La réhabilitation psychosociale a l'aube du XXIème siècle. I: Principes, population cible et pathologie en cause

The relatively recent development of the psychosocial rehabilitation has its origins mainly in the progress of modern psychopharmacology, the assertion of the rights of the patients and the result of the studies showing that the evolution of persons suffering from severe and persistent mental illnesses can prove to be positive in many cases. In spite of the heterogeneity of the experiences and of the theoretical references, the core principles of the psychosocial rehabilitation imposed themselves. These principles can be classified according to three levels, that of relational ethics, that of the method of intervention and that of the institutional device. A recent study showed that 2.4@1000 of the general adult population of the Canton of Vaud live in sociotherapeutic and rehabilitation accommodations. In this sample, there is a important percentage of relatively young persons (55.3% are under 40). In institutional accommodation there is a majority of patients suffering from major personality disorders and addiction (40.6%), followed by psychotic disorders (37.2%), persistent mood disorders (12.3%), neurotic disorders (6.6%) and psycho-organic disorders (3.3%). In home based rehabilitation, the ratio of patients with psychotic disorders is more important (53.1%). This difference would indicate that people with schizophrenia would have a better social outcome than personality disorders with addiction

Troparium, prosarium, processionale, tonarium Sancti Martialis Lemovicensis.

F. 2-41v Tropaire. F. 42-57v Tropes du Gloria. F. 58-72v Séquences sans paroles : — « Nostra tuba » (58v) ; — « Planctus pueri captivati » ; « Filii plangant » ; « Planctus cigni » (67v). F. 73-89v « Tracti » (sic) et cantique « Benedicite ». F. 90-137 Offertorial. F. 138-179v Processionnal. F. 187-195v et 218-223v Antiennes des cantiques évangéliques, etc. F. 196 Fragment de prosaire. F. 201v-206v Tonaire. F. 210v-217 et 179v-186v Versets d'alleluia. F. 223v Chants de l'office de la Trinité. F. 229v-247 Chants et poésies divers : « De b. Abraham. Senex fidelis... » (232-234) F. 1 Cantique des Vierges. Cf. Mearns. Canticles, 92. F. 1v-6 et 247v Notes de la main de BERNARD ITIER (Chron. de S. Martial, édit. Duplès-Agier, XXXII, XXXVIII, 35, 44, 236). F. 232-234 PRUDENTIUS, Praefatio Psychomachiae (C. V., LXI, 167-710 ; édit. Lavarenne, 127-132).

Consumption of Cinara spp. (Hemiptera, Aphididae) by Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, 1842 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

Adults and larvae of coccinellids were observed feeding on populations of the giant conifer aphids Cinara spp. on Pinus spp., in Southern Brazil. The objective of this research is to evaluate the consumption capacity of Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, 1842 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) on these aphid species, in order to obtain information for biological control programs. Ten larvae of each predator species were fed with aphids of small size (nymphs of 1st and 2nd instars), and 10 with aphids of medium size (nymphs of 3rd and 4th instars), maintained under 15ºC, 20ºC and 25ºC, 12 h photophase and 70 ± 10% relative humidity. The aphids were counted every 24 hours, replacing those that were consumed. The total consumption of Cinara by the larvae of C. sanguinea was not statistically different at the three temperatures: 325.5; 322.2 and 324.8 of small aphids and 121.3; 140.4 and 109.9 of medium ones, respectively at 15ºC, 20ºC and 25ºC. The consumption by H. convergens was higher than by C. sanguinea and increased noticeably with temperature: 444 aphids at 15ºC; 491.3 at 20ºC and 513.3 at 25ºC, considering the small aphids, and 187.1; 205.1 and 216.6 of medium aphids at the three temperatures. The small aphids weigh about half as much as medium ones and were preferred by all larval instars probably because they are easier to manipulate than the large ones. Both predators, especially the 4th instar larvae, showed high consumption capacity on the Cinara nymphs at all temperatures and can be regarded as promising biological control agents.

