PETS 2015: datasets and challenge

This paper presents the two datasets (ARENA and P5) and the challenge that form a part of the PETS 2015 workshop. The datasets consist of scenarios recorded by us- ing multiple visual and thermal sensors. The scenarios in ARENA dataset involve different staged activities around a parked vehicle in a parking lot in UK and those in P5 dataset involve different staged activities around the perimeter of a nuclear power plant in Sweden. The scenarios of each dataset are grouped into ‘Normal’, ‘Warning’ and ‘Alarm’ categories. The Challenge specifically includes tasks that account for different steps in a video understanding system: Low-Level Video Analysis (object detection and tracking), Mid-Level Video Analysis (‘atomic’ event detection) and High-Level Video Analysis (‘complex’ event detection). The evaluation methodology used for the Challenge includes well-established measures.

The value of a saved tree : The lifecycle of CO2-emissions associated with the combination of printing paper and electricity production of wood in the U.S. and Sweden

The pulp- and paper production is a very energy intensive industry sector. Both Sweden and the U.S. are major pulpandpaper producers. This report examines the energy and the CO2-emission connected with the pulp- and paperindustry for the two countries from a lifecycle perspective.New technologies make it possible to increase the electricity production in the integrated pulp- andpaper mill through black liquor gasification and a combined cycle (BLGCC). That way, the mill canproduce excess electricity, which can be sold and replace electricity produced in power plants. In thisprocess the by-products that are formed at the pulp-making process is used as fuel to produce electricity.In pulp- and paper mills today the technology for generating energy from the by-product in aTomlinson boiler is not as efficient as it could be compared to the BLGCC technology. Scenarios havebeen designed to investigate the results from using the BLGCC technique using a life cycle analysis.Two scenarios are being represented by a 1994 mill in the U.S. and a 1994 mill in Sweden.The scenariosare based on the average energy intensity of pulp- and paper mills as operating in 1994 in the U.S.and Sweden respectively. The two other scenarios are constituted by a »reference mill« in the U.S. andSweden using state-of-the-art technology. We investigate the impact of varying recycling rates and totalenergy use and CO2-emissions from the production of printing and writing paper. To economize withthe wood and that way save trees, we can use the trees that are replaced by recycling in a biomassgasification combined cycle (BIGCC) to produce electricity in a power station. This produces extra electricitywith a lower CO2 intensity than electricity generated by, for example, coal-fired power plants.The lifecycle analysis in this thesis also includes the use of waste treatment in the paper lifecycle. Both Sweden and theU.S. are countries that recycle paper. Still there is a lot of paper waste, this paper is a part of the countries municipalsolid waste (MSW). A lot of the MSW is landfilled, but parts of it are incinerated to extract electricity. The thesis hasdesigned special scenarios for the use of MSW in the lifecycle analysis.This report is studying and comparing two different countries and two different efficiencies on theBLGCC in four different scenarios. This gives a wide survey and points to essential parameters to specificallyreflect on, when making assumptions in a lifecycle analysis. The report shows that there arethree key parameters that have to be carefully considered when making a lifecycle analysis of wood inan energy and CO2-emission perspective in the pulp- and paper mill in the U.S. and in Sweden. First,there is the energy efficiency in the pulp- and paper mill, then the efficiency of the BLGCC and last theCO2 intensity of the electricity displaced by BIGCC or BLGCC generatedelectricity. It also show that with the current technology that we havetoday, it is possible to produce CO2 free paper with a waste paper amountup to 30%. The thesis discusses the system boundaries and the assumptions.Further and more detailed research, including amongst others thesystem boundaries and forestry, is recommended for more specificanswers.

