Sedimentation rates and provenance analysis in the Southwestern Okinawa Trough since the mid-Holocene

As a high-sedimentation rate depocenter along the path of the Kuroshio Current, the southwesternmost part of the Okinawa Trough is a key area to understand the Kuroshio history and sediments transportation. A 34.17-m-long sediment core was obtained by the advanced piston corer of Marco Polo/IMAGES XII MARION DUFRESNE during the May 2005 from the Southern Okinawa Trough at site MD05-2908. The recovered sediments were analyzed by AMS C-14 dating, coarse size fraction (> 63 mu m) extraction and moisture content determination in order to study its sedimentation flux and provenance. The depth-age relationship of core MD05-2908 was well constrained by 17 C-14 dating points. The sediments span across the mid-Holocene (6.8 ka B.P.) and have remarkablely high sedimentation rates between 1.8 and 21-2 m/ka, which is well consistent with the modern observations from sediment traps. We identified five 70-200 a periods of abnormally rapid sedimentation events at 6790-6600 a B.P., 5690-5600 a B.P., 4820-4720 a B.P., 1090-880 a B.P., and 260-190 a B.P., during which the highest sedimentation rate is up to 21-2 m/ka. In general, the lithology of the sediments were dominated by silt and clay, associated with less than 5% coarse size fraction (a parts per thousand << 63 mu m). As the most significant sediment source, the Lanyang River in northeastern Taiwan annually deliver about 10Mt materials to the coastal and offshore region of northeast Taiwan, a portion of which could be carried northward by currents toward the study area. Therefore, we concluded that the 5 abnormally rapid sedimentation events may be related to intensified rainfall in Taiwan and thus increased materials to our study area at that time. However, a few extreme-rapid sedimentation events cannot be explained by normal river runoff alone. The large earthquakes or typhoons induced hyperpycnal discharge of fluvial sediment to the ocean may also act as a potential source supply to the Okinawa Trough.

Sedimentary changes during the Holocene in the Bohai Sea and its paleoenvironmental implication

Samples of two cores, Cores M5-5 and M7-4 in the Bohai Sea were analyzed in isotopes, grain size, heavy minerals, chemical compositions, and 14 C dating to reconstruct the sedimentation during the Holocene. Abrupt change in carbon and oxygen stable isotopes was recognized at Core M5-5 at about 6400 a BP, which was likely due to the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) extension into the Bohai Sea. At Core M7-4, sediments between 5900 and 6600 a BP (150-260 cm depth) became coarse-grained, containing rich garnet, high manganese content, and nil autogenic pyrite, indicating a very dynamic sedimentary event during which the ambience was transformed from reductive to oxidative, and sedimentation boosted. Meanwhile, the YSWC had invaded into the Bohai Sea indicated by rich planktonic foraminifera in this event. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A preliminary study on thermoluminescence characteristics of sediments from the North Pacific

Thirty-eight surficial deposit samples were collected from the equatorial North Pacific, and the natural thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of both bulk and clay fraction samples ( < 2 mu m fractions) were studied by the FJ427 - Al automatic TL Dosimeter for the first time. With the measurements of clay mineral composition, element composition by XRD and ICP, the correlations between TL intensity and sedimentary environment proxies were analyzed, such as water depth, ratio of FeO to Fe2O3 contents, LOI, and major clay mineral concentration, and it was found the bulk sample's TL signal was stronger than the clay ones. Usually, increase in the clay components may result in the decrease of TL intensity. From the shape of TL curves, the pelagic sediments can be divided into two groups: the majority group has two glow peaks, in general, the first peak is broad and flat, but the second narrow and sharp; the minority group only has a single peak because the first is absent. The peak centers of TL curves are almost fixed, falling in the temperature sections 230 similar to 260 and 390 similar to 405 degrees C respectively. Lorentz model packed in the Origin 7.5 was chosen to deal with the TL curves. From the processing results, three parameters ( H, C and A), corresponding to the height, center, and kurtosis of TL curve, were obtained to describe the curve characteristics. The correlations between TL curve parameters and sedimentary environment proxies were also calculated. On the basis of the above work, the relationship between TL characteristics and sediment type, mineral composition, sedimentary environment of surface sediments was discussed in the study area, and a conclusion is: sediments from the environment of shallower water, higher organic contents and weaker reductivity have stronger TL signals.

