Geography for the IB Diploma.

Esta guía contiene una revisión de todos los temas de geografía para el Programa del Diploma de Bachillerato Internacional (IB Diploma). Apoya a los estudiantes cuyo primer idioma no es el inglés, contiene muchos consejos útiles incluyendo análisis y datos estadísticos, incluye links a relevantes websites para ayudar a los estudiantes a expandir su conocimiento, incluye un práctico examen. Los temas del libro son: poblaciones en transición, los patrones de consumo, cuestiones relativas al agua y los conflictos, los océanos, ambientes extremos, riesgos y desastres, ocio, deporte y turismo, entornos urbanos, medio ambiente y política.

La eficacia de los programas de atención temprana en niños de riesgo biológico : estudio sobre los efectos de un programa de atención temprana en niños prematuros en su primer año de vida.

Estudio de la eficacia de los programas de atención temprana en niños prematuros y/o con bajo peso al nacer y su relación con el control del estrés de los padres. Muestra inicial formada por 128 niños/as y sus progenitores de los cuales 53 formaron el grupo experimental y tenían la condición de pertenecer a un grupo de riesgo biológico (prematuros y/o bajo peso) y 75 constituían el grupo de control y eran niños/as nacidos a término. Los instrumentos utilizados para recoger la información: Escala NBAS (Neonatal Behavioral Assesment Scale) de Brazellon (1995/97). Escalas de Evaluación del Desarrollo Infantil de Bayley II (Bayley, 1993). Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Abidin 1995. Escala de Observación del Desarrollo (EOD, Secadas, 1992). Perinatal Risk Inventory (Scheiner y Sexton, 1991). Una entrevista semiabierta a los padres sobre la vida y la salud del niño y una encuesta sobre el grado de satisfacción con el Servicio de Atención Temprana, ambas elaboradas por el autor. Se evaluó a los niños prematuros en su primer mes de vida, a los nacidos a término y a los padres de ambos grupos. Para comparar el potencial efecto de mejora de los programas de AT sin hacer depender dicha mejora de los índices de desarrollo, se compararon los resultados del niño consigo mismo en distintos momentos temporales constituyéndose un índice de mejora individual.. La condición biológica de nacimiento no siempre predice la evolución de los niños de forma que parecen concurrir variables ambientales sobre todo familiares, condiciones de crianza, de estimulación ambiental que pueden intervenir decisivamente en este progreso. En la investigación estas variables son las que se han mostrado más activas..

Estrés parental y apoyo social en familias extensas acogedoras chilenas y españolas.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Implicación del alumnado en la valoración de su satisfacción con las webs didácticas.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

El sistema d'informació de campus per a estudiants en les universitats espanyoles: caracterització i anàlisi

La disponibilitat de caracteritzacions àmplies dels sistemes d'informació dels campus per a estudiants pot ser tan útil per als responsables de la gestió estratègica dels centres d'educació superior com per a l'orientació d'estudiants universitaris potencials. Primer descrivim i contextualitzem un model de caracterització per als sistemes d'informació dels campus en línia per a estudiants. Això serveix com a marc de referència conceptual per al treball en l'àmbit de les universitats espanyoles. La informació es va reunir amb visites estructurades als llocs web institucionals i en entrevistes estructurades amb estudiants de llicenciatura. Analitzar la informació obtinguda ens permet situar les institucions individualment i comparar-les, a més d'obtenir una visió descriptiva de tot el conjunt de les universitats espanyoles amb una perspectiva informacional. Les universitats també es van classificar en grups amb característiques homogènies, en el sentit dels aspectes organitzatius i informacionals. Finalment, tractem investigacions futures en la matèria.

Grabbing attention while reading website pages: the influence of verbal emotional cues in advertising

The increasing use of the World Wide Web has promised a huge advertising platform for marketers. Investment in online advertising is growing and is expected to overcome traditional media. However, recent studies have reported that users avoid looking at advertising displayed on the World Wide Web. This study aimed at examining the impact of verbal emotional cues (negative/neutral/positive) to capture attention on website’s advertising areas through an eye tracker system. The results revealed significant statistical differences between fixations to negative, positive words and neutral words. Significant differences between the number of fixations and recognition of the target words were found only for the negative valence words. We conclude that negative emotional words could play a major role on user attention to advertising.

