Indirect recognition of allopeptides promotes the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy

Graft loss from chronic rejection has become the major obstacle to the long-term success of whole organ transplantation. In cardiac allografts, chronic rejection is manifested as a diffuse and accelerated form of arteriosclerosis, termed cardiac allograft vasculopathy. It has been suggested that T-cell recognition of processed alloantigens (allopeptides) presented by recipient antigen-presenting cells through the indirect pathway of allorecognition plays a critical role in the development and progression of chronic rejection. However, definitive preclinical evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. To examine the role of indirect allorecognition in a clinically relevant large animal model of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, we immunized MHC inbred miniature swine with synthetic polymorphic peptides spanning the α1 domain of an allogeneic donor-derived swine leukocyte antigen class I gene. Pigs immunized with swine leukocyte antigen class I allopeptides showed in vitro proliferative responses and in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the allogeneic peptides. Donor MHC class I disparate hearts transplanted into peptide-immunized cyclosporine-treated pigs not only rejected faster than unimmunized cyclosporine-treated controls (mean survival time = 5.5 +/−1.7 vs. 54.7 +/−3.8 days, P < 0.001), but they also developed obstructive fibroproliferative coronary artery lesions much earlier than unimmunized controls (<9 vs. >30 days). These results definitively link indirect allorecognition and cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

14-3-3 protein is a regulator of the mitochondrial and chloroplast ATP synthase

Mitochondrial and chloroplast ATP synthases are key enzymes in plant metabolism, providing cells with ATP, the universal energy currency. ATP synthases use a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient to drive synthesis of ATP. The enzyme complexes function as miniature rotary engines, ensuring energy coupling with very high efficiency. Although our understanding of the structure and functioning of the synthase has made enormous progress in recent years, our understanding of regulatory mechanisms is still rather preliminary. Here we report a role for 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of ATP synthases. These 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved phosphoserine/phosphothreonine-binding proteins that regulate a wide range of enzymes in plants, animals, and yeast. Recently, the presence of 14-3-3 proteins in chloroplasts was illustrated, and we show here that plant mitochondria harbor 14-3-3s within the inner mitochondrial-membrane compartment. There, the 14-3-3 proteins were found to be associated with the ATP synthases, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, through direct interaction with the F1 β-subunit. The activity of the ATP synthases in both organelles is drastically reduced by recombinant 14-3-3. The rapid reduction in chloroplast ATPase activity during dark adaptation was prevented by a phosphopeptide containing the 14-3-3 interaction motif, demonstrating a role for endogenous 14-3-3 in the down-regulation of the CFoF1 activity. We conclude that regulation of the ATP synthases by 14-3-3 represents a mechanism for plant adaptation to environmental changes such as light/dark transitions, anoxia in roots, and fluctuations in nutrient supply.

Dynamics of mobile element activity in chalcone synthase loci in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea)

Mobile element dynamics in seven alleles of the chalcone synthase D locus (CHS-D) of the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) are analyzed in the context of synonymous nucleotide sequence distances for CHS-D exons. By using a nucleotide sequence of CHS-D from the sister species Ipomoea nil (Japanese morning glory [Johzuka-Hisatomi, Y., Hoshino, A., Mori, T., Habu, Y. & Iida, S. (1999) Genes Genet. Syst. 74, 141–147], it is also possible to determine the relative frequency of insertion and loss of elements within the CHS-D locus between these two species. At least four different types of transposable elements exist upstream of the coding region, or within the single intron of the CHS-D locus in I. purpurea. There are three distinct families of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITES), and some recent transpositions of Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds)-like elements (Tip100), of some short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs), and of an insertion sequence (InsIpCHSD) found in the neighborhood of this locus. The data provide no compelling evidence of the transposition of the mites since the separation of I. nil and I. purpurea roughly 8 million years ago. Finally, it is shown that the number and frequency of mobile elements are highly heterogeneous among different duplicate CHS loci, suggesting that the dynamics observed at CHS-D are locus-specific.

