tecnología. Los principios y las conclusiones obtenidos servirán de aplicación a nuevos modelos conociendo los parámetros más relevantes. La modelización analógica - digital permitirá evaluar el comportamiento más aplicable según las necesidades a satisfacer. Objectives. Architectural analysis through the prism of sustainability with three aims: energy consumption, building technique and architectonical resources. The study is focused on some key examples of low density houses since 1973 (featured by the Oil crisis) until the 11th September 2001´s ideological change. These living spaces are settled in similar microclimates although in different latitudes with strong possibilities for applications in Mediterranean climates. Examples. Seven remote detached dwellings with different conceptual characters, located in subtropical climates, in different ecosystems, however with a sustainable basis and architectonical building concepts very updated. The cultural objects chosen, due to legitimate reasons such as: purpose, a plan, an utilitarian sense, constructive and semiotic, are analyzed under an accumulative perspective along with the reactive fact as the procedure to contrast and compare different sources of information. Goals. The analysis of the examples of different architects, will be done in order to simulate through models which describe and display the essential part of behaviour that corresponds to an interest system, along with the design and to try out or experiment with the model and to draw up results which support the projecting decision process. Procedure. On a first stage, the natural environment is shaped by its location, interpretation of the pace, a particular climate (through general climograms and isophlets), determining an environmental diagnosis which would be able to generate scientific conclusions in order to develop adequate strategies. Hence from experimental data we contrast with the results. On a second stage the more representative cases of LowTech / LowEnergy and HighTech / HighEnergy are choosen. We analyze the model taking into consideration and facing a key element: sun, air, water, soil, moon, vegetation and miscellany. Results. From the study cases we draw up applicable principles in each field: the ecological in relation with energetic adaptability, the constructive potential related with economy, and the social in relation with a different perspective about new architectural living spaces. Conclusions and Relevance. On those settlements studied, the heirs architects from Modern Movement, had used the passive and active, updated environmental resources in each element. For instance, aspects like orientation, ventilation, solar radiation, thermal inertia…, and the most contemporary attitude as bioclimatic expert that they are. These principles speed up through experimental guidelines, the technology is diminished and the design process be provided. The principles and conclusions generated will be useful in order to apply new models because we are able to know the most relevant key parameters. The analogical-digital modelizations allow us to revaluate the applicable behaviour according to the needs to satisfy.

Aplicación de energía geotérmica de muy baja entalpia para la climatización de un edificio de oficinas en Alcorcón, Madrid

El presente Proyecto tiene como propósito el estudio de la viabilidad de la implantación de energía geotérmica de muy baja entalpia para la climatización de un edificio empresarial en Madrid. Para ello se emplearon cálculos teóricos y simulaciones realizadas mediante programas informaticos especializados con el fin de estimar los parámetros técnicos necesarios para su viabilidad. Se estimo el suministro de la potencia necesaria a través de tres bombas de calor tipo agua-agua que sustituyen a las bombas de calor aire-agua individuales anteriormente instaladas. El intercambio de calor se realiza a través de sondas geotérmicas U-Simple. Se dimensionaron los colectores, bombas de circulación, deposito de inercia y vaso de expansión necesarios para funcionamiento del sistema. El estudio económico determino la necesidad de una alta inversión inicial, con una rentabilidad a medio plazo. Además de los beneficios económicos se realizo un estudio de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero demostrando la reducción de los mismos, lo que refleja que además de ser una tecnología económicamente viable es una energía limpia. ABSTRACT The objective of the present project is to evaluate the viability of the imposition of a low-enthalpy geothermal energy system for air conditioning in a business building in Madrid. In this study, both theoretical calculations and numerical simulations in specialized programs were used in order to estimate the technical parameters needed for its viability. We estimated the necessary power supply, which is delivered by three heat water-water pumps that substitute the individual heat air-water pumps previously installed. The heat exchange is achieved through geothermal vertical simple-U probes. Also in this work we have measured the collectors, flow pumps, inertia deposit and the water expansion vessel needed for the proper operation of the system. The economic study determined the need of a high initial investment with mid-term profit. In addition to the economic benefits, the greenhouse gases emissions were evaluated, finding that the geothermal energy system implies a reduction of these emissions. This reflects the fact that, in addition to being economically viable, the geothermal energy is considered a clean energy.

