Functional development of the inferior colliculus (IQ and its relationship with the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)

To discover the developmental relationship between the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and the focal inferior colliculus (IC) response, 32 young tammar wallabies were used, by the application of simultaneous ABR and focal brainstem recordings, in response to acoustic clicks and tone bursts of seven frequencies. The ic or the tammar wallaby undergoes a rapid functional development from postnatal day (PND) 114 to 160. The earliest (PND 114) auditory evoked response was recorded from the rostral IC. With development, more caudal parts of the IC became functional until age about PND 127, when all parts of the IC were responsive to sound. Along a dorsoventral direction, the duration of the IC response decreased, the peak latency shortened, while the amplitude increased, reaching a maximum value at the central IC, then decreased. After PND 160, the best frequency (BF) of the ventral IC was the highest, with values between 12.5 and 16 kHz, the BF of the dorsal IC was the lowest, varying between 3.2 and 6.4 kHz, while the BF of the central IC was between 6.4 and 12.5 kHz. Between PND 114 and 125, the IC response did not have temporal correlation with the ABR. Between PND 140 and 160, only the early components of the responses from the ventral and central IC correlated with the P4 waves of the ABR. After PND 160, responses recorded from different depths of the IC had a temporal correlation with the ABR. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of FHA domains of Dun1 and Rad53 protein kinases

Forkhead-associated (FHA) domains are modular protein–protein interaction domains of ~130 amino acids present in numerous signalling proteins. FHA-domain-dependent protein interactions are regulated by phosphorylation of target proteins and FHA domains may be multifunctional phosphopeptide-recognition modules. FHA domains of the budding yeast cell-cycle checkpoint protein kinases Dun1p and Rad53p have been crystallized. Crystals of the Dun1-FHA domain exhibit the symmetry of the space group P6122 or P6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 127.3, c = 386.3 Å; diffraction data have been collected to 3.1 Å resolution on a synchrotron source. Crystals of the N-terminal FHA domain (FHA1) of Rad53p diffract to 4.0 Å resolution on a laboratory X-ray source and have Laue-group symmetry 4/mmm, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 61.7, c = 104.3 Å.

A novel variant genotype C of hepatitis B virus identified in isolates from Australian Aborigines: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness

There have been no reports of DNA sequences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains from Australian Aborigines, although the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was discovered among them. To investigate the characteristics of DNA sequences of HBV strains from Australian Aborigines, the complete nucleotide sequences of HBV strains were determined and subjected to molecular evolutionary analysis. Serum samples positive for HBsAg were collected from five Australian Aborigines. Phylogenetic analysis of the five complete nucleotide sequences compared with DNA sequences of 54 global HBV isolates from international databases revealed that three of the five were classified into genotype D and were most closely related in terms of evolutionary distance to a strain isolated from a healthy blood donor in Papua New Guinea. Two of the five were classified into a novel variant genotype C, which has not been reported previously, and were closely related to a strain isolated from Polynesians, particularly in the X and Core genes. These two strains of variant genotype C differed from known genotype C strains by 5.9-7.4% over the complete nucleotide sequence and 4.0-5.6 % in the small-S gene, and had residues Arg(122), Thr(127) and Lys(160) characteristic of serotype ayw3, which have not been reported previously in genotype C. In conclusion, this is the first report of the characteristics of complete nucleotide sequences of HBV from Australian Aborigines. These results contribute to the investigation of the worldwide spread of HBV, the relationship between serotype and genotype and the ancient common origin of Australian Aborigines.

Synthesis of an analog of the thyroid hormone-binding protein transthyretin via regioselective chemical ligation

Transthyretin is an essential protein responsible for the transport of thyroid hormones and retinol in human serum and is also implicated in the amyloid diseases familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and senile systemic amyloidosis. Its folding properties and stabilization by ligands are of current interest due to their importance in understanding and combating these diseases, Here we report the solid phase synthesis of the monomeric unit of a transthyretin analog (equivalent to 127 amino acids) using t-Boc chemistry and peptide ligation and its folding to form a functional 54-kDa tetramer, The monomeric unit of the protein was chemically synthesized in three parts (positions 1-51, 54-99, and 102-127) and ligated using a chemoselective thioether ligation chemistry. The synthetic protein was folded and assembled to a tetrameric structure in the presence of transthyretin's native ligand, thyroxine, as shown by gel filtration chromatography, native gel electrophoresis, transthyretin antibody recognition, and thyroid hormone binding. Other folding products included a high molecular weight aggregate as well as a transient dimeric species. This represents one of the largest macromolecules chemically synthesized to date and demonstrates the potential of protein chemical synthesis for investigations of protein-ligand interactions.