The highly recombinogenic bz locus lies in an unusually gene-rich region of the maize genome

The bronze (bz) locus exhibits the highest rate of recombination of any gene in higher plants. To investigate the possible basis of this high rate of recombination, we have analyzed the physical organization of the region around the bz locus. Two adjacent bacterial artificial chromosome clones, comprising a 240-kb contig centered around the Bz-McC allele, were isolated, and 60 kb of contiguous DNA spanning the two bacterial artificial chromosome clones was sequenced. We find that the bz locus lies in an unusually gene-rich region of the maize genome. Ten genes, at least eight of which are shown to be transcribed, are contained in a 32-kb stretch of DNA that is uninterrupted by retrotransposons. We have isolated nearly full length cDNAs corresponding to the five proximal genes in the cluster. The average intertranscript distance between them is just 1 kb, revealing a surprisingly compact packaging of adjacent genes in this part of the genome. At least 11 small insertions, including several previously described miniature inverted repeat transposable elements, were detected in the introns and 3′ untranslated regions of genes and between genes. The gene-rich region is flanked at the proximal and distal ends by retrotransposon blocks. Thus, the maize genome appears to have scattered regions of high gene density similar to those found in other plants. The unusually high rate of intragenic recombination seen in bz may be related to the very high gene density of the region.

A computer-based systematic survey reveals the predominance of small inverted-repeat elements in wild-type rice genes.

Several recent reports indicate that mobile elements are frequently found in and flanking many wild-type plant genes. To determine the extent of this association, we performed computer-based systematic searches to identify mobile elements in the genes of two "model" plants, Oryza sativa (domesticated rice) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Whereas 32 common sequences belonging to nine putative mobile element families were found in the noncoding regions of rice genes, none were found in Arabidopsis genes. Five of the nine families (Gaijin, Castaway, Ditto, Wanderer, and Explorer) are first described in this report, while the other four were described previously (Tourist, Stowaway, p-SINE1, and Amy/LTP). Sequence similarity, structural similarity, and documentation of past mobility strongly suggests that many of the rice common sequences are bona fide mobile elements. Members of four of the new rice mobile element families are similar in some respects to members of the previously identified inverted-repeat element families, Tourist and Stowaway. Together these elements are the most prevalent type of transposons found in the rice genes surveyed and form a unique collection of inverted-repeat transposons we refer to as miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements or MITEs. The sequence and structure of MITEs are clearly distinct from short or long interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs or LINEs), the most common transposable elements associated with mammalian nuclear genes. Mobile elements, therefore, are associated with both animal and plant genes, but the identity of these elements is strikingly different.

Cone photoreceptors respond to their own glutamate release in the tiger salamander.

Pulse-like currents resembling miniature postsynaptic currents were recorded in patch-clamped isolated cones from the tiger salamander retina. The events were absent in isolated cones without synaptic terminals. The frequency of events was increased by either raising the osmotic pressure or depolarizing the cell. It was decreased by the application of either glutamate or the glutamate-transport blockers dihydrokainate and D,L-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate. The events required external Na+ for which Li+ could not substitute. The reversal potential of these currents followed the equilibrium potential for Cl- when internal Cl- concentration was changed. Thus, these miniature currents appear to represent the presynaptic activation of the glutamate receptor with glutamate transporter-like pharmacology, caused by the photoreceptor's own vesicular glutamate release. Using a noninvasive method to preserve the intracellular Cl- concentration, we showed that glutamate elicits an outward current in isolated cones. Fluorescence of the membrane-permeable form of fura-2 was used to monitor Ca2+ entry at the cone terminal as a measure of membrane depolarization. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, elicited by puff application of 30 mM KCl, was completely suppressed in the presence of 100 microM glutamate. Puff application of glutamate alone had no measurable depolarizing effect. These results suggest that the equilibrium potential for Cl-, ECl, was more negative than the activation range for Ca2+ channels and that glutamate elicited an outward current, hyperpolarizing the cones.

Avaliação comparativa dos efeitos do anlodipino e da pimobendana na insuficiência valvar crônica de mitral em cães

A insuficiência valvar crônica de mitral (IVCM) é a principal cardiopatia de cães, correspondendo a 75-85% dos casos de cardiopatias. É causada pela degeneração mixomatosa da valva mitral (endocardiose de mitral) sendo, então, uma doença degenerativa adquirida e que pode ocasionar a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC). Pode acometer qualquer raça de cão, mas é mais frequentemente observada nas raças de pequeno porte, dentre as quais, Poodle miniatura, Spitz Alemão, Dachshund, Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua e Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Na endocardiose de mitral, o volume sanguíneo regurgitado causa sobrecarga do lado esquerdo do coração, devido ao aumento das pressões atrial e ventricular esquerdas, seguida de dilatação e hipertrofia dessas cavidades cardíacas. A elevação da pressão ventricular esquerda pode causar hipertensão pulmonar, congestão e, em estágios avançados, edema pulmonar. A doença pode evoluir assintomática, enquanto que naqueles casos que evoluem para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) os sintomas mais usuais são: tosse, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncope. Em 2009 o colégio americano de medicina interna veterinária (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine -ACVIM) elaborou diretrizes para o tratamento da IVCM, tendo por base a classificação funcional adaptada do American College of Cardiology. Neste trabalho foram utilizados os fármacos anlodipino e pimobendana em associação a outros usualmente indicados no tratamento da ICC em cães, segundo consenso de 2009, indicados no tratamento da ICC em cães. Dois grupos (A e B) de cães, cada um constituído por 10 pacientes com IVCM em estágio C, foram tratados com furosemida e maleato de enalapril, sendo que os animais do grupo A receberão pimobendana e os do grupo B, anlodipino. Os animais foram avaliados em diferentes momentos (T0, T30, T60) observando-se as alterações nos exames ecodopplercardiográfico e eletrocardiográfico, bem como de pressão arterial sistólica