Estimation of suspended sediment concentrations using Pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PCADP)

The objective of the study is to investigate the suitability of using Pulse-coherent Acoustic Doppler Profiler (PCADP) to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The acoustic backscatter intensity was corrected for spreading and absorption loss, then calibrated with OBS and finally converted to SSC. The results show that there is a good correlation between SSC and backscatter intensity with R value of 0.74. The mean relative error is 22.4%. Then the time span of little particle size variation was also analyzed to exclude the influence of size variation. The correlation coefficient increased to 0.81 and the error decreased to 18.9%. Our results suggest that the PCADP can meet the requirement of other professional instruments to estimate SSC with the errors between 20% and 50%, and can satisfy the need of dynamics study of suspended particles.

基于正演方法的井间地震响应特征研究

地震勘探的基本任务是测量由人工震源激发的各种地震波，通过对所得到的地震波场的数据记录进行必要的处理和解释而提取所需要的地质信息。不同的地震波场特征反应了不同的地质构造等信息，因此，对地震波场特征进行研究就显得非常重要。井间地震是在一口井中激发、另一口井中接收的一种特殊的地震勘探方法，其实际记录要比常规的地震记录复杂的多，其波场中的各种波也更丰富复杂，如何识别不同类型的波并研究它们的响应特征是一个非常必要的任务。正演模拟可以为地震数据采集、处理、解释提供理论依据，是井间地震波场特征分析的一种有效方法。 本文主要研究了井间地震的数值正演模拟问题，系统地介绍了射线追踪正演模拟和波动方程正演模拟方法，利用Visual Basic 6.0语言编写了相应的射线追踪正演模拟程序，而且分两种方法详细分析了井间地震数值模型的地震响应特征，为直观的井间地震波场识别和勘探地震数据反演提供了必要的依据。本文取得的主要成果如下： 1)在前人的VSP正演模拟的基础上，改进并总结出了一套井间地震射线追踪正演模型的制作方法。 2)编制了井间地震射线追踪正演模拟程序V1.0。 3)利用编写的井间地震正演模拟程序，作了两种射线追踪数值模拟试算；利用Tesseral声波方程正演模拟试算了含有楔形体和丘状体的理论模型；取得了较好的模拟数据。

菲律宾蛤(Ruditapes philippinarum)生理能量学的研究

本研究在实验室内采用静水系统以典型滤食性贝类菲律宾蛤仔为实验对象，从生理生态学的角度研究了体重和环境因子对菲律宾蛤仔摄食生理活动的影响，探讨了滤食性贝类的摄食机制和贝类本身对环境的适应性。同时，对蛤仔的碳代谢和能量收支进行了研究，建立了不同温度和饵料浓度下的能量收支方程。实验的主要结果如下：1．温度的影响在9±0.1℃，16±0.5℃，22±0.2℃，26±0.6℃四个温度下对菲律宾蛤仔的滤食率FR、清滤率CR、吸收率AE进行了测定。结果表明：在9-22℃温度范围内蛤仔滤食率、清滤率、吸收率均随温度的升高而增大，在22℃达到最大值，并且各温度间差异显著(ANOVA，P<0．05)。当温度达到26℃时，滤食率、清滤率、吸收率均有所下降，但和22℃值相比较差异并不显著(ANOVA，P>0．2)。这表明蛤仔生长的最适温度应当在22℃左右。对不同体重蛤仔的实验表明小个体蛤仔比大个体对温度有更高的敏感性。碳最小需求量MCR、生长余力(SFG)和生长效率均受温度的显著影响，在较低温度下(9℃)SFG出现负值。经计算9℃，16℃，22℃，26℃下的能量收支方程分别为：2．体重的影响蛤仔摄食率、清滤率、呼吸率都随个体体重的增加而增大，它们之间呈幂函数关系Y=aX~b(b值均小于1)；而单位体重的摄食率、清滤率、呼吸率随个体体重的增加而减小。吸收率和体重无明显的相关性，体重对生长效率无显著影响。蛤仔的碳最小需求量MCR、生长余力均和软体部干重呈幂函数关系Y=aX~b，b值在实验的四个温度下分别为0．43±0．12和0,78±0．09。3．饵料浓度的影响在实验的饵料浓度范围内(2．33-6．15mgPOM／L)，水温15℃，蛤仔摄食率和清滤率随着饵料浓度的增加而增大，呈幂函数关系(y=aX~b)。当饵料浓度达到一定值后，清滤率迅速下降，而摄食率只略微有所下降，基本上保持平稳不变。这说明蛤仔可以通过调节清滤率来稳定其摄食率，对环境具有生理适应性。蛤仔吸收率与饵料浓度无显著的相关性，不同饵料浓度其吸收率始终保持在57．93±2．94％左右。水温15℃，投喂小球藻的条件下，计算得出蛤仔(壳长3．53±0．02cm、软体部干重0．41±0．02g)产生假粪的饵料阈值为2.16mgPOM／L。饵料浓度对蛤仔生产碳有明显的影响，在实验的饵料范围内生产碳随着饵料浓度的增加而增加，在低浓度饵料时，生产碳出现负值。蛤仔的SFG随饵料浓度的增加而增加，在1．54±0．12mgPOM／L时蛤仔的生长余力出现负值。实验发现摄食能随温度变化显著而代谢能变化相对不明显，这表明对蛤仔生长来说饵料浓度可能是比温度更重要的环境因子。16℃投喂小球藻时蛤仔在不同饵料浓度下的能量收支方程为：4．底质的影响温度为17℃，饵料为三角褐指藻、浓度为2．87±1．07mgPOM／L(无假粪产生)。实验测定蛤仔在铺砂以后，摄食率和清滤率都增加了大约2倍，差异极显著(ANOVA，P<0．01)。实验中对蛤仔的吸收率也进行了对比研究。结果表明：铺砂组蛤仔的吸收率比未铺砂组提高了10．71士4．57％，经单因子方差检验铺砂和未铺砂时蛤仔吸收率差异显著(ANOVA，P<0．05)。实验表明底质对蛤仔摄食生理和代谢有显著的影响，这和实际生产中发现底质对蛤仔生长有明显影响是一致的。

