Comparação de métodos de condução de populações segregantes do feijoeiro

A eficiência de cinco métodos de condução de populações segregantes foi comparada na cultura do feijoeiro. Para isso foi utilizada a população segregante do cruzamento entre as cultivares Carioca x Flor de Mayo. Foram comparados os métodos genealógico, populacional ou bulk, descendentes de uma única semente ou single seed descent (SSD), bulk dentro de F3 e bulk dentro de F2, os quais foram conduzidos conforme o preconizado em relação a cada método. Os métodos foram avaliados em dois locais: Lavras, no sul de Minas Gerais, e Patos de Minas, localizado na região do Alto São Francisco. Utilizou-se delineamento látice triplo 18 x 18. Foram avaliadas 320 famílias: 64, derivadas de cada um dos métodos, os genitores, e mais duas testemunhas. Com os dados de produtividade de grãos (g/parcela), foram obtidas estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos. Os principais critérios utilizados nas comparações foram o desempenho médio das famílias, o ganho esperado com diferentes intensidades de seleção, e o número de famílias em cada método com desempenho superior a um determinado padrão. Não houve diferenças marcantes entre os métodos, na obtenção de famílias superiores, ou seja: se conduzidos corretamente, todos os métodos permitem sucesso com a seleção. Contudo, considerando as estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos, juntamente com a facilidade e flexibilidade de condução, os métodos do bulk e do SSD foram os mais vantajosos.

Clones promissores de seringueira para a região do Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo

Este trabalho objetivou apresentar resultados da primeira seleção de clones de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell.Arg.) da série IAC 300, e amazônicos das séries IAN e Fx, em experimento de pequena escala, visando produção, crescimento e resistência ao mal-das-folhas. A produção e o vigor de 20 clones foram avaliados por dois e nove anos, respectivamente, em PariqüeraAçú, no Vale do Ribeira, SP. Os clones IAC 301, IAC 304, IAC 306 e IAC 319 produziram satisfatoriamente nos dois primeiros anos de sangria. Os clones amazônicos IAN 6323, Fx 3864 e IAN 2903, com produções de 1.078 kg, 945 kg e 900 kg/ha/ano, respectivamente, foram superiores à testemunha IAN 873 (878 kg/ha/ano). Os clones selecionados apresentaram crescimento vigoroso, com extremos de perímetro do caule, na abertura do painel, de 37,40 cm (IAN 4493) a 53,75 cm (IAN 6323), e percentual de plantas aptas à sangria de 7,0% (IAN 4493) a 100% (IAN 6323 e IAC 302), exceto os clones Fx 3899 e IAN 3044. O IAC 315, com 7,37 mm, mostrou maior espessura de casca virgem que o IAN 873 (6,44 mm). Os clones IAC 320, IAC 306 e IAC 315 foram os mais resistentes ao Microcyclus ulei.

Promoción de la lectura en las bibliotecas públicas de Cataluña: evaluación y resultados

Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta realizada en 2009 entre las 320 bibliotecas públicas de Cataluña sobre las prácticas de evaluación de las acciones de promoción de la lectura. Los resultados se basan tanto en los datos cuantitativos como en las opiniones y las valoraciones del personal directivo de las bibliotecas en torno a estas actividades.

Compliance with the Swiss Society for Nutrition's dietary recommendations in the population of Geneva, Switzerland: a 10-year trend study (1999-2009).

The trends in compliance with the dietary recommendations of the Swiss Society for Nutrition in the Geneva population were assessed for the period from 1999 to 2009 using 10 cross-sectional, population-based surveys (Bus Santé study) with a total of 9,320 participants aged 35 to 75 years (50% women). Dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered, validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Trends were assessed by logistic regression adjusting for age, smoking status, education, and nationality using survey year as the independent variable. After excluding participants with extreme intakes, the percentage of participants with a cholesterol intake of <300 mg/day increased from 40.8% in 1999 to 43.6% in 2009 for men (multivariate-adjusted P for trend=0.04) and from 57.8% to 61.4% in women (multivariate-adjusted P for trend=0.06). Calcium intake >1 g/day decreased from 53.3% to 46% in men and from 47.6% to 40.7% in women (multivariate-adjusted P for trend<0.001). Adequate iron intake decreased from 68.3% to 65.3% in men and from 13.3% to 8.4% in women (multivariate-adjusted P for trend<0.001). Conversely, no significant changes were observed for carbohydrates, protein, total fat (including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids), fiber, and vitamins D and A. We conclude that the quality of the Swiss diet did not improve between 1999 and 2009 and that intakes deviate substantially from expert recommendations for health promotion and chronic disease risk reduction.

