Inter-regional correlation in tree-growth variations in the western United States, 1513-1964, at ENSO, sunspot, and longer frequency bands

Cross-spectral analysis of regional tree-ring data suggests the spatial pattern of correlation between moisture variations in the Sierra Nevada of central California and in other parts of the western United States is frequency dependent. Short wavelengths (2.8 to 10.7 years), perhaps associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation, are strongly coherent both to the north (Oregon) and to the south (Southern California). Longer wavelengths (45 to 75 years) are strongly coherent only to the north. Frequency bands corresponding to annual sunspot series were associated with relatively weak patterns of spatial correlation.

东灵山森林生态系统若干水分问题的研究

东灵山地区年均降水量659.7mm，单次降水以雨量小、雨强低的降水为主。水汽压（年均17.7mb）、相对湿度（年均66％）的季节变化呈现生长季高、冬季低的趋势。年均蒸发量1019.5mm;气温、风速、日照时间和水压与月蒸发量和日蒸量相关显著;气温、日照时间和水压分别在11-6月、7－8月和9－10月为决定蒸发量的首要因子。枯枝落叶层、土壤层湿度主要受前十日降水量和坡向影响。 植物体含水量生长季节较高，冬季较低;含水量随径级的增大而降低。六个灌木树种的平均含水量大小顺序为：毛榛（48.62%）最高荆条（36.32%）最低;七个乔木树种水分含量为油松，56.14%;蒙椴，54.19%;华北落叶松，52.91%;五角枫，43.64%;辽东栎，41.87%;棘皮桦，41.13%;大叶白腊，37.79%。几种植被类型的储水量为：辽东栎林，82.08mm;华北落叶松林，47.35mm;混交林，34.60mm;油松林，31.33mm;灌丛，12.40mm。各树种叶片日最低水势的季节均值为：辽东栎，-16.1bar;五角枫，-15.8bar;大叶白腊，-15.1bar;糠椴，-13.4bar;棘皮桦，-12.3bar;蒙椴，-12.2bar。叶片水势的日间变化均呈一“V”形曲线;光照在叶片水势的日间变化中起着决定性作用。 96年各树种平均单株树干茎流量为辽东栎，30.3mm(4.19%);华北落叶松，16.1mm(2.22%);油松，8.9mm(1.23%);棘皮桦，2.9mm(0.40%)。两个生长季各林分冠层的水量平衡为：辽东栎林，树干流茎量101.87mm(9.18%)，穿透降水量823.08mm(74.15%)，截留量185.05mm(16.67%);华北落叶松林，树干径流量66.88mm(6.03%)，穿透降水量836.92mm(75.40%)，截留量206.20mm(18.58);混交林，树干径流量50.13(4.52%)，穿透降水量846.78mm(76.29%)，截留量212.20mm(19.12%);油松林，树干径流量33.90mm(3.05%)，穿透降水量934.88mm(84.22%)，截留量141.22mm(12.72%)。多元回归分析表明，树干流茎量S与降水量P和前24小时降水量P_1呈显著正相关关系;穿透降水量T与降水量P和最大雨强M正相关显著。