La introducción del hormigón armado en España: razón constructiva de su evolución

España se incorporó a la técnica del hormigón armado con más de dos décadas de retraso respecto a Francia o Alemania. En 1890, en Europa se construían ya estructuras de hormigón armado de cierta envergadura y complejidad. En España hubo que esperar hasta 1893 para la primera obra en hormigón armado, que fue un sencillo depósito descubierto en Puigverd (Lérida), ejecutado por el ingeniero militar Francesc Macià con patente Monier. En 1898, de la mano de Hennebique, se empezó la construcción de los dos primeros edificios con estructura de hormigón armado en España. Fueron dos obras puntuales, con proyectos importados de Francia, pero necesarias para introducir de manera definitiva el material. En paralelo, en París, se estaban edificando en hormigón armado la mayoría de los pabellones de la Exposición Universal de 1900. En el cambio de siglo, las construcciones de hormigón armado habían alcanzado ya la madurez proyectual y técnica en Europa. A pesar de la incorporación tardía, se puede constatar por las obras ejecutadas que en un periodo corto de tiempo, entre 1901 y 1906, se alcanzó en España prácticamente el mismo nivel técnico y constructivo que tenían el resto de los países que fueron pioneros en el empleo del hormigón armado. El desarrollo e implantación de una técnica constructiva no es un proceso lineal, y son muchos los factores que intervienen. Las patentes tuvieron una gran importancia en el desarrollo inicial del hormigón armado. Estas ofrecían un producto que funcionaba. Las primeras estructuras de hormigón armado no se calculaban y se construían siguiendo una reglamentación, se compraban. Y el resultado de esa “compra” solía ser, en la mayoría de los casos, satisfactorio. Las patentes vendían sistemas estructurales cuyo funcionamiento estaba corroborado por la experiencia y la pericia de su inventor. Esta investigación parte de la hipótesis de que las patentes sobre cemento y hormigón armado depositadas en España entre 1884 y 1906 fueron uno de los factores que proporcionaron a los técnicos y a las empresas españolas una pericia constructiva sólida en el empleo del hormigón armado. En este trabajo se aborda el estudio del proceso de introducción del hormigón armado en España desde una perspectiva fundamentalmente técnica, incorporando las patentes como una de las razones constructivas que explican su rápida evolución y generalización en un periodo de tiempo breve: 1901-1906. En este proceso se contextualiza y analiza una de las figuras que se considera fundamental en los primeros años del hormigón armado en España, la del ingeniero Juan Manuel de Zafra y Estevan. Esta tesis analiza las patentes de hormigón armado desde el punto de vista estadístico y constructivo. Desde ambas perspectivas se verifica la hipótesis de partida de esta investigación, concluyendo que las patentes fueron una de las razones constructivas de la evolución del hormigón armado en España y de su rápida implantación. ABSTRACT Spain incorporated the reinforced concrete technique more than two decades after France and Germany. In central Europe reinforced concrete structures of considerable size and complexity were being built in 1890, while in Spain it was not until 1893 that the first work, a simple open air water tank, was implemented in Puigverd (Lleida) by the military engineer Francesc Macià with a Monier patent. In 1898 the construction of the first two buildings with reinforced concrete structure in Spain started, with the guidance by Hennebique. They were two isolated cases with projects imported from France, but playing a key role to definitively introduce the material in Spain. In parallel, in Paris, most of the pavilions of the 1900 World Expo were being built in reinforced concrete. At the turn of the century reinforced concrete buildings had reached maturity both as a technology and as a design practice. Despite the late assumption of the material, the works carried out in the very short period between 1901 and 1906 clearly show that Spain reached practically the same technical and constructive level as the other pioneering countries in the use of reinforced concrete. The development and implementation of a constructive technique is never a linear process, there are many factors involved. The patents offered a successful product. Initial reinforced concrete structures were not calculated and built according to regulations, they were bought. And this purchase in most cases was satisfactory for the required use. Patents sold structural systems whose performance was supported by the experience and expertise of its inventor. The hypothesis of this research is based upon the assumption that the cement and concrete patents registered in Spain between 1884 and 1906 were one of the factors that provided Spanish technicians and companies with a solid constructive expertise in the use of reinforced concrete. This investigation studies the introduction of reinforced concrete to Spain from a predominantly technical perspective, incorporating patents as the constructive reason for the rapid evolution and spread in such a short period of time: 1901-1906. Along the way, the role of engineer J. M. de Zafra, generally considered a key agent in the initial years of reinforced concrete in Spain, is contextualized and analyzed. This dissertation analyzes the patents of reinforced concrete from a statistical and constructive point of view. From both perspectives the hypothesis of this research is verified, concluding that patents were one of the constructive reasons for the development of reinforced concrete in Spain.

A simple light-driven transmembrane proton pump.