Valtiovarainministeri Johannes Virolainen 25/3 1974

Kirje 25.3.1974

The role of mycorrhizas in more sustainable oil palm cultivation

Oil palm is a significant and developing crop in many developing countries. The introduction of oil palm puts pressure on natural resources because it is often planted in cleared-cut land that previously supported other crops or was forested. This has led to environmental concerns which require attention. Hence it is important that new plantations are managed in a sustainable way to reduce the impact of oil palm cultivation on ecosystems whilst maximising yield and productivity to farmers. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) technology is one option that can benefit both agronomic plant health and ecosystems. AMF have the potential to increase conventional agricultural productivity and are crucial for the sustainable functioning of agricultural ecosystems. This paper provides an insight into how AMF application might benefit oil palm cultivation through more sustainable management and the practical use of AMF for oil palm plantations.

Lack of Smad3 signaling leads to impaired skeletal muscle regeneration.

Smad3 is a key intracellular signaling mediator for both transforming growth factor-β and myostatin, two major regulators of skeletal muscle growth. Previous published work has revealed pronounced muscle atrophy together with impaired satellite cell functionality in Smad3-null muscles. In the present study, we have further validated a role for Smad3 signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration. Here, we show that Smad3-null mice had incomplete recovery of muscle weight and myofiber size after muscle injury. Histological/immunohistochemical analysis suggested impaired inflammatory response and reduced number of activated myoblasts during the early stages of muscle regeneration in the tibialis anterior muscle of Smad3-null mice. Nascent myofibers formed after muscle injury were also reduced in number. Moreover, Smad3-null regenerated muscle had decreased oxidative enzyme activity and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, evident by the downregulation of the gene encoding mitochondrial transcription factor A, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistent with known Smad3 function, reduced fibrotic tissue formation was also seen in regenerated Smad3-null muscle. In conclusion, Smad3 deficiency leads to impaired muscle regeneration, which underscores an essential role of Smad3 in postnatal myogenesis. Given the negative role of myostatin during muscle regeneration, the increased expression of myostatin observed in Smad3-null muscle may contribute to the regeneration defects.

Changes in ubiquitin immunoreactivity in developing rat brain: a putative role for ubiquitin and ubiquitin conjugates in dendrite outgrowth and differentiation.

The role of ubiquitin in development of the mammalian brain has been studied using a monoclonal antibody, RHUb1, specific for ubiquitin. Immunodevelopment of western blots of homogenate samples of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum prepared from animals of known postnatal age show marked developmental changes in conjugate level. Striking decreases in the level of a prominent conjugate of molecular weight 22,000, which is identified as ubiquitinated histone, are observed during the first postnatal week in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but not the cerebellum. A marked overall developmental decrease in the level of high-molecular-weight (> 40,000) ubiquitin conjugates which occurs predominantly during the third, but also the fourth, postnatal week is observed in all three regions. Immunocytochemical data obtained with the RHUb1 antibody show intense staining of neuronal perikarya, nuclei and dendrites in early postnatal cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Staining of pyramidal cell perikarya and dendrites is particularly prominent. The intensity of dendritic staining, particularly for the cerebral cortex, shows a striking decrease after postnatal day 14 and only faint dendritic staining is observed in the adult. In early postnatal cerebellum, immunoreactivity is predominantly nuclear, though some staining of the proximal regions of Purkinje cell dendrites is observed between postnatal days 4 and 19. As with the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, most of the ubiquitin reactivity is lost in adult animals. The loss of dendritic staining, particularly in the cerebral cortex, correlates with the decrease in the level of high-molecular-weight ubiquitin conjugates observed on the western blots. Immunodevelopment of western blots of a range of subcellular fractions prepared from developing rat forebrain shows that the developmental decrease in the level of high-molecular-weight ubiquitin conjugates is not uniform for all fractions. The decrease in conjugate level is most marked for the cell-soluble, mitochondrial and detergent-insoluble cytoskeletal fractions. Taken overall, the data suggest a role for ubiquitin in dendrite outgrowth and arborization, loss of dendritic ubiquitin immunoreactivity correlating with completion of these processes.

Laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery in everyday practice : retrospective study

Résumé Introduction: La plupart des études disponibles sur la chirurgie colorectale par laparoscopie concernent des patients hautement sélectionnés. Le but de cette étude est d'analyser les résultats à court et à long terme de l'ensemble des patients traités dans un service de chirurgie générale. Méthodes: Il s'agit d'une analyse rétrospective d'un registre prospectif interne au service, dans lequel tous les patients consécutifs opérés pour la première fois du colon et du rectum entre mars 1993 et décembre 1997 ont été enregistrés. Les informations concernant le suivi ont été collectées par questionnaire. Résultats: Un total de 187 patients ont été opérés par laparoscopie et 215 patients par chirurgie ouverte durant la période d'étude. Les informations concernant le suivi ont pu être collectées dans 95% des cas avec une évolution de 1-107 mois (médiane 59 mois), respectivement de 1-104 mois (médiane 53 mois). Une conversion fut nécessaire dans 28 cas (15%) mais ceux-ci restent inclus dans le groupe laparoscopie pour l'analyse par intention de traitement. Dans le groupe laparoscopie, les opérations ont duré plus longtemps (205 vs 150 min, p<0.001) mais l'hospitalisation a été plus courte (8 vs 13 jours, p<0.001). La reprise du transit a été plus rapide après laparoscopie, mais uniquement après intervention sur le colon gauche (3 vs 4 jours, p<0.01). Cependant, la sélection préopératoire (nombre plus élevé d'urgences et de patients avec un risque anesthésiologique élevé dans le groupe de la chirurgie ouverte) a été favorable à la laparoscopie. Le taux de complications (global ainsi que pour chaque complication chirurgicale) a été similaire dans les deux groupes, avec un taux global de 20% environ. Conclusions: Malgré une sélection favorable des cas, uniquement très peu d'avantages à la laparoscopie sur la chirurgie ouverte ont pu être observés. Abstract Background: Most studies available on laparoscopic colorectal surgery focus on highly selected patient groups. The aim of the present study was to review short- and long-term outcome of everyday patients treated in a general surgery department. Methods: Retrospective review was carried out of a prospective database of all consecutive patients having undergone primary laparoscopic (LAP) or open colorectal surgery between March 1993 and December 1997. Follow-up data were completed via questionnaire. Results: A total of 187 patients underwent LAP resection and 215 patients underwent open surgery. Follow up was complete in 95% with a median of 59 months (range, 1-107 months) and 53 months (range, 1-104 months), respectively. There were 28 conversions (15%) in the LAP group and these remained in the LAP group in an intention-to-treat analysis. The LAP operations lasted significantly longer for all types of resections (205 vs 150 min, P<0.001) and hospital stay was shorter (8 vs 13 days, P<0.001). Recovery of intestinal function was faster in the LAP group, but only after left-sided procedures (3 vs 4days, P<0.01). However, preoperative patient selection (more emergency operations and patients with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score in the open group) had a major influence on these elements and favours the LAP group. Surprisingly, the overall surgical complication rate (including long-term complications such as wound hernia) was 20% in both groups with rates of individual complications also being comparable in both groups. Conclusion: Despite a patient selection favourable to the laparoscopy group, only little advantage in postoperative outcome could be shown for the minimally invasive over the open approach in the everyday patient.