Fjärrvärmedrivna vitvaror : Erfarenheter från utveckling, installationer och kostnadsberäkningar

Värmedrivna vitvaror eller HWC-maskiner som de kallas av tillverkaren värms med varmt vatten från en cirkulerande krets via en värmeväxlare inbyggd i maskinen, till skillnad från konventionella maskiner som värms med el. Denna teknik skall inte förväxlas med maskiner som är anslutna till varmvattenledningen och fylls på med varmt vatten och som därmed begränsas till disk- och tvätt. Syftet med fjärrvärmedrivna vitvaror är alltså att använda fjärrvärme, som har lägre kvalitet och pris än elenergi för uppvärmning och torkning och på så sätt spara el och utöka fjärrvärmeunderlaget. En jämförelse av koldioxidutsläpp och primärenergianvändning mellan konventionella vitvaror och fjärrvärmedrivna vitvaror visar att både koldioxidutsläpp och primärenergianvändning blir lägre för fjärrvärmedrivna vitvaror om biobränsle anses koldioxidneutralt och den el som ersätts är producerad i kolkraftverk eller gaskombikraftverk.   Denna rapport beskriver utveckling och kommersialisering av värmedrivna vitvaror (disk- och tvättmaskiner samt torktumlare och torkskåp) och hur de kan anslutas mot fjärrvärmesystem i olika systemlösningar. Dessutom har de energimässiga och ekonomiska förutsättningarna för tekniken undersökts. Erfarenheterna från fältprovning är dock mycket begränsade, eftersom de byggen där fälttesterna skulle ske försenades. Under 2013 färdigställs ett flerbostadshus med värmedrivna vitvaror i 160 lägenheter i Västerås.   De utvecklade maskinernas värmeanvändning som andel av total energianvändning vid 60 graders framledningstemperatur har uppmätts till ca 50 % för diskmaskinen, 67 % för tvättmaskinen, 80 % för torktumlaren och 93 % för torkskåpet. I det studerade flerbostadshuset av passivhusstandard uppgår lasten från värmedrivna vitvaror komfortgolvvärme och handdukstorkar till upp mot 30 % av husets totala värmeanvändning. För småhus är motsvarande siffra upp mot 20 %. Att använda fjärrvärme istället för elvärme till dessa installationer som normalt är elvärmda kan allts minska elbehovet betydligt i lågenergibebyggelse vilket också minskar både koldioxidutsläppen och primärenergianvändningen.   Ekonomiska analyser har genomförts för två olika systemkoncept (separat vitvarukrets och Västeråsmodellen) för nybyggda småhusområden och flerfamiljshus där fjärrvärme inte bara används till vitvaror utan också till handdukstorkar och komfortgolvvärme. De ekonomiska analyserna visar att Västeråsmodellen är den mest ekonomiskt intressanta systemlösningen med värmedrivna vitvaror, handdukstork och komfortgolvvärme. I flerfamiljshus kan den vara konkurrenskraftig mot de elvärmda alternativen (konventionellt system med eldrivna vitvaror, komfortgolvvärme och handdukstorkar) om prisskillnaden mellan el och fjärrvärme är större än 0,7 kr/kWh. En parameterstudie visar att kapitalkostnaden blir ganska hög jämfört med energikostnaden, vilket betyder att lång livslängd och många cykler är viktigt för att förbättra de ekonomiska förutsättningarna för värmedrivna vitvaror. För passiva småhus blir kostnaden för Västeråsmodellen med värmedrivna vitvaror, handdukstork och komfortgolvvärme likvärdig med de elvärmda alternativen vid energiprisskillnader på 0,7 kr/kWh inklusive moms, medan det krävs prisskillnader på 0,9 kr/kWh inklusive moms för normalisolerade småhusområden.   Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att i kommuner med ett konkurrenskraftigt fjärrvärmepris finns det viss lönsamhet för hela konceptet enligt Västeråsmodellen med värmedrivna vitvaror, komfortgolvvärme, och handdukstorkar. Om man däremot ser på konkurrensen för enskilda vitvaror är det främst torktumlaren som är konkurrenskraftig i bostäder. Målpriset på 1000 kr extra för värmedrift har inte kunnat uppnås inom projektet för diskmaskiner och tvättmaskiner. Det krävs lägre priser och låga anslutningskostnader för att räkna hem diskmaskinen och tvättmaskinen som enskilda komponenter.   Värmedrivna tvättmaskiner och torktumlare är konkurrenskraftiga i flerfamiljstvättstugor. Speciellt i de fall där beläggningen är god och flera maskiner delar på anslutningskostnaden till fjärrvärmecentralen kan värmedrift bli riktigt lönsam. Torkskåpens konkurrenskraft har inte kunnat utvärderas, då priset ännu inte fastställts. Att använda VVC-systemet för värmedistribution till värmedrivna vitvaror kan vara mycket intressant, men det kräver att legionellaproblematiken kan lösas. I nuläget finns ingen lösning som uppfyller formuleringarna i boverkets byggregler. Ett annat distributionssätt som kan vara intressant, men som inte undersökts i studien är att använda VVC för varmvattendistribution och en gemensam radiator- och vitvarukrets med konstant framledningstemperatur. Den aktör som förväntas ha störst ekonomiskt intresse av att tekniken implementeras är sannolikt fjärrvärmebolagen som får sälja mer värme och det ligger därmed främst på deras ansvar att marknadsföra tekniken i mötet med sina kunder.

