Fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in soils and their transfer to surface waters: A multi-scale approach in the Lavaux vineyards, western Switzerland

The use of herbicides in agriculture may lead to environmental problems, such as surface water pollution, with a potential risk for aquatic organisms. The herbicide glyphosate is the most used active ingredient in the world and in Switzerland. In the Lavaux vineyards it is nearly the only molecule applied. This work aimed at studying its fate in soils and its transfer to surface waters, using a multi-scale approach: from molecular (10-9 m) and microscopic scales (10-6 m), to macroscopic (m) and landscape ones (103 m). First of all, an analytical method was developed for the trace level quantification of this widely used herbicide and its main by-product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Due to their polar nature, their derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) was done prior to their concentration and purification by solid phase extraction. They were then analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The method was tested in different aqueous matrices with spiking tests and validated for the matrix effect correction in relevant environmental samples. Calibration curves established between 10 and 1000ng/l showed r2 values above 0.989, mean recoveries varied between 86 and 133% and limits of detection and quantification of the method were as low as 5 and 10ng/l respectively. At the parcel scale, two parcels of the Lavaux vineyard area, located near the Lutrive River at 6km to the east of Lausanne, were monitored to assess to which extent glyphosate and AMPA were retained in the soil or exported to surface waters. They were equipped at their bottom with porous ceramic cups and runoff collectors, which allowed retrieving water samples for the growing seasons 2010 and 2011. Results revealed that the mobility of glyphosate and AMPA in the unsaturated zone was likely driven by the precipitation regime and the soil characteristics, such as slope, porosity structure and layer permeability discrepancy. Elevated glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were measured at 60 and 80 cm depth at parcel bottoms, suggesting their infiltration in the upper parts of the parcels and the presence of preferential flow in the studied parcels. Indeed, the succession of rainy days induced the gradual saturation of the soil porosity, leading to rapid infiltration through macropores, as well as surface runoff formation. Furthermore, the presence of more impervious weathered marls at 100 cm depth induced throughflows, the importance of which for the lateral transport of the herbicide molecules was determined by the slope steepness. Important rainfall events (>10 mm/day) were clearly exporting molecules from the soil top layer, as indicated by important concentrations in runoff samples. A mass balance showed that total loss (10-20%) mainly occurred through surface runoff (96%) and, to a minor extent, by throughflows in soils (4%), with subsequent exfiltration to surface waters. Observations made in the Lutrive River revealed interesting details of glyphosate and AMPA dynamics in urbanized landscapes, such as the Lavaux vineyards. Indeed, besides their physical and chemical properties, herbicide dynamics at the catchment level strongly depend on application rates, precipitation regime, land use and also on the presence of drains or constructed channels. Elevated concentrations, up to 4970 ng/l, observed just after the application, confirmed the diffuse export of these compounds from the vineyard area by surface runoff during main rain events. From April to September 2011, a total load of 7.1 kg was calculated, with 85% coming from vineyards and minor urban sources and 15% from arable crops. Small vineyard surfaces could generate high concentrations of herbicides and contribute considerably to the total load calculated at the outlet, due to their steep slopes (~10%). The extrapolated total amount transferred yearly from the Lavaux vineyards to the Lake of Geneva was of 190kg. At the molecular scale, the possible involvement of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in glyphosate and copper transport was studied using UV/Vis fluorescence spectroscopy. Combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, this technique allowed characterizing DOM of soil and surface water samples from the studied vineyard area. Glyphosate concentrations were linked to the fulvic-like spectroscopic signature of DOM in soil water samples, as well as to copper, suggesting the formation of ternary complexes. In surface water samples, its concentrations were also correlated to copper ones, but not in a significant way to the fulvic-like signature. Quenching experiments with standards confirmed field tendencies in the laboratory, with a stronger decrease in fluorescence intensity for fulvic-like fluorophore than for more aromatic ones. Lastly, based on maximum concentrations measured in the river, an environmental risk for these compounds was assessed, using laboratory tests and ecotoxicity data from the literature. In our case and with the methodology applied, the risk towards aquatic species was found negligible (RF<1).

Millepertuis, corticoïdes, cocaïne, alcool ... et un premier épisode maniaque. Femme, 36 ans, artiste [St. John's Wort, corticosteroids, cocaine, alcohol ... and a first manic episode].

We describe an alcohol and cocaine abusing female patient who developed a first manic episode in the context of a corticosteroid prescription. The differential diagnoses are discussed on the basis of the available literature on secondary manias.