附加截留量与降水时间成正比。 枯枝落叶层的生物量为：油松林，25.56t/hm~2;华北落叶松林20.01t/hm~2;辽东栎林，8.31t/hm~2;混交林，7.98t/hm~2。枯枝落叶层的平均实际持水量和有效持水量均以油松林最大，其次是华北落叶松林，而混交林和辽东栎林较低;枯枝落叶层的实际持水量和有效持水量的季节变化分别与前十日降水量P10成正相关和负相关关系。枯枝落叶层的截留量为油松林＞华北落叶松林＞辽东栎林＞混交林;油松林（145.632mm和90.800mm）混交林(61.816mm和54.504mm)。油松林、辽东栎林、混交林和华北落叶松林去除枯枝落叶层后，土壤入渗量比对照平均降低100mm以上;表层土壤含水量分别比对照土壤下降了6.26、18.26、15.06和15.07个百分点。地表径流量分别增加了，辽东栎林34.299mm(603%)和15.816mm(525%);油松林14.593mm(732%)和10.584mm(1321%);混交林12.004mm(181%)和7.275mm(364%);华北落叶松林3.555mm(118%)，3.275mm(229%)。96年生长季，各土壤流失量分别增加了：油松林172.751t/hm~2(124倍);辽东栎林836.500t/hm~2(119倍);混交林172.499t/hm~2(47倍);华北落叶松林11.557t/hm~2(11倍)。表层土壤容重分别增加了：油松林15.0%和20.6%，辽东栎林18.4%和28.2%，混交林11.5%和38.5%，华北落叶松林4.3%和17.1%。 0-60cm深度土壤容重平均值的大小顺序为：草地>灌丛>辽东栎林>油松林>混交林>华北落叶松林;而土壤孔隙度的大小顺序为华北落叶松林>混交林>油松林>辽东栎林>灌丛>草地。两个生长季为土壤实际储水量的均值：油松林，124.45mm，78.62mm;辽东栎林，131.23mm，87.72mm;混交林，180.41mm，113.90mm;华北落叶松林，165.53mm，127.95mm;灌丛，172.50mm，89.81mm;草地，152.92mm，89.59 mm分别比干旱年份97年高出45.83mm、43.51mm、51.63mm、37.58mm、82.69mm和63.33mm。两个生长季的地表径流量为草地，30.930mm(2.79%);灌丛，16.321mm(147%);油松林，2.911mm(0.26%);辽东栎林，8.703mm(0.78%);混交林，8.625mm(0.78%);华北落叶松林，4.447mm(0.40%)。油松林、混交林和华北落叶松林地表径流量与降水量P(mm)和最大雨强(mm/h)正相关显著;而辽东栎林、灌丛和草地的地表径流量则与降水量P(mm)、平均雨强Q(mm/hr)和最大雨强M(mm/hr)三者之间呈显著正相关关系。与草地相比(1220.093kg/hm~2，100％)，灌丛、辽东栎林、混交林、油松林和华北落叶松林96年生长季的土壤流失量分别降低了85.05%、94.26%、96.99%、98.86和99.14%。 降水量是影响小流域径流量时间变化的主要因素;南沟和马牙石沟96年的径流量分别是97年的8.19倍和7.87倍，而径流深(46.25mm，52.75mm)分别比97年(5.65mm,6.70mm)高出40.60mm和46.05mm。两个小流域由于面积的差异而使南沟两年的径流量分别比马牙石沟高出2773.136m~3(13.15%)和235.434m~3(8.79%)。96年和97年马牙石沟径流深比南沟高出6.5mm(14.05%)和1.05mm(18.58%)。在地处大陆性季风气候区的东灵山地区，用0.010m~3/min/km~2/hr能较好地分割小流域的洪峰和基流。在五次暴雨水文曲线中，马牙石沟的快速径流量分别比南沟高出25.00%到143.33%。五次洪水水文响应R的平均值南沟为0.218%，马牙石沟为0.404%;与海洋性气候地区相比，东灵山地区小流域的R值要低一到两个数量级。马牙石沟洪峰流量Qp的平均值为418.772L/min要比南沟(281.191L/min)大48.9%。东灵山地区小流域的洪水径流过程可分为三种类型。