Responsabilidade social corporativa : a memória do Programa de Reassentamento dos Atingidos pela Barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica Luiz Gonzaga (ex-Itaparica)

No Brasil, água e energia têm uma forte e histórica nterdependência, de forma que a contribuição da energia hidráulica ao desenvolvimento econômico do País tem sido expressiva, seja no atendimento às diversas demandas da economia, ou da própria sociedade, melhorando o conforto das habitações e a qualidade de vida das pessoas. Também desempenha papel importante na integração e desenvolvimento de regiões distantes dos grandes centros urbanos e industriais. A década de 70 registrou um crescimento elevado da demanda por energia elétrica no Brasil; reflexo de políticas desenvolvimentistas de governos anteriores que promoveram o crescimento industrial do País atraindo e criando indústrias de uso alto intensivo da letricidade. No caso da região Nordeste, o crescimento econômico trouxe consigo o risco de um grave racionamento de energia. Para eliminar tal risco, o Estado por intermédio do Sistema Eletrobras realizou a construção de grandes usinas hidrelétricas interligando-as ao sistema nacional. Não há como negar que esta solução provocou um grande benefício para grande parte da população brasileira, mas trouxe, para uma parcela do povo brasileiro, um custo social bastante elevado. Essas pessoas ficaram então conhecidas como os “atingidos por barragens”. Para eles, a construção das barragens de usinas como Itaipu, Tucuruí, Sobradinho e Itaparica significou o deslocamento compulsório dos locais aonde viviam e tinham suas tradições e referência culturais e afetivas. Esta pesquisa objetiva resgatar a memória deste período de grandes obras, promessas de desenvolvimento e marcas deixadas em milhares de famílias brasileiras. O estudo em questão é também uma tentativa de mostrar como o Programa de Reassentamento de Itaparica, projeto conduzido pela Companhia Hidro Elétrica do São Francisco – CHESF foi o marco de uma nova dinâmica para tratamento das questões sociais envolvendo a reparação de danos causados aos atingidos por barragens e se constitui talvez, no primeiro caso de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa do setor elétrico brasileiro.

Contribuição à citogenética de testudines e análise de assimetria flutuante em Eretmochelys imbricata, Cheloniidae

This work has contributed to knowledge of the order Testudines from cytogenetic and morphological point of view. With regard to the aspects proposed cytogenetic characterization of the species Mesoclemmys tuberculata (n = 5), endemic to the Caatinga biomes, through conventional techniques of cytogenetics and molecular levels. This species presented 2n = 58, NF = 64, the first submetacentric pair, the second metacentric and third subtelocentric, and the other microchromosome telocentric. This species showed a nucleolar bearing pair, coincident with the 18S ribosomal rDNA and that proved to be heterochromatic. Small heterochromatic blocks were also found in the centromeres of the largest chromosomes, as well as terminal regions in most other chromosomes of the complement, that were GC +. Telomeric sequences showed variable patterns of signal intensity, with some repeats more intense in microchromosomes and subtly in the larger ones. When compared with other species of the genus, the G-banding patterns showed a marked similarity between them. The first karyotypic description of the species will aid in future studies and the understanding of evolutionary aspects of this family. From the morphological point of view, we carried out studies of fluctuating asymmetry in sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata, using methods of benchmarking between hatchlings and adults and their implications for natural selection. Data were collected at two different times: first during the spawning female and the second during the outbreak and birth of the nest. The analyzed characteristics consisted of measurements of length and width of front and rear flippers (CANT, LANT, CPOS and LPOS) also collected data on the number of hull plates, side plates (NPL), the surrounding plates (NPCIRC), and plastron; plates power plants (NPP), inframarginais plates (NPIM). With the values of asymmetry we calculated the value of strict heritability for these traits, the calculation was based on only one parent. A nonparametric analysis Mann-Whitneywas performed to compare the groups (females X hatchlings, newborn hatchlings X dead hatchlings). Adult females showed no bilateral fluctuating asymmetry (FA = 0) on the number plates of the hull and plastron, while offspring, living and dead, showed a greater level of variation in these meristic parameters. In the analysis of females x hatchlings we found a significant difference between the levels of asymmetry in hoof plates (p=0.006) an the width of hindlimbs (p=0.001). Levels of FA suggest an accurate indicator as to the viability or maintenance of the individual to the reproductive phase. The coefficient of heritability (h2) of FA , obtained from the regression analysis, showed that both have low and not statistically significant values(p> 0.1). In the case of exclusion of the effective role of genetics in the generation of FA, reproductive strategies based on high number of subsidiaries products, such as those observed in E. imbricata seems to implicate the production of individuals with high level of developmental instability