Product Platform Development from the Product Lines' Perspective: Case of Switching Platform

In the era of fast product development and customized product requirements, the concept of product platform has proven its power in practice. The product platform approach has enabledcompanies to increase the speed of product introductions while simultaneously benefit from efficiency and effectiveness in the development and production activities. The product platforms are technological bases, which can be used to develop several derivative products, and hence, the differentiation can be pushed closer to the product introduction. The product platform development has some specific features, which differ somewhat from the product development of single products. The time horizon is longer, since the product platform¿slife cycle is longer than individual product's. The long time-horizon also proposes higher market risks and the use of new technologies increases the technological risks involved. The end-customer interface might be far away, but there is not a lack of needs aimed at the product platforms ¿ in fact, the product platform development is very much balancing between the varying needs set to it by thederivative products. This dissertation concentrated on product platform development from the internal product lines' perspective of a singlecase. Altogether six product platform development factors were identified: 'Strategic and business fit of product platform', 'Project communication and deliverables', 'Cooperation with product platform development', 'Innovativeness of product platform architecture and features', 'Reliability and quality of product platform', and 'Promised schedules and final product platform meeting the needs'. From the six factors, three were found to influence quite strongly the overall satisfaction, namely 'Strategic and business fit of product platform', 'Reliability and quality of product platform', and 'Promised schedules and final product platform meeting the needs'. Hence, these three factors might be the ones a new product platform development unit should concentrate first in order to satisfy their closest customers, the product lines. The 'Project communication and deliverables' and 'Innovativeness of product platform architecture and features' were weaker contributors to the overall satisfaction. Overall, the factors explained quite well the satisfaction of the product lines with product platform development. Along the research, several interesting aspects about the very basic nature of the product platform development were found. The long time horizon of the product platform development caused challenges in the area of strategic fIT - a conflict between the short-term requirements and long term needs. The fact that a product platform was used as basis of several derivative products resulted into varying needs, and hence the match with the needs and the strategies. The opinions, that the releases of the larger product lines were given higher priorities, give an interesting contribution to the strategy theory of powerand politics. The varying needs of the product lines, the strengths of them as well as large number of concurrent releases set requirements to prioritization. Hence, the research showed the complicated nature of the product platform development in the case unIT - the very basic nature of the product platform development might be its strength (gaining efficiency and effectiveness in product development and product launches) but also the biggest challenge (developing products to meet several needs). As a single case study, the results of this research are not directly generalizable to all the product platform development activities. Instead, the research serves best as a starting point for additional research as well as gives some insights about the factors and challengesof one product development unit.

TBS reflects trabecular microarchitecture in premenopausal women and men with idiopathic osteoporosis and low-traumatic fractures.

Transiliac bone biopsies, while widely considered to be the standard for the analysis of bone microstructure, are typically restricted to specialized centers. The benefit of Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) in addition to areal bone mineral density (aBMD) for fracture risk assessment has been documented in cross-sectional and prospective studies. The aim of this study was to test if TBS may be useful as a surrogate to histomorphometric trabecular parameters of transiliac bone biopsies. Transiliac bone biopsies from 80 female patients (median age 39.9years-interquartile range, IQR 34.7; 44.3) and 43 male patients (median age 42.7years-IQR 38.9; 49.0) with idiopathic osteoporosis and low traumatic fractures were included. Micro-computed tomography values of bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), structural model index (SMI) as well as serum bone turnover markers (BTMs) sclerostin, intact N-terminal type 1 procollagen propeptide (P1NP) and cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) were investigated. TBS values were higher in females (1.282 vs 1.169, p< 0.0001) with no differences in spine aBMD, whereas sclerostin levels (45.5 vs 33.4pmol/L) and aBMD values at the total hip (0.989 vs 0.971g/cm(2), p<0.001 for all) were higher in males. Multiple regression models including: gender, aBMD and BTMs revealed TBS as an independent, discriminative variable with adjusted multiple R(2) values of 69.1% for SMI, 79.5% for Tb.N, 68.4% for Tb.Sp, and 83.3% for BV/TV. In univariate regression models, BTMs showed statistically significant results, whereas in the multiple models only P1NP and CTX were significant for Tb.N. TBS is a practical, non-invasive, surrogate technique for the assessment of cancellous bone microarchitecture and should be implemented as an additional tool for the determination of trabecular bone properties.

