Smoking during pregnancy by duration of residence among immigrants in Sweden 1991-2012 : A study on health inequalities

This study revisits the effect of duration by residence in relation to smoking during pregnancy. It contributes to the literature by incorporating a health inequity perspective, and discusses whether immigrants tend to converge with Swedish women’s smoking. The study is based on Swedish Medical Birth Register and includes 1 1864 52 pregnancies between 1991 and 2012. Logistic regression was performed to attain crude and adjusted Odds Ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. Immigrants’ are divided by categorizing countries of origin depending on levels of Human Development (IHDI). Overall immigrant women show low levels of smoking during pregnancy when they arrive to Sweden, by duration of residence levels of smoking increase and converge with smoking patterns of Swedish women. I found that there are differences in smoking patterns depending on IHDI of the country. Immigrant women of higher categories of IHDI show higher levels of smoking although the increase of smoking is higher among immigrant women from categories of lower IHDI. However, immigrant women’s smoking during pregnancy is affected by duration of residence, and the increased smoking is associated with health inequalities related to their country of origins IHDI, and by socioeconomic inequalities in Sweden. 

Attityder till teknikdidaktik i de tidigare årskurserna

Teknik är ett ämne som fortfarande är relativt nytt som obligatoriskt ämne i grundskolan. Ämnet anses av många som viktigt, men undersökningar från bl.a. skolinspektionen visar att det finns stora brister i hur tekniken behandlas inom grundskolan. I detta arbete ser jag över hur begreppet teknik definieras i undervisningssammanhang, dess historia som skolämne, samt tidigare forskning och insatser som gjorts för att stärka undervisningen i teknik. Därefter följer en enkätundersökning där jag har tillfrågat lärare på fyra grundskolor, med årskurserna f-6 (grundskolor med årskurs 7-9 har inte inkluderats), om deras egen inställning till teknik och vilken status de upplever att ämnet har på den skola de arbetar. Jag har valt att rikta mig mot denna målgrupp då jag upplever att teknikämnet är särskilt obehandlat i de allra tidigaste årskurserna. Resultatet av undersökningen analyseras i relation till den tidigare forskningen som jag har tagit upp. Min slutsats är att teknik till stor del undervisas enligt den traditionella praktiken som tidigare forskning beskriver, men att det varierar från skola till skola (samt från lärare till lärare på samma skola) hur ämnet prioriteras och praktiseras. Det verkar även finnas en stor kontrast i hur lärare i årskurs 1-3 respektive 4-6 ser på ämnet.

Lärares ledarskap som möjliggörande och begränsande i mötet med ’alla’ barn : En deltagarorienterad studie

The aim of this thesis is to, based on teachers’ experiences, describe and analyse meanings of teachers’ leadership in general, and in relation to children in need of special support in particular. The study was carried out within the tradition of participatory-oriented research, a research circle. The dialogues in the circle were based on the participants’ questions, experiences, interests, and knowledge. The circle included a researcher and nine teachers from the following types of schools: preschool, preschool class, compulsory school, and compulsory school for pupils with learning disabilities. The study is based on an understanding of leadership as a relational practice. Leadership is practised in the interaction between teacher and child. Both parties exert influence over the practice of leadership. A central assumption in the study is that knowledge can develop through and in interactions between people, that knowledge and power are connected, and that knowledge and actions are intertwined. Another central assumption is that learning is a complex phenomenon. In the analysis of the research circle’s dialogues, the following meanings of teachers’ leadership emerge: to facilitate learning and discipline, and to promote different interests. The practice of leadership involves teachers handling complex situations in their interactions with ‘all’ children, i.e. children in need of special support and children without such needs. Leadership is practised between teachers and children, and the teachers have to consider the group of children as a collective in relation to the individual children. At the same time, the teachers have to consider their intentions versus what happens during the interactions. In addition, the teachers have to pay heed to the fact that their own actions and the children’s actions influence one another. Finally, the teachers have to consider the individual child’s ‘best interest’ in relation to the requirements of the policy documents. Furthermore, the results indicate that the practice of leadership is perceived as both unpredictable and, to some extent, predictable at the same time, which adds to the complexity of leadership. The teachers cannot know for sure what the children understand or if the children’s actions facilitate learning. However, the teachers can make certain assumptions about how to practice leadership in order to facilitate learning and discipline in children with different needs. The meanings of leadership were expressed in different ways in the circle’s dialogues; both as enabling and limiting in interactions with children in need of special support. One of the study’s conclusions is that leadership seems to be particularly complex in interactions with children in need of special support. The research circle’s dialogues served to promote a democratic knowledge process. The dialogues were characterised by respect for the participants’ different opinions; however, this does not mean that they were free from power structures.

