Matkaopas käsittämättömään kieleen

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Weed interference periods in the 'Fécula Branca' cassava

This study aimed to determine the periods of weed interference in the first cycle of 'Fécula Branca' cassava. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of eight periods of weed control (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 days after planting - DAP) and eight periods of coexistence between the weed community and the crop (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175), besides control without weeds and control with weeds until harvest (322 DAP). The predominant weed species with higher relative importance were: Avena sativa, Sorghum halepense, Conyza Canadensis, Euphorbia heterophylla, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Commelina benghalensis. It was concluded that, accepting losses of 1% for root and starch production, the period before interference (PBI) was 66 and 70 DAP; the total period of interference prevention (TPIP) was 88 and 91 DAP and the critical period of interference (CPI) was between 66-88 and 70-91 DAP, respectively. For losses of 5% for root and starch production, the PBI was 87 and 88 DAP, and the TPIP 80 and 81 DAP, respectively; in this case, there was no CPI. Considering the average prices of R$ 218.90 t-1 and R$ 1,191.84 t-1, paid in 2012 for root and starch production, respectively, and control cost of R$ 300.00 ha-1 , the root and starch production for the period prior to economic loss (WEEPPEL) could be estimated to be 20 and 24 DAP, respectively.

Kuinka Suomea kirjoitettiin kansakunnaksi?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Septentrionalium partium nova tabula

Julkaisussa: Geographia Cl. Ptolemaei Alexandrini

Wheat bran- but not oat bran-enriched diets increase the mucosal height of the cecum and colon of newly weaned and aged rats

The effect of diets enriched with oat or wheat bran (prepared by the addition of 300 g of each fiber to 1000 g of the regular diet), given for 8 weeks, on the mucosal height of the colon and cecum was investigated. Newly weaned (21 days old) and aged (12 months old) male Wistar rats were used in this study. As compared to controls, diets enriched with wheat bran provoked a significant increase in the mucosal height, whereas oat bran did not cause any effect. In newly weaned rats (21 days old), wheat bran increased the mucosal height (µm) in the cecum by 20% (mean ± SEM for 8 rats; 169.1 ± 5.2 and 202.9 ± 8.0 for control and wheat bran, respectively) and in the colon (218.8 ± 7.2 and 264.5 ± 18.8 for control and wheat bran, respectively). A similar effect was observed in aged rats (12 months old), with an increase of 15% in the mucosal height (µm) of the cecum (mean ± SEM of 8 rats; 193.2 ± 8.6 and 223.7 ± 8.3 for control and wheat bran, respectively) and of 17% in the colon (300.4 ± 9.2 and 352.2 ± 15.9 for control and wheat bran, respectively)

Schonladia nuova

Julkaisussa: Geographia Cl. Ptolemaei Alexandrini

Handbok för dikningssammanslutningar : Genomförande av underhålls- och grundförbättringsprojekt

Största delen av åkrarna i Finland har dikats redan före 1970-talet och åkerarealen som för närvarande odlas har grundtorrlagts åtminstone en gång. Vattenförvaltningen grundades år 1970 och torrläggningsärenden överfördes från lantbruksingenjörsdistrikten till vattendistrikten och därefter utfördes det igen mer dikningar. Antalet ansökningar om dikningsförrättning, som nuförtiden görs till NTM-centralen, har avsevärt minskat efter 1990-talet och de åtgärder som nuförtiden utförs gäller närmast att iståndsätta eller grundförbättra diken. Dikningsprojekt som genomförs på åkerområden berör ofta flera markägare och omfattande projekt kräver bra samarbetsförmåga och kunnande bland markägarna, samt villighet att genomföra projektet så att det medför så stor nytta som möjligt för alla medlemmar i dikningssammanslutningen. Vanligtvis meddelas det om dikningssammanslutningars stämmor i lokaltidningar och vid dessa stämmor beslutar man om de åtgärder som skall vidtas i samband med projektet. Genom att delta i dessa stämmor kan en medlem i dikningssammanslutningen påverka valet av ombudsmän och de åtgärder som kommer att vidtas i samband med projektet. Behovet av vattenskydd och skötsel av vattendrag har förändrats. Vid underhållet bör man beakta vattenkvaliteten på torrläggningsområdet och i vattendraget nedströms samt se till att naturvärden i fårorna på torrläggningsområdet bevaras. Enligt vattenlagen kan underhållet av ett dike som har förvandlats till en bädd i ett naturliknande tillstånd, behöva en ny plan och dikningsförrättning. För att minska vattenkvalitetsproblem och övriga olägenheter som rensning av fåror medför, har det utvecklats åtgärder för s.k. naturenligt vattenbyggande som kan tillämpas vid underhållet av fåran. I framtiden har ombudsmän i dikningsprojekt ännu större ansvar för projektets framskridande och efter att projektet färdigställts även för underhållet av fårorna. På grund av att förfaringssätten har förändrats och vattenlagen reviderats ansåg man att ombudsmän i dikningsprojekt borde ha en egen uppdaterad handbok i vilken man kan hitta alla de uppgifter som hör till ombudsmännen. I denna handbok har man samlat de uppgifter som hör till sammanslutningens ombudsman under ett underhålls- och grundförbättringsprojekt samt uppgifterna efter att projektet slutförts. Handboken har utarbetats i samarbete med Väinö Haapamäki, ansvarig för torrläggningsfrågor vid NTM-centralen i Södra Österbotten och den riksomfattande gruppen för verksamhetsmodellen gällande grundtorrläggning och dikningsförrättning. Dessutom har handboken kommenterats av bl.a. Täckdikningsföreningen, Finlands miljöcentral, Jord- och skogsbruksministeriet, Jord- och skogsbruksproducenternas centralförbund samt flera NTM-centraler och kommuners miljövårdsmyndigheter.