Impact of the early use of immunomodulators or TNF antagonists on bowel damage and surgery in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: The impact of early treatment with immunomodulators (IM) and/or TNF antagonists on bowel damage in Crohn's disease (CD) patients is unknown. AIM: To assess whether 'early treatment' with IM and/or TNF antagonists, defined as treatment within a 2-year period from the date of CD diagnosis, was associated with development of lesser number of disease complications when compared to 'late treatment', which was defined as treatment initiation after >2 years from the time of CD diagnosis. METHODS: Data from the Swiss IBD Cohort Study were analysed. The following outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazard modelling: bowel strictures, perianal fistulas, internal fistulas, intestinal surgery, perianal surgery and any of the aforementioned complications. RESULTS: The 'early treatment' group of 292 CD patients was compared to the 'late treatment' group of 248 CD patients. We found that 'early treatment' with IM or TNF antagonists alone was associated with reduced risk of bowel strictures [hazard ratio (HR) 0.496, P = 0.004 for IM; HR 0.276, P = 0.018 for TNF antagonists]. Furthermore, 'early treatment' with IM was associated with reduced risk of undergoing intestinal surgery (HR 0.322, P = 0.005), and perianal surgery (HR 0.361, P = 0.042), as well as developing any complication (HR 0.567, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with immunomodulators or TNF antagonists within the first 2 years of CD diagnosis was associated with reduced risk of developing bowel strictures, when compared to initiating these drugs >2 years after diagnosis. Furthermore, early immunomodulators treatment was associated with reduced risk of intestinal surgery, perianal surgery and any complication.

Biodegradação de fenol por uma nova linhagem de A spergillus sp. isolada de um solo contaminado do sul do Brasil

The main goal of this work was to study the biodegradation of phenol in batch mode by a filamentous fungus isolated from a contaminated site in Southern Brazil. A better performance was obtained by previous adaptation of the microorganism to the toxic chemical. A 2³ experimental design was proposed and it could be observed total phenol degradation in 72 h using 500 mg L-1 glucose, inoculum of 20% and agitation of 200 rpm, resulting a biodegradation rate of 3.76 mg L-1 h-1. In relation to phenol tolerance, Aspergillus sp. LEBM2 was able to consume up to 989 ± 15 mg L-1.

Pentas quaestionum quarundam, ex agro philosophiae decerptarum

Painovuosi nimekkeestä.

Fosterländsk

Soitinnus: lauluääni, sekakuoro.

Identificação de conflito de uso da terra em áreas de preservação permanente no entorno do parque nacional do Caparaó, Estado de Minas Gerais

Este estudo teve como objetivos elaborar um mapa de uso da terra com base nas imagens do satélite IKONOS II, delimitar de maneira automática as áreas de preservação permanente e identificar a ocorrência de conflitos de usos, tendo como referência legal o Código florestal e a Resolução n.º 303 do CONAMA. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na entorno do Parque Nacional do Caparaó, pertencente aos municípios de Alto Jequitibá, Alto Caparaó, Caparaó e Espera Feliz, todos situados no estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizando os recursos disponíveis no geoprocessamento, foi possível mapear 8 classes de uso da terra e delimitar as áreas de preservação permanente situadas em áreas com altitudes superior a 1.800 metros (8,42 ha), no terço superior dos morros (18,67 ha); encostas com declividade superior a 45 graus (92,96 ha); nascentes e suas respectivas áreas de contribuição (1.989,44 ha); margens dos cursos d´água com largura inferior a 10 metros (3.957,19 ha); e no terço superior das sub-bacias (6.031,54 ha), perfazendo um total de 12.098,22 ha (48,06%) da área total da bacia. A área de uso indevido correspondeu a 8.922,91 ha (73,75%), sendo as classes cafezal (5.183,43 ha) e pastagem (3.650,74 ha) as principais ocorrências nessas áreas. Apenas 2.160,69 ha (18,40%) das áreas de preservação permanente estão protegidas por vegetação nativa.

Objective Evaluation of Nasal Dimensions in Children with Acoustic Rhinometry

Aims: This study was carried out to investigate the usefulness of acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of intranasal dimensions in children. The aim was to define reference values for school children. In addition, the role of the VAS scale in the subjective evaluation of nasal obstruction in children was studied. Materials and methods: Measurements were done with Acoustic Rhinometry A1. The values of special interest were the minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) and the anterior volume of the nose (VOL). The data for reference values included 124 voluntary school children with no permanent nasal symptoms, aged between 7 and 14 years. Data were collected at baseline and after decongestion of the nose; the VAS scale was filled in before measurements. The subjects in the follow-up study (n=74, age between 1 and 12 years) were receiving intranasal spray of insulin or placebo. The nasal symptoms were recorded and acoustic rhinometry was measured at each control visit. Results: In school children, the mean total MCA was 0.752 cm2 (SD 0.165), and the mean total VOL was 4.00 cm3 (SD 0.63) at baseline. After decongestion, a significant increase in the mean TMCA and in the mean TVOL was found. A correlation was found between TMCA and age, and between TVOL and height of a child. There was no difference between boys and girls. A correlation was found between unilateral acoustic values and VAS at baseline, but not after decongestion. No difference wasfound in acoustic values or symptoms between the insulin and placebo group in the follow-up study of two years. Conclusions: Acoustic rhinometry is a suitable objective method to examine intranasal dimensions in children. It is easy to perform and well tolerated. Reference values for children between 7 and 14 years were established.