凡纳滨对虾分子标记筛选、连锁图谱构建和QTL定位

利用AFLP和微卫星标记，以凡纳滨对虾F1全同胞家系为作图群体，构建了凡纳滨对虾的雌性和雄性遗传连锁图谱并对生长相关性状体长和体重进行了QTL分析。利用经过筛选的108对AFLP引物组合，对亲本和94个子代个体进行了分离分析。共得到2041个多态AFLP标记（1:1分离）。平均每个引物组合产生20个多态片段。有826个AFLP标记偏离孟德尔遗传（40.5%, P<0.05）。所筛选的100个微卫星标记中有30个在家系中有作图信息，分别有24个和20个位点可以用于母本和父本的作图。对父母本β-1，3-葡聚糖结合蛋白(BGBP)，脂多糖和葡聚糖结合蛋白(LGBP)和蜕皮抑制激素（MIH）等基因片段进行序列分析得到一些可用于构建连锁图谱的SNP标记。 对所有的分离标记进行了连锁分析，分别绘制了凡纳滨对虾的雌性和雄性连锁图谱。雌性连锁图谱的框架图有319个遗传标记组成，分布于45个连锁群，其中AFLP标记300个，微卫星位点18个，性别标记一个，连锁群长度从29.5cM到260.0cM, 每个连锁群含4－16个标记。图谱长度为4134.4 cM, 各连锁群平均图距在7.6到25.9 cM之间，总平均图距为15.1 cM。有267个标记（含14个微卫星）整合到雄性框架图上。 雄性框架图也含45个连锁群，长度从14.2cM到161.1cM, 图谱长度为3220.9 cM, 各连锁群平均图距在4.1到25.5 cM之间，总平均图距为14.5 cM。 作图群体所有个体的性别均作为标记整合到雌雄分离信息中，在94个F1个体中，54个为雌虾，40个是雄虾。在雌性图谱第29连连锁群上，性别与三个微卫星标记紧密连锁（v1f148, v145f120, v95f166）, 图距分别为6.6, 8.6 和8.6cM, 相应LOD值分别为17.8 14.3 和 16.4。 与雌性图相对应的是，雄性图谱未发现任何与性别连锁的标记。推测凡纳滨对虾的性别决定机制可能是ZW型，其中雌性为异配性别。 体长和体重均显示出连续变异的特点，显示这些与生长相关的性状都是典型的数量性状或多基因遗传。体重和体长符合正态分布且两性状之间存在着显著的相关性（P<0.001），Pearson 相关系数为0.95。在凡纳滨对虾雌性图谱和雄性图谱上，共定位了6个与体长和体重等生长性状相关的QTL，可解释的表型变异从15.1％到21.3％。共检测到3个与体长相关的QTL，包括两个正向效应的QTL和一个负向的QTL，分别定位到雌性的第6连锁群和雄性的第4和11 连锁群上。体重也检测到3个QTL，其中一个QTL加性效应是正向的，分别位于雌性的第6和7连锁群及雄性的第11连锁群上。QTL主要集中在雌性图谱的Fc6和Fc7及雄性图的Mc4和Mc11上。体长和体重的QTL定位结果中各有两个是十分相似的，其相邻的标记位点完全一样，只是相应的LOD值略有差异，还各存在两性状特异的一个QTL。大多QTL与相邻标记之间的距离只有0.1cM(仅Wfc7的距离较大)，为进一步的精细定位奠定了基础。 分子标记筛选、遗传图谱的构建及生长相关性状的QTL定位为我们下一步从事分子标记辅助选择育种,QTL精细定位和比较基因作图打下基础，并最终推动凡纳滨对虾的遗传改良。