Eye tracking data representation and visualization : on information and communication studies at CETAC.MEDIA

Eye tracking has become a preponderant technique in the evaluation of user interaction and behaviour with study objects in defined contexts. Common eye tracking related data representation techniques offer valuable input regarding user interaction and eye gaze behaviour, namely through fixations and saccades measurement. However, these and other techniques may be insufficient for the representation of acquired data in specific studies, namely because of the complexity of the study object being analysed. This paper intends to contribute with a summary of data representation and information visualization techniques used in data analysis within different contexts (advertising, websites, television news and video games). Additionally, several methodological approaches are presented in this paper, which resulted from several studies developed and under development at CETAC.MEDIA - Communication Sciences and Technologies Research Centre. In the studies described, traditional data representation techniques were insufficient. As a result, new approaches were necessary and therefore, new forms of representing data, based on common techniques were developed with the objective of improving communication and information strategies. In each of these studies, a brief summary of the contribution to their respective area will be presented, as well as the data representation techniques used and some of the acquired results.

A utilização do blogue na Biblioteca Escolar enquanto ferramenta de Marketing da Informação

O presente estudo avalia as potencialidades do blogue como ferramenta de marketing nas bibliotecas escolares, nomeadamente para difundir o acervo documental existente, para desenvolver a comunicação entre a gestão da biblioteca escolar e os seus utilizadores ou potenciais utilizadores e adequar as tomadas de decisão da gestão da mesma às reais necessidades desses utilizadores. O estudo revela-se pertinente, uma vez que hoje em dia as tecnologias estão presentes nas escolas portuguesas em geral e nas bibliotecas escolares em particular. Para efetuar esta investigação, procedeu-se à elaboração de dois questionários que depois de testados, foram lançados a alunos e professores bibliotecários ou membros da equipa responsável de quinze blogues do distrito de Lisboa. Os questionários dirigidos a alunos de escolas que utilizam blogues nas suas bibliotecas, bem como os dirigidos aos respetivos coordenadores permitem concluir que os frequentadores dos blogues estudados mostram algum desinteresse nos mesmos e que dividem o seu tempo por outras redes socias e sítios da Internet. A atualização dos blogues parece ter uma influência direta positiva na frequência dos mesmos por parte dos alunos. Os professores inquiridos referem a falta de tempo como a maior dificuldade para a atualização do blogue. Face às conclusões a que se chegou neste estudo considera-se pertinente que venha a existir uma reflexão sobre as razões da não interação direta com os alunos e sobre a alteração de comportamentos nas práticas diárias dos docentes, por forma a mostrarem aos frequentadores da biblioteca e do blogue a importância das suas contribuições e comentários.

A Documentação da União Europeia : acesso e disponibilização

Desde o aparecimento da Internet, têm surgido inúmeras oportunidades para os autores de artigos científicos disponibilizarem de forma livre e gratuita a sua produção intelectual. Tal produção poderá estar disponível nas mais diversas formas e inserida nos mais variados ambientes institucionais (Repositórios, Bases de Dados, entre outros). Tal constituiu uma verdadeira revolução informativa que, depois, ultrapassou em larga medida os meios limitados do mundo académico, tornando-se num fenómeno global. Consideramos que a disponibilização e o acesso à documentação da União Europeia constitui uma das faces visíveis dessa revolução. A nível da Informação, sempre houve uma necessidade dos dirigentes europeus em adotar uma Política de Informação adequada. Desde a necessidade de transmitir informação ao público e aos jornalistas nos primeiros tempos da Comunidade até à criação do Portal da União Europeia, vai um longo processo de amadurecimento do projeto europeu. A política de transparência que hoje se verifica e que se revela, acima de tudo, nas ligações proporcionadas pelo Portal é o resultado de um longo caminho de integração europeia. Assim, esta investigação consiste na identificação e na análise da documentação em acesso livre produzida pela União Europeia. O seu objetivo prioritário é tentar determinar até que ponto a documentação europeia consegue estar disponível e acessível a todos aqueles que a pretendam utilizar. Para tal, foram analisadas as mais diversas fontes institucionais, assim como as várias Bases de Dados e os vários sítios Web onde se pode aceder gratuitamente à Informação da União Europeia. As conclusões a que chegámos, assim como as considerações finais apresentadas no final deste trabalho de investigação levam-nos a perceber as políticas de acesso à documentação europeia e até que ponto elas servem de suporte à boa governação e à democracia.

Teachers as researchers and teachers as software developers: how use-case analysis helps build better educational software

A series of government initiatives has raised both the profile of ICT in the curriculum and the expectation that high quality teaching and learning resources will be accessible across electronic networks. In order for e-learning resources such as websites to have the maximum educational impact, teachers need to be involved in their design and development. Use-case analysis provides a means of defining user requirements and other constraints in such a way that software developers can produce e-learning resources which reflect teachers' professional knowledge and support their classroom practice. It has some features in common with the participatory action research used to develop other aspects of classroom practice. Two case-studies are presented: one involves the development of an on-line resource centred on transcripts of original historical documents; the other describes how 'Learning how to Learn', a major, distributed research project funded under the ESRC Teaching and Learning Research Programme is using use-case analysis to develop web resources and services.

The mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in a south African peri-urban settlement

A sample of 147 mother-infant dyads was recruited from a peri-urban settlement outside Cape Town and seen at 2- and 18-months postpartum. At 18 months, 61.9% of the infants were rated as securely attached (B); 4.1% as avoidant (A); 8.2% as resistant (C); and 25.8% disorganized (D). Postpartum depression at 2 months, and indices of poor parenting at both 2 and 18 months, were associated with insecure infant attachment. The critical 2-month predictor variables for insecure infant attachment were maternal intrusiveness and maternal remoteness, and early maternal depression. When concurrent maternal sensitivity was considered, the quality of the early mother-infant relationship remained important, but maternal depression was no longer predictive. Cross-cultural differences and consistencies in the development of attachment are discussed.

The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review

We present an integrative review of the development of child anxiety, drawing on a number of strands of research. Family aggregation and genetic studies indicate raised vulnerability to anxiety in offspring of adults with the disorder (e.g. the temperamental style of behavioural inhibition, or information processing biases). Environmental factors are also important; these include adverse life events and exposure to negative information or modelling. Parents are likely to be key, although not unique, sources of such influences, particularly if they are anxious themselves. Some parenting behaviours associated with child anxiety, such as overprotection, may be elicited by child characteristics, especially in the context of parental anxiety, and these may serve to maintain child disorder. Emerging evidence emphasizes the importance of taking the nature of child and parental anxiety into account, of constructing assessments and interventions that are both disorder specific, and of considering bidirectional influences.

Mental health of parents caring for infants

The postpartum period is a sensitive time due to the presence and demands of the developing infant. The care provided by a mother to her infant during this period may be compromised if she is suffering from postnatal depression or postpartum psychosis. Evidence has been emerging which suggests that postnatal depression and postpartum psychoses have adverse effects on the quality of the mother-infant relationship and also on the infants subsequent cognitive and emotional development. Presented is a review of the literature relating to how these conditions impact on parenting and infant outcomes, what measures are in place to detect these conditions and evidence-based models of best clinical practice are proposed.

The effects of maternal social phobia on mother-infant interactions and infant social responsiveness

Background: Social phobia aggregates in families. The genetic contribution to intergenerational transmission is modest, and parenting is considered important. Research on the effects of social phobia on parenting has been subject to problems of small sample size, heterogeneity of samples and lack of specificity of observational frameworks. We addressed these problems in the current study.Methods: We assessed mothers with social phobia (N = 84) and control mothers (N = 89) at 10 weeks in face-to-face interactions with their infants, and during a social challenge, namely, engaging with a stranger. We also assessed mothers with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) (N = 50). We examined the contribution to infant social responsiveness of early infant characteristics (neonatal irritability), as well as maternal behaviour. Results: Mothers with social phobia were no less sensitive to their infants during face-to-face interactions than control mothers, but when interacting with the stranger they appeared more anxious, engaged less with the stranger themselves, and were less encouraging of the infant's interaction with the stranger; infants of index mothers also showed reduced social responsiveness to the stranger. These differences did not apply to mothers with GAD and their infants. Regression analyses showed that the reduction in social responsiveness in infants of mothers with social phobia was predicted by neonatal irritability and the degree to which the mother encouraged the infant to interact with the stranger.Conclusions: Mothers with social phobia show specific parenting difficulties, and their infants show early signs of reduced social responsiveness that are related to both individual infant differences and a lack of maternal encouragement to engage in social interactions.

Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder: exploring links with maternal levels of stress, depression and expectations about their child's future

Although the impact of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) on the family is well recognized, the way mothers attempt to make sense of the diagnosis is largely unexplored. However, in other disabilities, attributions have been shown to predict a variety of outcomes including maternal wellbeing and engagement in treatment. Using Weiner's (198S) three-dimensional model, 16 mothers were interviewed to examine the nature and impact of their beliefs about their child's ASD using semi-structured interviews and measures of depression, parenting stress and expectations for their child's future. The findings suggested that mothers made a diverse and complex range of attributions that were consistent with Weiner's dimensions of locus of cause, stability and controllability. The nature of their attributions reflected particular difficulties associated with ASDs, such as uncertainties regarding cause and prognosis. Taking account of mothers' search for meaning will better enable professionals to support families following diagnosis.