Estudo dos solos da região metropolitana de Fortaleza para aplicação na engenharia rodoviária

O trabalho aqui apresentado é resultado de uma pesquisa onde se procurou caracterizar os solos da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF). Inicialmente, o objetivo deixou de ser principal devido às limitações desse método quando aplicado aos solos da RMF. O objetivo principal do trabalho passou a ser estudar mais detalhadamente os solos que ocorrem na Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza à luz de métodos convencionais e não convencionais, para aplicação na engenharia rodoviária. Para tanto, foram estudados sessenta solos pertencentes às classes pedológicas que ocorrem na RMF. Esses solos foram submetidos a um programa experimental que envolveu a execução de ensaios \"convencionais\" e \"não convencionais\". A partir dos resultados experimentais foram estabelecidas correlações entre os valores de algumas propriedades de interesse à pavimentação realizadas em cilindro convencional e miniatura. Tentou-se determinar o valor de CBR de um solo, dispondo das cargas calculadas no ensaio mini-CBR, mas essa tarefa não logrou êxito. As amostras foram classificadas pelas classificações HBR e MCT para verificação da qualidade da previsão das propriedades dos solos obtidas por esses métodos e aqueles resultantes da execução dos ensaios de laboratório. Foi proposto, a partir da execução de ensaio de adsorção de azul de metileno, a inclusão no ábaco de três zonas para se caracterizar o comportamento dos solos da RMF. Os resultados experimentais permitiram, também, concluir que pode-se identificar os materiais com potencial de uso na pavimentação de sua classe pedológica.

Representational Subversions and the Limits of Postcoloniality: Shahzia Sikander's Strategic Contemporaneity

Transnational artist Shahzia Sikander challenges the limitations of Edward Said's postcolonial emphasis on secular humanism by deploying the heterogeneous traditions of South Asian miniature painting while strategically drawing on tradition to critique contemporaneity. Through a palimpsest process of composition, Sikander reincorporates the unknown and silenced histories implicit in the tradition of miniature painting to create social imaginaries with motifs that draw on the diverse traditions of South Asian religions and aesthetics to create a subversive politics of remembering wherein alternative images of cosmopolitanism emerge. Through a sustained analysis, this dissertation demonstrates how these alternative traditions interrogate and critique the limitations of postcolonial theory. Particularly important to this critique are some recent approaches of Third World feminists that highlight the limitations of secular humanism implicit in much of postcolonial critique. Sikander's compositions mirror these approaches as her motifs of the feminine become an intervention into the spiritual emptiness and ethical confusions of contemporaneity. In effect, Sikander's work is an intervention, a warning, and a plea for the re-invention of positive alternatives as her images embody and facilitate a critical and daring consciousness that is necessary to both our social and spiritual well-being.

London, England, 1814 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: London in miniature : with the surrounding villages, an entire new plan in which the improvements both present and intended are actually reduced (by permission) from the surveys of the several proprietors : the whole laide down from the best authorities, carefully corrected to the present time by Edward Mogg. It was published by Edward Mogg in 1814. Scale [ca. 1:16,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, selected buildings, built-up areas, parks, borough boundaries, docks, bridges, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Farhād va Shīrīn : manuscript, undated

Written in two columns, 14 lines per page, in a divani script in black ink, framed within double golden and blue lines. With catchwords on the verso of each leaf.

Horoscope of ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib : manuscript, undated

Title supplied by cataloger.

Shāhnāmah : manuscript, 1718-1721

Written in a professional taʻlīq script in black ink, rubricated in red, 20 lines per page in 4 gold-ruled columns. Contains 115 miniatures portraying various scenes from the poem.