Comunidade de Syrphidae (Diptera): diversidade e preferências florais no Cinturão Verde (Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil)

Objetivou-se investigar a comunidade de Syrphidae, do Cinturão Verde de Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil, permitindo a obtenção de informações acerca da composição e estrutura desta comunidade, suas preferências florais e interações entre as espécies na utilização de recursos alimentares. Realizaram-se coletas com rede entomológica, entre setembro/2001 a janeiro/2005. Foram capturados 1.283 espécimes de Syrphidae, representados por 88 espécies, distribuídos em 21 gêneros. Eristalinae apresentou o maior número de espécies coletadas, seguida por Syrphinae e Microdontinae. O gênero Palpada Macquart e a espécie P. urotaenia (Curran) foram os mais abundantes. As coletas alcançaram cerca de 80% do que se estima para a área de estudo. Coletaram-se 1.187 sirfídeos (74 espécies) visitantes de 51 espécies de plantas, de 23 famílias, onde Apiaceae e Asteraceae apresentaram o maior número de visitantes. O grau de especialização alimentar variou de acordo com os tipos de flores visitadas. A facilidade do acesso aos recursos florais e a coloração clara das flores são os principais responsáveis pela atração dos sirfídeos em Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lauraceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae e Solanaceae. A diversidade da comunidade de Syrphidae é regulada por interações locais entre as espécies, principalmente entre as condições ambientais e disponibilidade de recursos alimentares.

Biologia e exigências térmicas de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) "linhagem bonagota" criado em ovos de Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

Neste trabalho foi estudada a biologia de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) "linhagem bonagota" criado em ovos de Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), determinando-se as exigências térmicas e o número de gerações do parasitóide para diferentes regiões produtoras de maçã do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Ovos de B. salubricola com 24 horas de idade foram submetidos ao parasitismo de T. pretiosum durante 24 horas, sendo posteriormente transferidos para câmaras climatizadas reguladas nas temperaturas de 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 e 32ºC. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) foi significativamente influenciada pela temperatura variando de 8,18 a 18,12 dias a 32 e 18°C, respectivamente. A porcentagem de emergência dos parasitóides foi maior (66,2%) a 22°C. A razão sexual de T. pretiosum variou de 0,61 a 0,72 não sendo influenciada pela temperatura. A maior relação de parasitóides/ovo foi encontrada a 30°C (1,41). A constante térmica (K) e a temperatura base (Tb) foram de 187,7 graus dias e 7,42ºC, respectivamente. O número estimado de gerações anuais de T. pretiosum para os municípios de Fraiburgo e São Joaquim, SC e Vacaria, RS foi de 17,5; 11,6 e 16,8, respectivamente.

Endotoxin impairs cardiac hemodynamics by affecting loading conditions but not by reducing cardiac inotropism.

Acute myocardial dysfunction is a typical manifestation of septic shock. Experimentally, the administration of endotoxin [lipopolysacharride (LPS)] to laboratory animals is frequently used to study such dysfunction. However, a majority of studies used load-dependent indexes of cardiac function [including ejection fraction (EF) and maximal systolic pressure increment (dP/dt(max))], which do not directly explore cardiac inotropism. Therefore, we evaluated the direct effects of LPS on myocardial contractility, using left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume catheters in mice. Male BALB/c mice received an intraperitoneal injection of E. coli LPS (1, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg). After 2, 6, or 20 h, cardiac function was analyzed in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated mice. All doses of LPS induced a significant drop in LV stroke volume and a trend toward reduced cardiac output after 6 h. Concomitantly, there was a significant decrease of LV preload (LV end-diastolic volume), with no apparent change in LV afterload (evaluated by effective arterial elastance and systemic vascular resistance). Load-dependent indexes of LV function were markedly reduced at 6 h, including EF, stroke work, and dP/dt(max). In contrast, there was no reduction of load-independent indexes of LV contractility, including end-systolic elastance (ejection phase measure of contractility) and the ratio dP/dt(max)/end-diastolic volume (isovolumic phase measure of contractility), the latter showing instead a significant increase after 6 h. All changes were transient, returning to baseline values after 20 h. Therefore, the alterations of cardiac function induced by LPS are entirely due to altered loading conditions, but not to reduced contractility, which may instead be slightly increased.