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of novel chimeric hepatitis B surface antigen particles with exposed hepatitis C virus epitopes

The small envelope protein of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg-S) can self-assemble into highly organized virus like particles (VLPs) and induce an effective immune response. In this study, a restriction enzyme site was engineered into the cDNA of HBsAg-S at a position corresponding to the exposed site within the hydrophilic a determinant region (amino acid [aa] 127-128) to create a novel HBsAg vaccine vector allowing surface orientation of the inserted sequence. We inserted sequences of various lengths from hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 protein containing immunodominant epitopes and demonstrated secretion of the recombinant HBsAg VLPs from transfected mammalian cells. A number of different recombinant proteins were synthesized, and HBsAg VLPs containing inserts up to 36 aa were secreted with an efficiency similar to that of wild-type HBsAg. The HVR1 region exposed on the particles retained an antigenic structure similar to that recognized immunologically during natural infection. VLPs containing epitopes from either HCV-1a or -1b strains were produced that induced strain-specific antibody responses in immunized mice. Injection of a combination of these VLPs induced antibodies against both HVR1 epitopes that resulted in higher titers than were achieved by vaccination with the individual VLPs, suggesting a synergistic effect. This may lead to the development of recombinant particles which are able to induce a broad anti-HCV immune response against the HCV quasispecies or other quasispecies-like infectious agents.

A????es premiadas no 5?? Concurso de Inova????es na Gest??o P??blica Federal

Projetos premiados no 5?? Concurso Inova????o na Gest??o P??blica Federal. As iniciativas representam contribui????es para a melhoria da gest??o p??blica

SIOPS: Sistema de Informa????es sobre Or??amentos P??blicos em Sa??de

O SIOPS (Sistema de Informa????es Sobre Or??amentos P??blicos em Sa??de) foi criado em 1999 com o objetivo de consolidar os dados referentes ao gasto e financiamento da ??rea da sa??de nas tr??s esferas de governo. O sistema propicia insumos para a melhoria da gest??o, diagn??sticos do setor e formula????o de pol??ticas p??blicas, al??m de municiar a sociedade civil e os conselhos de sa??de para o exerc??cio do controle social sobre a gest??o p??blica, ao disponibilizar os dados ?? popula????o

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: pref??cio

Estabelece o objetivo da publica????o de se tornar material did??tico para a forma????o de servidores da Administra????o P??blica brasileira

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: a aus??ncia de uma teoria or??ament??ria

A respeito do aspecto mais significativo da or??amenta????o p??blica, ou seja, a aloca????o de gastos para diferentes prop??sitos de forma a se atingir o melhor retorno, a literatura or??ament??ria norte-americana ?? bastante ??rida. Esfor??ados estudiosos do campo or??ament??rio t??m-se ocupado principalmente com a organiza????o e o procedimento para a prepara????o do or??amento, as formas como as solicita????es de fundos s??osubmetidas, o formato da pe??a or??ament??ria em si e quest??es similares1.N??o se pode negar que esses aspectos merecem a considera????o a eles dispensada, quando se lembra da inacredit??vel resist??ncia ?? ado????o dos mais rudimentares quesitos b??sicos do or??amento e se observa sua condi????o insatisfat??ria ainda hoje em algumas jurisdi????es. No entanto, a dedica????o de energia para o estabelecimento da mec??nica do or??amento desviou a aten????o do problema essencial do or??amento (no lado do gasto), a saber: em que se deve basear a decis??o de se alocar x d??lares para a atividade a em vez de ser para a atividade b

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: conflitos e solu????es no or??amento federal