L'Univers

1870/01/19 (Numéro 989).

Rabdomiomas cardíacos fetais: análise de cinco casos

OBJETIVO: analisar o diagnóstico, evolução e conduta terapêutica em cinco casos de tumores cardíacos primários diagnosticados no período pré-natal. MÉTODOS: no período de Janeiro 1997 a Dezembro 2008, 7.989 gestantes foram submetidas à avaliação ultrassonográfica morfológica fetal devido à presença de fatores de risco para malformações fetais. Foram selecionados os casos com massas hipercogênicas intracardíaca maiores que 1 mm diagnosticados na avaliação ultrassonográfica do coração fetal. O diagnóstico diferencial dos tumores foi realizado segundo as características ultrassonográficas das massas. RESULTADOS: em cinco fetos foram diagnosticadas massas hiperecogênicas intracardíaca correspondendo a uma taxa de prevalência de 0,06%. A idade gestacional variou entre a 28ª e a 36ª semanas (média=31) e a idade materna variou de 23 a 45 anos (média=34,2). A localização mais frequente das massas foi o ventrículo esquerdo (100%). Ecograficamente, todas as massas eram hipercogênicas, homogêneas, únicas ou múltiplas e bem delimitadas, compatíveis com diagnóstico de um rabdomioma. Nos casos em que os diâmetros das massas foram menores que 20 mm, a conduta foi expectante e não houve complicações no período pré-natal. Um caso com tumor de grande volume apresentou arritmia e insuficiência cardíaca na 35ª semana de gestação, sendo indicada a interrupção da gestação. Em 80% dos casos foi observada associação com esclerose tuberosa no seguimento pós-natal. A regressão dos tumores cardíacos ocorreu em três casos (60%) durante um seguimento médio de três anos. Todos os recém-nascidos eram do sexo masculino e sem antecedentes familiares de esclerose tuberosa. CONCLUSÕES: a avaliação ultrassonográfica morfológica fetal é a principal forma de detecção precoce dos tumores cardíacos primários. A avaliação cardíaca fetal é fundamental para a caracterização morfológica diferencial das massas cardíacas e para avaliação funcional cardíaca. Os rabdomiomas são o tipo mais comum de tumor no feto. A conduta pré e pós-natal são expectantes, com baixo risco de complicações, havendo possibilidade de regressão espontânea na maioria dos casos. O seguimento clínico pós-natal é obrigatório devido à frequente associação à esclerose tuberosa.

Monitoramento externo da qualidade dos exames citopatológicos cervicais realizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concordância de diagnósticos citopatológicos de laboratórios credenciados e os verificados no monitoramento. MÉTODOS: Foram calculados o coeficiente de concordância global e o coeficiente Kappa de Cohen de uma amostra de conveniência dos exames selecionados mensalmente pelo Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO) para monitoramento externo da qualidade (MEQ) dos 15 laboratórios que realizaram exames citopatológicos para o SUS entre 2002 e 2011 no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (região central do Brasil). A comparação entre os valores de concordância (coeficiente de concordância global e coeficiente Kappa) dos anos inicial e final foi computada por meio da variação absoluta (delta) e variação percentual relativa (VPR). RESULTADOS: Foram encaminhadas para releitura 15.989 esfregaços, dos quais 48,1% apresentavam laudo normal/alteração benigna, seguidos de atipia/lesão de baixo grau (36,3%), lesão de alto grau/carcinoma/adenocarcinoma (4,2%) e insatisfatórios para leitura (11,4%). O coeficiente de concordância global oscilou entre 0,2 e 1,0, sendo que o valor mediano passou de 0,7 em 2002 para 1,0 em 2011 (VPR=+36,6%). Nesse mesmo período, os valores medianos do coeficiente Kappa aumentaram de 0,5 para 0,9 (VPR=+80,8%). CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se pela exequibilidade do MEQ dos exames citopatológicos na esfera estadual e que sua implementação resulta em melhoria nos diagnósticos realizados na rede SUS.