Light-induced lipophilic porphyrin/aqueous acceptor charge separation across a single lipid-water interface can pump protons across the lipid bilayer when the hydrophobic weak acids, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and its p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl analogue, are present. These compounds act as proton carriers across lipid bilayers. In their symmetric presence across the bilayer, the positive currents and voltages produced by the photogeneration of porphyrin cations are replaced by larger negative currents and voltages. The maximum negative current and voltage occur at the pH of maximum dark conductance. The reversed larger current and voltage show a positive ionic charge transport in the same direction as the electron transfer. This transport can form an ion concentration gradient. The movement of protons is verified by an unusual D2O isotope effect that increases the negative ionic current by 2- to 3-fold. These effects suggest that an interfacial pK shift of the weak acid caused by the local electric field of photoformed porphyrin cations/acceptor anions functions as the driving force. The estimated pumping efficiency is 10-30%. Time-resolved results show that proton pumping across the bilayer occurs on the millisecond time scale, similar to that of biological pumps. This light-driven proteinless pump offers a simple model for a prebiological energy transducer.

Comparação de métodos ecotoxicológicos na avaliação de sedimentos marinhos e estuarinos

A amônia não ionizada pode ser interferente nos testes de toxicidade com a água intersticial de sedimentos marinhos e estuarinos. Com o objetivo de se encontrar em uma alternativa que minimizasse o efeito da amônia avaliou-se, em paralelo à água intersticial, o método que utiliza a interface sedimento/água. Foram analisadas 25 amostras de sedimento através do teste de toxicidade crônica de curta duração com Lytechinus variegatus. Foi observada correlação significativa entre os efeitos tóxicos para os diversos estágios embrio-larvais e a concentração de amônia não ionizada para os dois métodos avaliados. Quando comparadas com a interface sedimento/água, foram observadas concentrações superiores de amônia não ionizada em todas as amostras de água intersticial, que isoladamente, poderiam causar os efeitos tóxicos observados. Conclui-se que o teste de toxicidade na interface sedimento/água é o método mais adequado para avaliação de sedimentos marinhos e estuarinos, pois possibilitou a utilização de um maior número de resultados de testes de toxicidade do que aquele com água intersticial, uma vez que minimizou a influência da amônia. Foi evidenciada correlação significativa entre os resultados das concentrações de HPAs determinadas nas amostras de sedimento bruto e a toxidade observada nos diversos estágios embrio-larvais, pelo método da água intersticial. Para os metais, obteve-se correlação significativa com os efeitos tóxicos nos referidos estágios determinados na interface sedimento/água. Não foi evidenciada correlação entre a granulometria e o efeito tóxico nas amostras. O registro dos efeitos nos diferentes estágios embrio-larvais mostrou-se bastante útil, pois além de oferecer informações a respeito da toxicidade da amostra (ausência ou presença) possibilitou a hierarquização, em termos da intensidade de efeito adverso, daquelas amostras tóxicas.

Down-core distribution of live and dead benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediments from the Weddell Sea and the Californian continental borderland

Five short cores sub-sampled from box cores from three sites in the eastern Weddell Sea off Antarctica and in the eastern Pacific off southern California, covering a range in water depth from 500 to 2000 m, were analysed for the down-core distribution of live (stained with Rose Bengal) and dead benthic foraminifera. In the California continental borderland, Planulina ariminensis, Rosalina columbiensis and Trochammina spp. live attached to agglutinated polychaetes tubes that rise above the sedimentwater interface. Bolivina spissa lives exclusively in or on the uppermost sediment. Stained specimens of Chilostomella ovoidea are found down to 6 cm within the sediment and specimens of Globobulimina pacifica down to a maximum of 8 cm. Delta13C values of live G. pacifica decrease with increasing depth from the sediment surface down to 7 cm core depth, indicating that this infaunal species utilizes13C-depleted carbon from pore waters. In the dead, predominantly calcareous benthic forminiferal assemblage, selective dissolution of small delicate tests in the upper sediment column causes a continuous variation in species proportions. In the eastern Weddell Sea, the calcareous Bulimina aculeata lives in a carbonate corrosive environment exclusively in or on the uppermost sediment. The arenaceous Cribrostomoides subglobosum, Recurvoides contortus and some Reophax species are frequently found within the top 4 cm of the sediment, whereas stained specimens of Haplophragmoides bradyi, Glomospira charoides and Cribrostomoides wiesneri occur in maximum abundance below the uppermost 1.5 cm. Species proportions in the dead, predominantly arenaceous, benthic foraminiferal assemblage change in three distinct steps. The first change is caused by calcite dissolution at the sediment-water interface, the second coincides with the lower boundary of intense bioturbation, and the third results from the geochemical shift from oxidizing to reducing conditions below a compacted ash layer.