Esta obra trata da pol??tica e dos processos de elabora????o do or??amento federal e das pol??ticas que surgem da??. N??o h?? discuss??o completa sobre or??amento sem levar em considera????o esses tr??s aspectos. Muitas atividades governamentais combinam processo e pol??tica, por??m o or??amento ?? diferente, porque determinadas tarefas b??sicas precisam ser conclu??das a cada ano. Independentemente de qu??o dif??ceis sejam as escolhas e qu??o incerto seja o cen??rio futuro, o presidente precisa apresentar uma proposta e o Congresso precisa autorizar as dota????es. Se o presidente ou o Congresso decidirem que n??o ?? o momento de fazer mudan??as na pol??tica tribut??ria ou de abordar determinada proposta legislativa, qualquer um dos dois pode postergar as a????es at?? que se chegue a um acordo. Por??m, n??o podem esquivar-se da sua responsabilidade de decidir sobre o or??amento. Caso contr??rio, programas federais e organismos param, por aus??ncia de financiamento, e assim, tamb??m, o trabalho do governo. Ainda assim, mesmo quando ocorrem paralisa????es ??? mais recentemente em 1995-1996 ???, no final das contas, chega-se a um acordo entre o presidente e o Congresso

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: do or??amento por programas para o or??amento de desempenho: o desafio para economias de mercado emergentes

Primeiramente, este documento revisa a evolu????o do antigo modelo de or??amento de desempenho, introduzido nos Estados Unidos h?? mais de meio s??culo, para o novo modelo de or??amento de desempenho. Este, que cont??m muitos dos elementos do antigo modelo, est?? sendo cada vez mais aplicado em economias avan??adas, incluindo a dos Estados Unidos. Usando a classifica????o de modelos de or??amento derivada deste estudo, pode-se considerar que muitas das economias de mercado emergentes introduziram algum tipo de or??amento por programas, embora se saiba que o termo ?? utilizado de v??rias maneiras. Contudo, essas economias ainda precisam avan??ar para o or??amento por produtos e, subseq??entemente, incorporar as reformas necess??rias para o novo or??amento de desempenho. Neste documento, ser?? discutido que, pelo fato de n??o realizarem esse avan??o, as economias de mercado emergentes n??o conseguiram utilizar plenamente seus or??amentos por programas para melhorar a gest??o de seus or??amentos. Reconhece-se que dar esse passo n??o ?? f??cil e exige que quatro principais elementos sejam introduzidos e/ou fortalecidos para assegurar o sucesso de tal investida. Esses elementos devem ser considerados como a base da estrat??gia para a introdu????o do novo modelo de or??amento de desempenho.

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: temas e quest??es sobre a gest??o da despesa p??blica

O artigo est?? dividido em tr??s partes. Na primeira parte, as caracter??sticas do novo pacote de reformas de gest??o de despesa p??blica s??o visualizadas em termos da situa????o futura ??? ano 2020. Na segunda, s??o discutidos os acontecimentos passados que contribu??ram para a evolu????o do novo pacote. Na terceira, as inova????es do or??amento cumulativo ou da gest??o da despesa s??o discutidas em termos de sua adequa????o para satisfazer as expectativas atuais, bem como a utilidade do pacote no contexto de rubricas cambiantes de despesa p??blica.

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: o ciclo or??ament??rio: uma reavalia????o ?? luz da Constitui????o de 1988

Abordagem t??cnico-jur??dica do tema ciclo or??ament??rio. Aprecia????o das modifica????es introduzidas pela Constitui????o de 1988 no ciclo or??ament??rio tradicional. Detalhamento de cada uma das fases e explicita????o de suas atividades, problemas e singularidades. Avalia????o prospectiva das tend??ncias, no que se refere ao aprimoramento de processos cr??ticos ??s v??rias fases do ciclo or??ament??rio.

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 2: reforma gerencial dos processos de planejamento e or??amento

O prop??sito deste trabalho ?? apresentar os fundamentos, as dificuldades e os desafios de duas reestrutura????es: a da natureza da despesa, vigente desde 1990 e a da classifica????o funcional-program??tica, a partir do ano 2000, ambas inseridas no escopo maior da chamada reforma gerencial dos processos de planejamento e or??amento.

Regulamento da Biblioteca Graciliano Ramos

Regula as atividades da Biblioteca Graciliano Ramos. Aprovado pela Resolu????o n?? 9, de 28 de julho de 2011, Boletim Interno, edi????o extraordin??ria, n?? 49.