Aproveitamento de resíduos de cinza da cana de açúcar em massas cerâmicas

This study aimed to investigate the use of cane sugar ashes from small-scale stills of Eunápolis region, state of Bahia, in pottery mass that can be developed as porcelain stoneware. Bahia is the second largest producer of rum distillery in Brazil. In the production of rum is produced residue called bagasse, which is used to generate electricity in Power plants and in the distillery itself, generating ashes as residue, which is played in nature, causing environmental damage. We studied 5 (five) formulations of 0% 10% 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of the ash, without ignition and 3 (three) formulations of 10%, 20% and 30% with gray ash temperature of 1250ºC. The formulation at 0% by weight of ash was used for a comparison between the traditional mass of porcelain stoneware and the masses with the addition of ash calcined, replacing feldspar. The percentage by weight of kaolin and of Clay was kept the same, 30%, and all raw materials were derived from the state of Bahia. The samples were made in uniaxial array with dimensions of (60 x 20 x 5) mm and compressed to a pressure of 45 MPa. Assays were performed to characterize the raw by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, ATD and ATG and Dilatometric analysis. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C, for the specimens with the ashes without ash and 1150° C and 1200° C for specimens with the gray level of calcined 60 minutes. and then we made a cooling ramp with the same rate of warming until reach ambient temperature. The sintered bodies were characterized by water absorption, porosity, linear shrinkage, bending strength and XRD of the fracture surface and the results analyzed. It was proven, after results of tests performed, that it is possible to use the ash residue of sugar cane bagasse on ceramic coating with the addition of up to 10% wt of the residue ash

Variabilidade genética de acessos de aguapé coletados no Estado de São Paulo

No presente trabalho foram coletados acessos de Eichhornia crassipes (aguapé) nos reservatórios das hidrelétricas de Barra Bonita, Bariri, Três Irmãos, Ilha Solteira, Salto Grande, Promissão, Ibitinga, Nova Avanhandava, Mogi-Guaçu, Euclides da Cunha, Jaguari, Jurumirim, Jupiá, Paraibuna e Porto Primavera, do Estado de São Paulo. Estes acessos foram submetidos a um estudo de variabilidade genética por meio de RAPD. Os primers utilizados foram OP X02, OP X07, OP X11 e OP P10 (TTCCGCCACC, GAGCGAGGCT, GGAGCCTCAG, TCCCGCCTAG, respectivamente). Dentre os acessos coletados e analisados, 21 apresentaram índice de identidade genética acima de 0,90. O dendrograma gerado com dados entre populações revelou forte coerência com a distribuição geográfica dos reservatórios que continham as plantas de aguapé. A variabilidade genética encontrada entre os acessos coletados nos diferentes reservatórios estudados foi elevada, considerando que a principal via de reprodução dessa espécie é a vegetativa.