海洋微藻产生溶解有机物及东海溶解有机物三维荧光特征研究

本文通过胶州湾围隔实验、微藻培养实验研究了海洋微藻产生溶解有机物的三维荧光特性，并初步利用经验正交函数对三维荧光光谱图进行了主成分分析，通过东海取样研究了东海荧光溶解有机物的时空分布特征，并对荧光溶解有机物的来源进行了分析。得到了一些初步结论： 胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐培养结果表明浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光，类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成，主要位置为Exmax/Emmax=270nm/290~310nm，Exmax/Emmax= 270~290/320~350的荧光峰强度比较弱；在Exmax/Emmax=250~260/380~480nm(A峰)、Exmax/Emmax=310~320/380~420nm(C峰)和Exmax/Emmax=330~350/420~480nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰，其中以A峰为主。类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度。浮游植物量降低时，类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关。硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性，两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质。不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同，甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A:C比值。 在实验室培养中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）、微小亚历山大藻（Alexandrium mimutum）、锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）及海洋原甲藻（Prorocentrum micans）的实验结果表明，微藻在生长过程中产生出荧光溶解有机物，中肋骨条藻为代表的硅藻主要产生类腐殖质荧光物质，而甲藻在指数增长期主要产生类蛋白荧光物质。进入消亡期后类蛋白荧光和类腐殖质荧光强度迅速增大，原因可能是衰老、死亡藻细胞的破碎释放出大量的荧光有机物质所致，此外还有细菌对非荧光有机物进一步降解。塔玛亚历山大藻、微小亚历山大藻、东海原甲藻及海洋原甲藻的类蛋白荧光强度在消亡后期由于细菌降解或光降解等因素而降低。同属微藻产生的荧光物质相似，例如塔玛亚历山大藻与微小亚历山藻、东海原甲藻与海洋原甲藻，但具体荧光峰位置有所不同。利用经验正交函数能够对三维荧光光谱谱图进行主成份分析。 在利用三维荧光光谱法研究长江口海域台风前后不同站位荧光溶解有机物荧光特性及分布特征的结果表明，长江口海区主要的荧光溶解有机物荧光峰为T峰、S峰和A峰。风前和风后的类色氨酸分别来源于相似物质。风前，在表层浮游植物能够产生类蛋白荧光物质，而底层类蛋白荧光物质不受浮游植物的影响，长江冲淡水能够带来部分类蛋白荧光物质；表层的类腐殖质不受浮游植物的影响，而底层的浮游植物在降解过程中能够产生一部分类腐殖质，并且长江冲淡水对表层和底层的类腐殖质来源均有很大贡献。风后，表层的类色氨酸与叶绿素a浓度不呈相关性，而底层却呈正相关，另外表层和底层的类色氨酸均受到长江冲淡水的影响；表层和底层的类腐殖质与叶绿素a均没有相关性，但受陆源影响显著，长江冲淡水能带来类腐殖质。

Typhoon effects on DOC dynamics in a phosphate-limited reservoir

To explore typhoon effects on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, field investigations (tributary and dam site) and laboratory experiments (bioassay and DOC consumption) were conducted in a subtropical reservoir. A tributary survey indicated that after typhoon disruption, upstream areas were the sources of phosphate (P) but not DOC for the dam site located downstream. Bioassay experiments verified P-limitation on bacteria and phytoplankton during summer stratification, and bacteria showed a faster response than algae to added P. Experiments indicated that DOC consumption was determined by the availability of P. The 4 yr typhoon period (June-September) data of the dam site denoted that DOC concentration (27 to 270 mu M C) and its rate of change (-13 to 24 mu M C d(-1)) varied more dramatically in the weak (2006 and 2007) than in the strong (2004 and 2005) typhoon years. The negative correlation of DOC with the ratio of bacterial production (BP) to primary production (PP) in the euphotic zone (0 to 10 m) signified the interactive effects of auto- and heterotrophic processes on DOC variation. In the aphotic zone, the variation of DOC could be ascribed to the change of BP, which showed a positive correlation with P concentrations. This study documents that DOC concentration in the studied system varied at multiple time scales. Such variation can be explained by the decoupling between BP and PP, which is believed to be a function of the limiting nutrient's availability. More importantly, this study suggests that the P supply introduced by strong typhoons might have substantiated a tighter coupling between BP and PP, so that the amplitude of DOC oscillation during the summer period was effectively reduced.