Preoperative cobalt60 irradiation delays the healing of rectal anastomoses in rats

The healing of colorectal anastomoses after irradiation therapy continues to be a major concern. The authors evaluated the healing of rectal anastomoses in a rat model after a preoperative 500-cGy dose of cobalt60 irradiation. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups: control (group A), and irradiation group (group B). Group B received a single 500-cGy dose of irradiation, and a rectal resection and end-to-end anastomosis was performed in both groups on the 7th day after irradiation. Parameters of the healing process included bursting pressure and collagen content on the 5th, 7th, and 14th days after surgery. In the irradiation group, the mean bursting pressure on the 5th, 7th, and 14th days was 116, 218, and 273 mmHg, respectively. The collagen content assessed by histomorphometry was 9.0, 20.8, and 32%, respectively. In contrast, the control group had a mean bursting pressure of 175, 225 and 263 mmHg, and a collagen content of 17.8, 28.1, and 32.1%, respectively. The adverse effect of irradiation on healing was detectable only on the 5th postoperative day, as demonstrated by lower bursting pressure (P < 0.013) and collagen content (P < 0.008). However, there was no failure of anastomotic healing such as leakage or dehiscence due to irradiation. We conclude that a single preoperative 500-cGy dose of irradiation delays the healing of rectal anastomosis in rats.

miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small endogenous RNAs that play important regulatory roles by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. miRNAs act in diverse biological processes including development, cell growth, apoptosis, and hematopoiesis, suggesting their association with cancer. We determined the miRNA expression profile of chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemias (CLL and ALL) using the TaqMan® MicroRNA Assays Human Panel (Applied Biosystems). Pooled leukemia samples were compared to pooled CD19+ samples from healthy individuals (calibrator) by the 2-DDCt method. Total RNA input was normalized based on the Ct values obtained for hsa-miR-30b. The five most highly expressed miRNAs were miR-128b, miR-204, miR-218, miR-331, and miR-181b-1 in ALL, and miR-331, miR-29a, miR-195, miR-34a, and miR-29c in CLL. To our knowledge, this is the first report associating miR-128b, miR-204 and miR-331 to hematological malignancies. The miR-17-92 cluster was also found to be up-regulated in ALL, as previously reported for some types of lymphomas. The differences observed in gene expression levels were validated for miR-331 and miR-128b in ALL and CD19+ samples. These miRNAs were up-regulated in ALL, in agreement with our initial results. A brief target analysis was performed for miR-331. One of its putative targets, SOCS1, promotes STAT activation, which is a known mediator of cell proliferation and survival, suggesting the possibility of an association between miR-331 and these processes. This initial screening provided information on miRNA differentially expressed in normal and malignant B-cells that could suggest the potential roles of these miRNAs in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis.

Highly sensitive C-reactive protein and male gender are independently related to the severity of coronary disease in patients with metabolic syndrome and an acute coronary event

Patients with metabolic syndrome are at high-risk for development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was to examine the major determinants of coronary disease severity, including those coronary risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, during the early period after an acute coronary episode. We tested the hypothesis that inflammatory markers, especially highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), are related to coronary atherosclerosis, in addition to traditional coronary risk factors. Subjects of both genders aged 30 to 75 years (N = 116) were prospectively included if they had suffered a recent acute coronary syndrome (acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris requiring hospitalization) and if they had metabolic syndrome diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III. Patients were submitted to a coronary angiography and the burden of atherosclerosis was estimated by the Gensini score. The severity of coronary disease was correlated (Spearman’s or Pearson’s coefficient) with gender (r = 0.291, P = 0.008), age (r = 0.218, P = 0.048), hsCRP (r = 0.256, P = 0.020), ApoB/ApoA ratio (r = 0.233, P = 0.041), and carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.236, P = 0.041). After multiple linear regression, only male gender (P = 0.046) and hsCRP (P = 0.012) remained independently associated with the Gensini score. In this high-risk population, male gender and high levels of hsCRP, two variables that can be easily obtained, were associated with more extensive coronary disease, identifying patients with the highest potential of developing new coronary events.

Ajankohtainen imaamikoulutusselvitys

Kirjallisuusarvostelu