Late Holocene environmental variability in the upper San Francisco Estuary as reconstructed from tidal marsh sediments

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Tidal marsh sediments collected from Browns Island in the lower Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, California, are used to reconstruct environmental variability over the past 6.8 ka. Calibrated radiocarbon dates provide chronostratigraphic control. Trace metal analyses, grain-size variability, organic content, and macrofossils are used to define short- and long-term variations in relative salinity and inundation frequency. Aggradation began in subtidal fresh water conditions about 6.8 ka. Subtidal aggradation of clayey silts continued until about 6.3 ka, when conditions shifted toward a lower intertidal brackish marsh environment. By 5.1 ka, a brackish marsh plain had evolved, with surface water freshening after 4.1 ka. Conditions returned to brackish similar to the present after 2.3 ka.

Variability in a radiolarian time series and its relationship to climate

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Recently, paleoceanographers have been challenged to produce reliable proxies of climate variables that can be incorporated into climate models. In developing proxies using time series of annual radiolarian species fluxes from Santa Barbara Basin, we identify groups of species associated with years of extreme sea surface temperatures and sea level heights.

A histological study of the spermatogenesis in Ompok pabda (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822)

The present study deals with the histological analysis of testicular development in Ompok pabda. For the study, male gonads were collected month wise from January to September at Freshwater Station, BFRI, Mymensingh. From the analysis, 4 stages of sperm formation, namely, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa, were distinguished. The percent distribution of spermatozoa was highest in July (about 92%). Maximum GSI value was 1.129±0.271 found in July. By analyzing the histology of spermatogenesis it was established that this species breeds once in a year.

Further observations on a newly located prawn fishery off Saurashtra coast

The abundance of prawns in a newly located ground off Saurashtra has been described. Catch composition showed that Metapenaeus affinis formed the bulk of the catches. Previously this species was thought to be of not much commercial importance in this region. The peak of the fishery lasted from September to November. Observations on the biology of this species showed that it occurs as an independent stock in this region. The significance of the gear employed in fishing is also emphasized.

水稻幼苗脱黄化过程以及灌浆期茎的蛋白质组学研究

水稻既是我国三大粮食作物之一，又是基因组学研究的模式材料，在生产实践和科学研究中都占有极其重要的地位。基因组学研究取得的巨大成就以前所未有的深度和广度推动了生命科学各个研究领域的飞速发展。水稻基因组的破译是水稻科学研究的重要里程碑，同时也宣告了功能基因组学时代的到来。蛋白质组学是研究细胞内全部蛋白质的动态表达及其相互关系的新兴学科，是功能基因组学研究的重要组成部分和战略制高点。 本论文采用高分辨率的蛋白质双向电泳分离技术和高通量的蛋白质质谱分析技术以及生物信息学等手段，开展水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻幼苗脱黄化过程的比较蛋白质组学研究，探讨茎生长发育规律和水稻应答光信号相关蛋白质及其网络调控机制，是学科前沿与实际应用的有机结合，在科研和生产实践中都具有重要的意义。 首先，分别构建了灌浆期水稻顶端茎段和水稻黄化幼苗的蛋白质组表达谱。并对其中185个目的蛋白点进行了MALDI-TOF/MS分析和数据库检索鉴定。共有149个蛋白质得到了鉴定，蛋白质鉴定的成功率为80.5％。这些被鉴定的蛋白质分属118个基因的表达产物，根据它们功能可以分为13种不同的类别，其中绝大多数为能量产生和代谢以及抗性相关的蛋白质。 在水稻灌浆期顶端茎段表达的蛋白质中，与能量和物质代谢相关的蛋白质例如ATPase、磷酸丙糖异构酶，6－磷酸葡萄糖异构酶等占有很高比例，说明茎段组织中具有很强的代谢活动。与生长发育相关的蛋白质包括beta-tubulins、无机焦磷酸酶（inorganic pyrophosphatase）、液泡质子ATP酶（vacuolar proton-ATPase）以及UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸酶等的大量累积，显示出顶端茎段细胞分裂和生长迅速;同时，贮存多糖和结构多糖也在旺盛合成。G蛋白、GDP释放抑制因子等信号传导蛋白以及苯丙氨酸氨解酶、谷胱苷肽S转移酶（glutathione S-transferase，GST）、抗坏血酸过氧化酶（ascorbate peroxidase，APX）以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）等抗性相关蛋白质在该时期丰度表达，表明在灌浆期水稻顶端茎段能够迅速感受并传递外界信号，从而使得其在遭受胁迫时能够立刻启动抗逆防御系统，最大限度地降低不利环境对种子发育的影响。 在黑暗中萌发和生长的水稻黄化幼苗随着光照时间（0~24小时）的延长，能通过双向电泳后检测到的蛋白质逐渐变少，24小时后趋于稳定，相当于正常光照条件下生长的水稻幼苗蛋白质组表达谱。进一步分析表明，在黄化苗中，分解代谢及能量产生相关的蛋白如丙糖磷酸异构酶、琥珀酰辅酶A连接酶、异戊酰辅酶A脱氢酶与ATPase等的表达量比较丰富;另外，还可能启动了脂肪酸的α氧化分解途径，以供黑暗中生长所需的物质和能量。当黄化幼苗光照后，与光合作用及物质合成相关的一些蛋白质表达量增加，而那些分解代谢相关酶类则有所下降。同时，鸟核苷酸结合蛋白β亚基类似蛋白、20S proteasome以及Bowman Birk trypsin inhibitor等信号传递及抗性相关蛋白随着光照时间的延长而减少，说明黑暗胁迫条件下水稻幼苗启动了相关的抗逆途径。叶绿素合成途径中的蛋白酶胆色素原脱氨基酶和金属鳌合酶在脱黄化过程中表达量有所下降，可能是因为叶绿素合成产物具有反馈抑制作用。 本研究首次利用蛋白质组学方法来解析水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻黄化幼苗响应光因子的蛋白质组变化情况，鉴定了一些有价值的蛋白质，并得到了它们的表达特点和相关数据，为更好地理解水稻顶端茎秆的生长特点和功效、水稻应答黑暗胁迫和光形态建成以及光合作用机理等提供了分子证据。