10种芳香化合物的分离及紫外和荧光光谱研究

采用反相高效液相色谱梯度洗脱，在SinoChrom ODS-BP型色谱柱（4．6mm×200mm，5μm）上，实现了包括5种荧光衍生试剂母体分子（咔唑、1，2-苯并-3，4-二氢咔唑、吖啶酮、2-苯基-1-氢-菲[9，10-d]咪唑、吡唑并[3，4-b]-7-甲基喹啉）在内的10种含氮芳香化合物的基线分离。通过测定每种物质的紫外吸收曲线，得到了它们的最大紫外吸收波长和摩尔吸光系数（ε），并探讨了分子结构、摩尔吸光系数（ε）和灵敏度之间的关系。扫描了它们的荧光激发和发射光谱，得出了它们的最大激发波长和发射波长。

柱前衍生-高效液相色谱分离测定及质谱鉴定脂肪胺

采用新型荧光衍生试剂2-(2-苯基-1-氢-菲[9,10-d]咪唑)-乙酸(PPIA)进行柱前衍生,经荧光检测实现了脂肪胺的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离测定及柱后质谱鉴定.60℃下在乙腈溶剂中用N-乙基-N′-[ (3-二甲氨基) 丙基 ]碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)做缩合剂,衍生反应15 min可获得稳定的荧光产物.脂肪胺衍生物荧光检测波长为380 nm(激发波长为260 nm).在Eclipse XDB-C8 色谱柱上,采用梯度洗脱对12种脂肪胺衍生物进行了优化分离,测定了造纸厂废水、大鼠端脑和酸奶中脂肪胺的含量.经柱后在线质谱大气压化学电离源(APCI Source)正离子模式实现了各种脂肪胺衍生物的质谱鉴定,借助对活性中间体的质谱解析确定了衍生反应的反应机理.该方法具有良好的重现性和回收率,多数脂肪胺的线性回归系数大于0.9996;检出限为3.1～18 fmol (S/N＝3∶ 1)

高寒湿地太阳辐射和地表反射率变化的统计学特征

依据祁连山海北高寒湿地植物生长期观测的太阳总辐射(E_g)和反射辐射(E_r)资料, 分析了高寒湿地Eg和地表反射率(A)的日及季节变化特征. 结果表明:祁连山海北高寒湿地, 有较强的Eg, 但A较低. 年内1～12月E_g的平均日总量达17.3 MJ•m~(-2), 其中植物生长期的5～9月平均日总量为20.0MJ•m~(-2), 表现出4～7月高, 冷季低的变化特征. A的日、季节变化均表现 "U"型变化过程. 2004年1～12月A的年平均值为0.32, 植物生长季的5～9月平均值为0.18, 植物非生长季的10月～翌年4月平均值为0.43. 其中1月最高(0.70), 7月最低(0.16).

唐古特大黄染色体的核型分析

目的对蓼科（Polygonaceae）植物唐古特大黄（Rheum tanguticum Maxim、ex Balf．）染色体核型进行研究。方法采用常规压片方法，并结合显微摄影对染色体进行检测分析。结果唐古特大黄体细胞染色体数目为2n=22；核型公式为K（2n）=22=20m＋2sm，核型为“1A”型。结论唐古特大黄染色体的核型属于较原始的类型。

柱前衍生-反相高效液相色谱荧光测定及质谱鉴定土壤和苔藓中的脂肪酸

合成新型荧光衍生试剂1-[2-(对甲苯磺酸酯)乙基]-2-苯基咪唑[4，5．f]9，10-菲(TSEPIP)，将其作为柱前衍生化试剂，在Eclipse XDB-Cs色谱柱上，采用梯度洗脱实现了30种游离脂肪酸(FFA)衍生物的基线分离。利用柱后在线的串联质潜以APCI大气压化学电离源正离子模式实现了各组分的质谱定性。对土壤与两种苔藓(狭叶绢藓、曲尾藓)中FFA组分的定量结果表明，苔藓植物从土壤中富集了大量的游离脂肪酸。荧光检测的激发和发射波长分别为λ_(ex)=260 mn，λ_(em)=380 nm。绝大多数脂肪酸的线性回归系数大于0．9993，检出限为3．2～37 fmol。建立的方法具有良好的重复性，对实际样品测定结果满意。