Parâmetros morfológicos para estabelecer tolerância diferencial à toxicidade de alumínio em cultivares de arroz

Dois experimentos em casa de vegetação foram conduzidos visando identificar parâmetros morfológicos ligados à tolerância ao alumínio (Al) e estabelecer a concentração de Al e o tempo de cultivo suficientes para a expressão da tolerância ao Al, em duas cultivares de arroz, em solução nutritiva. Plantas de determinado comprimento radicular máximo foram transferidas para solução nutritiva com quatro concentrações de Al (0, 80, 160 e 320 mimol L-¹), a pH 4,0. Em cada coleta, foram medidos o comprimento máximo radicular, área radicular, área foliar e massa seca de raízes e parte aérea. Apenas os parâmetros morfológicos ligados ao sistema radicular possibilitaram o reconhecimento da tolerância diferencial das cultivares; a elongação radicular relativa foi a medida mais sensível. Quatro dias de exposição ao Al foram suficientes para a detecção da tolerância diferencial por meio da elongação radicular relativa. Os procedimentos estabelecidos nos experimentos podem ser utilizados para a avaliação de um número maior de cultivares.

Leaching of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in a sandy soil cultivated with sugarcane

A lysimeter experiment was carried out with sugarcane aiming to evaluate the leaching of nitrogen derived from either urea (15N) or the soil/sugarcane crop residues. The leaching of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ was also evaluated. The experiment was a factorial 2x4. The influencing factors were: firstly, the differential addition of two kinds of sugarcane remains to the soil, simulating conditions of cane- plantation renewal after the cane crop harvest, with and without previous straw removal by burning; secondly, four doses of N: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1. During the experimental period the total volume of water received by the sugarcane-soil system was 2,015 mm, with 1,255 mm as precipitation and 760 mm as irrigation. The loss of N by leaching from the fertilizer (15N) was not detected. In the first three weeks the largest losses of N by leaching occurred, originating from the soil/sugarcane remains-N. The mean of leached N during the experimental period of 11 months was of 4.5 kg ha-1. The mean losses of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were of 13, 320 and 80 kg ha-1, respectively.

Influence of micronutrients on dry matter yield and interaction with other nutrients in annual crops

The objective of this work was to determine the influence of Zn, Mn and Cu on shoot dry matter yield and uptake of macro and micronutrients in upland rice, common bean and corn. Six greenhouse experiments were conducted using a Dark Red Latosol (Typic Haplusthox). Treatments consisted of application of Zn at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg kg-1, of Mn at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg kg-1 and of Cu application at 0, 2, 4, 8, 32, 64 and 96 mg kg-1. Zinc increased yield of rice, Mn increased yields of corn and bean and Cu improved yields of rice and bean. Uptake of N, Ca, and Cu in rice was decreased by zinc treatment. In common bean, uptake of N, Mg, and Cu was increased by zinc application, whereas, uptake of P was decreased. Manganese increased uptake of Mg, Zn and Fe and decreased uptake of Ca, in corn. Uptake of K, Zn and Mn was increased and uptake of P and Cu was decreased by Mn application, in bean. Copper had positive and negative interactions in the uptake of macro and micronutrients, depending on crop species and nutrients involved.

Metabolic and hemodynamic changes during recovery and tracheal extubation in neurosurgical patients: immediate versus delayed recovery.