Informaçāo preliminar sobre lagosta de profundidade

The species Palinurus delagoae is distributed at 17 °00' S of latitude, at a depth greater than 200 meters. However the main area with a fishing intensity station is located at 22°00'S of latitude from 200 and 400 meters. The fishing of these resources is made with cages and trawling nets.

Guides to sustainable built-environment development

This paper presents the findings of a comparative analysis of documents addressing sustainable development in relation to the built environment. The analysis has identified commonality in interpretations of sustainability for the built environment and enabled the collation of a set of principles or guidelines that represent current thinking on how the objectives of sustainable development could be interpreted for the built environment.

竹叶青蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶的分子克隆和序列比较

利用逆转录酶与聚合酶链反应相结合的 RT-PCR 法, 扩增出5个竹叶青(Trimeresurus stejnegeri)蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶的 cDNAs; 将扩增的 cDNA 片段克隆入 pGEM-T 载体中, 筛选得到它们的基因, 分别命名为TSSP-1、TSSP-2、TSSP-3、TSSP-4 和 TSSP-5. 经末端终止法测定核苷酸序列, 推导出5个丝氨酸蛋白酶的全序列; 结合纯化的蛋白酶N-末端序列测定结果, 推导 TSSP 2、3和4分别编码凝血酶样酶 stejnobin、纤溶酶 stejnefibrase 1和2. 5个丝氨酸蛋白酶分别含有1～6个N-型糖基结合位点, 表明它们的计算分子量与纯化蛋白表观分子量之间的差异是由糖含量的不同造成, 而其氨基酸序列相似度在60%-90%, TSSP-1 和-2编码的成熟蛋白酶山236个氨基酸残基组成, TSSP-3, -4 和 -5的则山234个氨基酸残基组成, TSSP-1编码的蛋白酶在组成丝氨酸蛋白酶三联体催化活性中心产生了 His~(41)-Arg~(41)的在然突变, 这与其他自然界发现的丝氨酸蛋白酶明显不同。

Culture of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea in inexpensive media

The culture of the of green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea was conducted under natural conditions at the same place simultaneously in five different media, viz., medium-I (inorganic medium), medium-II (powdered whole-pulse medium), medium-III (medium of pulse bran), medium-IV (mixed medium = 50% inorganic medium + 50% whole-pulse powder medium), medium-V (mixed medium = 50% inorganic medium + 50% pulse bran medium). The culture was done in 500 ml conical flask. Growth rates of C. ellipsoidea in five different media were different and reached maximum cell densities of 0.63 x 10^6 cells per ml in 8 days in medium-I, 4.02 x 10^6 cells per ml in 10 days in medium-II, 3.62 x 10^6 cells per ml in 9 days in medium-III, 4.38 x 10^6 cells per ml in 11 days in medium-IV and 4.36 x 10^6 cells per ml in 11 days in medium-V. The range of air temperature was 20 to 33°C and that of culture media was 24 to 32°C and light intensity was 2000 to 7000 lux during the culture period. The inexpensive culture media were found to be significantly useful for algal culture.

Scalable robustness for consensus protocols with heterogeneous dynamics

It is shown in the paper how robustness can be guaranteed for consensus protocols with heterogeneous dynamics in a scalable and decentralized way i.e. by each agent satisfying a test that does not require knowledge of the entire network. Random graph examples illustrate that the proposed certificates are not conservative for classes of large scale networks, despite the heterogeneity of the dynamics, which is a distinctive feature of this work. The conditions hold for symmetric protocols and more conservative stability conditions are given for general nonsymmetric interconnections. Nonlinear extensions in an IQC framework are finally discussed. Copyright © 2005 IFAC.