Superação de dormência de sementes de Ceratophyllum demersum

Dentre as várias plantas daninhas aquáticas imersas que proliferam nos reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas, destaca-se em importância Ceratophyllum demersum, devido à sua grande capacidade de reprodução e produção de biomassa. Contudo, apesar de problemática, estudos relacionados com o mecanismo de propagação e persistência dessa espécie em ambiente aquático são bastante escassos no Brasil. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes métodos de superação de dormência em sementes desta planta daninha aquática coletadas na Lagoa Vírgula, localizada no rio Tietê-SP. As sementes coletadas foram divididas em dois lotes, sendo um constituído por sementes acondicionadas em um recipiente contendo água destilada e o outro por sementes acondicionadas em sacos de papel em condições de câmara fria (16,8 ºC). Após 650 dias da coleta das sementes, foram realizados os testes de superação de dormência, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: escarificação manual; imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (98%) por 5, 15, 25 e 35 minutos; imersão em água quente (98 ºC); e testemunha A, constituída pelo lote de sementes acondicionadas em um recipiente contendo água destilada, e uma testemunha B, constituída pelo lote de sementes acondicionadas em saco de papel. Os resultados demonstraram que a espécie C. demersum produz sementes férteis e podem permanecer viáveis no sedimento por vários anos após a fecundação. A escarificação das sementes foi o método mais eficaz na superação da dormência, sendo significativamente superior aos demais tratamentos e apresentando 65,0% de germinação aos 79 DAT. Ficou evidente a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para determinação de uma metodologia mais adequada à avaliação de dormência em sementes de C. demersum.

Ecological efficiency in CHP: Biodiesel case

This paper evaluates and quantifies the environmental impact resulting from the combination of biodiesel fuel (pure or blended with diesel), and diesel combustion in thermoelectric power plants that utilize combined cycle technology (CC). In regions without natural gas, the option was to utilize diesel fuel; the consequence would be a greater emission of pollutants. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel which has been considerably interesting in Brazil power matrix in recent years. The concept of ecological efficiency, largely evaluates the environmental impact caused by CO(2), SO(2), NO(x) and particle matter (PM) emissions. The pollution resulting from biodiesel and diesel combustion is analyzed, separately considering CO(2), SO(2), NO(x) and particulate matter gas emissions, and comparing them international standards currently used regarding air quality. It can be concluded that it is possible to calculate the qualitative environmental factor, and the ecological effect, from a thermoelectric power plant utilizing central heat power (CHP) of combined cycle. The ecological efficiency for pure biodiesel fuel (B100) is 98.16%; for biodiesel blended with conventional diesel fuel, B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) is 93.19%. Finally, ecological efficiency for conventional diesel is 92.18%, as long as a thermal efficiency of 55% for thermoelectric power plants occurs. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Recuperação de área degradada por construção de hidroelétrica com adubação verde e corretivo

As áreas de empréstimo em hidrelétricas são as áreas remanescentes da construção da fundação da barragem e podem ser consideradas áreas degradadas, pois delas foram retirados os horizontes superficiais do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a recuperação de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, degradado por construção civil (Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira-SP), por meio de adubação verde e aplicação de calagem e gessagem. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de: testemunha (solo mobilizado e vegetação espontânea); mucuna-preta e guandu até 1994. Depois foram substituídos por feijão-de-porco; calcário + mucuna-preta; calcário + guandu até 1994. Nova substituição foi feita por feijão-de-porco; calcário + gesso + mucuna-preta e calcário + gesso + guandu até 1994. Outra substituição foi feita por feijão-de-porco. Esses tratamentos foram estabelecidos em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições: após quatro anos com os adubos verdes, um ano com milho, um ano com aveia-preta e dois anos com braquiária. Foram avaliados: pH, teores de Ca2+, Mg2+, P, K, capacidade de troca catiônica, saturação por bases e teor de matéria orgânica. Os tratamentos adotados estão recuperando os atributos químicos do solo degradado, e a mucuna-preta apresentou os melhores resultados, quando comparada ao guandu e feijão-de-porco. Os efeitos da recuperação dos atributos químicos do solo alcançaram a profundidade de 0,0-0,2 m. As técnicas adotadas para recuperação desses atributos químicos (adubação verde, calagem e gessagem) no primeiro ano atingiram a profundidade do solo de 0,0-0,1 m e, somente após cinco anos, de 0,0-0,2 m.