Delayed recovery has been advocated to limit the postoperative stress linked to awakening from anesthesia, but data on this subject are lacking. In this study, we measured oxygen consumption (V(O2)) and plasma catecholamine concentrations as markers of postoperative stress. We tested the hypothesis that delayed recovery and extubation would attenuate metabolic changes after intracranial surgery. Thirty patients were included in a prospective, open study and were randomized into two groups. In Group I, the patients were tracheally extubated as soon as possible after surgery. In Group II, the patients were sedated with propofol for 2 h after surgery. V(O2), catecholamine concentration, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were measured during anesthesia, at extubation, and 30 min after extubation. V(O2) and noradrenaline on extubation and mean V(O2) during recovery were significantly higher in Group II than in Group I (V(O2) for Group I: preextubation 215 +/- 46 mL/min, recovery 198 +/- 38 mL/min; for Group II: preextubation 320 +/- 75 mL/min, recovery 268 +/- 49 mL/min; noradrenaline on extubation for Group I: 207 +/- 76 pg/mL, for Group II: 374 +/- 236 pg/ mL). Extubation induced a significant increase in MAP. MAP, HR, and adrenaline values were not statistically different between groups. In conclusion, delayed recovery after neurosurgery cannot be recommended as a mechanism of limiting the metabolic and hemodynamic consequences from emergence from general anesthesia. IMPLICATIONS: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that delayed recovery after neurosurgery would attenuate the consequences of recovery from general anesthesia. As markers of stress, oxygen consumption and noradrenaline blood levels were higher after delayed versus early recovery. Thus, delayed recovery cannot be recommended as a mechanism of limiting the metabolic and hemodynamic consequences from emergence after neurosurgery.

La enseñanza en las Fuerzas Armadas orientada al siglo XXI

El trabajo trata de la reforma de la enseñanza militar que da acceso a las escalas de oficiales y suboficiales de los cuerpos generales y de Infantería de Marina. Dicha reforma está orientada a incorporar plenamente la enseñanza en las Fuerzas Armadas al sistema educativo general, dando un paso más en el camino ya iniciado por la Ley 17/1989, de 19 de julio, reguladora del Régimen del Personal Militar Profesional. Simplificando, se trata de sustituir un sistema de equivalencias entre la enseñanza militar y la civil, por el requisito de la obtención para el acceso a las escalas de oficiales y de suboficiales de un título oficial de graduado universitario o de técnico superior de formación profesional, respectivamente. Además, tanto el sistema de centros universitarios de la defensa, como las academias y escuelas autorizadas en el caso de los suboficiales, se ven sujetos a la normativa general y a los sistemas de garantía de calidad que rigen en cada ámbito de dichas enseñanzas. Todo ello sin menoscabar la finalidad esencial de la enseñanza militar: formar excelentes oficiales y suboficiales, con la capacidad profesional y el prestigio que han demostrado en más de 20 años de operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz en el exterior.

Determination of the Enantiomers of Mianserin and its Metabolites in Plasma by Capillary Electrophoresis After Liquid-Liquid Extraction and On-Column Sample Preconcentration

Capillary electrophoresis has drawn considerable attention in the past few years, particularly in the field of chiral separations because of its high separation efficiency. However, its routine use in therapeutic drug monitoring is hampered by its low sensitivity due to a short optical path. We have developed a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method using 2mM of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector, which allows base-to-base separation of the enantiomers of mianserin (MIA), desmethylmianserin (DMIA), and 8-hydroxymianserin (OHMIA). Through the use of an on-column sample concentration step after liquid-liquid extraction from plasma and through the presence of an internal standard, the quantitation limits were found to be 5 ng/mL for each enantiomer of MIA and DMIA and 15 ng/mL for each enantiomer of OHMIA. To our knowledge, this is the first published CE method that allows its use for therapeutic monitoring of antidepressants due to its sensitivity down to the low nanogram range. The variability of the assays, as assessed by the coefficients of variation (CV) measured at two concentrations for each substance, ranged from 2 to 14% for the intraday (eight replicates) and from 5 to 14% for the interday (eight replicates) experiments. The deviations from the theoretical concentrations, which represent the accuracy of the method, were all within 12.5%. A linear response was obtained for all compounds within the range of concentrations used for the calibration curves (10-150 ng/mL for each enantiomer of MIA and DMIA and 20-300 ng/mL for each enantiomer of OHMIA). Good correlations were calculated between [(R) + (S)]-MIA and DMIA concentrations measured in plasma samples of 20 patients by a nonchiral gas chromatography method and CZE, and between the (R)- and (S)-concentrations of MIA and DMIA measured in plasma samples of 37 patients by a previously described chiral high-performance liquid chromatography method and CZE. Finally, no interference was noted from more than 20 other psychotropic drugs. Thus, this method, which is both sensitive and selective, can be routinely used for therapeutic monitoring of the enantiomers of MIA and its metabolites. It could be very useful due to the demonstrated interindividual variability of the stereoselective metabolism of MIA.