Reprodução em cativeiro do jurupecê Sorubim lima (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) por meio de indução hormonal

Sorubim lima is a migratory catfish that do not reproduce in lenthic environments such as those formed after construction of hydroelectric power plants. An alternative for conservation of the species in these environments is the stocking with fingerlings produced in captivity. The technique used to reproduce it in captivity was the induction by carp pituitary hormone, with dosage of 5 mg.kg(-1) for females (1 mg.kg(-1) in the first dose and 4 mg.kg(-1) in the second) and 3 mg.kg(-1) for males (1 mg.kg(-1) in the first dose and 2 mg.kg(-1) in the second), with an interval of 14 hours. The determination of extrusion moment of oocytes was made by monitoring the migration of nucleus from central to peripheral position. After UTA 264.5 (accumulated thermal units) the oocytes were obtained by compression of the ventral region of the female, and male were sacrificed for extraction of sperm. The eggs were kept in an incubator and the time of hatching of larvae was 370 UTA. The larvae were initially fed with plankton and showed no cannibalism. Moreover, they were not demanding about the food, accepting prepared rations after fifteenth day of life. The weight gain of larvae was very low even close to 20 mm in length (14 days), not exceeding 0.05 mg per day. After that both weight and length increased rapidly.

Custo de bombas centrífugas funcionando como turbinas em microcentrais hidrelétricas

A implantação de microcentrais hidrelétricas é uma das alternativas para suprir com energia comunidades pequenas e isoladas, situadas normalmente na área rural. O aproveitamento de potenciais hidráulicos de pequeno porte é uma alternativa cada vez mais viável devido não só à falta de recursos financeiros para os grandes empreendimentos, mas também pelo imenso potencial de geração em centrais de pequeno porte, que pouco tem sido aproveitado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de apresentar uma metodologia simples de engenharia para estimar o custo das Bombas Funcionando como Turbinas (BFTs) utilizadas em microcentrais hidrelétricas, que possam ser usadas em estudos preliminares de novos aproveitamentos hidrelétricos, sem uma investigação detalhada dos lugares onde se pretende implantar. Os custos foram obtidos consultando-se diretamente os fabricantes de equipamentos e o mercado da praça de Ponta Grossa - PR. Os resultados mostraram que, para as microcentrais hidrelétricas, sempre que os custos constituírem o aspecto dominante, e para potências até 50 kW, a opção por Bombas Funcionando como Turbinas (BFTs) deve ser considerada em lugar das turbinas hidráulicas.

Análise de decisão multicritério na localização de usinas termoelétricas utilizando SIG

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Multiobjective linear model for pre-feasibility design of cogeneration systems

This article deals with some methodologies for economic and technical evaluations of cogeneration projects proposed by several authors. A discussion on design philosophy applied to thermal power plants leads to the decision problem of a conflicting, multiobjective formulation that includes the most important parameters. This model is formulated to help decision makers and designers in choosing compromise values for included parameters. (C) 1997 Elsevier B.V. Ltd.

Intercontinental transport of nitrogen oxide pollution plumes

We describe the first satellite observation of intercontinental transport of nitrogen oxides emitted by power plants, verified by simulations with a particle tracer model. The analysis of such episodes shows that anthropogenic NOx plumes may influence the atmospheric chemistry thousands of kilometers away from its origin, as well as the ocean they traverse due to nitrogen fertilization. This kind of monitoring became possible by applying an improved algorithm to extract the tropospheric fraction of NO2 from the spectral data coming from the GOME instrument.As an example we show the observation of NO2 in the time period 4-14 May, 1998, from the South African Plateau to Australia which was possible due to favourable weather conditions during that time period which availed the satellite measurement. This episode was also simulated with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART which uses NOx emissions taken from an inventory for industrial emissions in South Africa and is driven with analyses from the European Centre for Medium-RangeWeather Forecasts. Additionally lightning emissions were taken into account by utilizing Lightning Imaging Sensor data. Lightning was found to contribute probably not more than 25% of the resulting concentrations. Both, the measured and simulated emission plume show matching patterns while traversing the Indian Ocean to Australia and show great resemblance to the aerosol and CO2 transport observed by Piketh et al. (2000).