Ämnesbetyg och provbetyg, en undersökning om relationen mellan ämnet matematik och de nationella proven

Denna undersökning handlar om sambandet mellan elevers betyg i ämnet matematik, och deras betyg på de nationella proven i samma ämne. Bakgrundsfakta kring området kommer att presenteras och jag kommer presentera en undersökning där jag samlat in betygen i ämnet matematik och betygen på de nationella proven i matematik från sex olika klasser i årskurs 6. Jag har även utfört en intervju med samtliga sex lärare för de olika klasserna för att få en djupare förståelse för lärarens syn på ämnesbetyg och provbetyg. Tidigare gjord forskning visar att de flesta elever får samma ämnesbetyg i matematik som de får på de nationella proven, men att skillnader finns. Könsaspekten kommer även vara en del av undersökningen då skolverket visar att det finns skillnader i pojkar och flickors resultat. Jag har sammanställt resultaten i tabellform i den första delen av undersökningen och i den andra delen redovisas intervjuerna. I resultatet kan man avläsa att det klassvis finns skillnader mellan ämnesbetyget och betyget på de nationella proven. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att det finns ett flertal skillnader gällande hur lärare ser på de nationella proven och deras samspel med ämnesbetyget. Tillslut kommer jag diskutera resultaten gentemot den tidigare forskningen för att se huruvida denna undersökning stämmer överens med tidigare forskning samt analysera intervjuernas resultat.

Redaktören har ordet

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

Non-take up i det svenska välfärdssystemet : Om betydelsen av social position för kvinnors beslut kring mammografiscreening

Non-take up in the Swedish welfare system: On the impact of social position on women’s decision-making regarding mammography screening Central to a well-functioning and effective welfare system is that benefits reach the people to whom they are intended. By focusing on an example of so called non-take up – namely women’s decision not to attend mammography screening – this article discusses decision making in relation to living conditions, i.e. social position, and to the public health intentions of the welfare state. The main theoretical basis for the analysis is Rogers’ humanistic/existential theory. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were made with 18 women who had abstained from mammography screening. Their decision was described, analyzed and problematized focused on whether their living conditions, leading to a strong or weak social position, is of relevance to their decision to refrain from this health promoting examination. The women’s own experiences clearly showed how their social position was of great importance for how they explained their decision to abstain. Furthermore, social position affects how women handle different impact from living conditions, society’s expectations and personal experiences of mammography screening. This study makes visible the gap between public health intentions of the society and individual conditions.  

När kallet ställs på sin spets : Pensionering ur ett existenssociologiskt perspektiv

When the calling is brought to a head: Retirement from an existential sociology perspective In this article we analyze how the meaning and value of work can emerge, be defined and redefined in relation to the coming of retirement, by focusing individuals with dedicated work approaches interpreted as a calling. By relying on an existential sociology framework we analyze the retirement process as an existential imperative, e.g. life phases or processes where questions on meaning and life quality become prominent. For the interviewees, the day of retirement becomes a sort of a road sign that – depending on the distance of time to the point of retirement – has intensified existential questions and the meaning of work. The article explores the defining dimensions of a calling as found in the interviewees dedicated work approaches. We address the types of problems and opportunities that arise when the interviewees are soon to retire and their associated strategies: listening to a calling on ”standby”; learning not to listen to one’s calling, listening to a calling from a private sphere and project the calling’s commitment to other activities.

Sinnet och pennans förhandling : En fråga om yttrandefrihet genom barnens bildliga uttryck

Syftet med studien är att undersöka bild-, menings- och subjektskapandets samband och betydelse för barns kreativa utveckling i relation till förskolans uppdrag. Detta är en minietnografisk ansats där videoobservation och barnintervjuer använts i arbetet på en förskola där barnen varit från 3-6 år. Poststrukturalistisk teori och diskursanalys är metoder som använts i analysarbetet med fokus på språkets innebörd av kunskap, subjekt och ritandet som idé i en tillblivande förhandling med de bildliga uttrycken. Studiens resultat visar på att det finns samband mellan hur barnen bedöms och hur de värderar sig själva och varandra. Då prestationen överordnas kan det drabba både självkänslan och lusten till att lära. Empirin i relation till teorin och tidigare forskning visar även betydelsen av att det finns ett eller flera sätt att skapa för att upptäcka sin annanhet och kreativa potential. Det skulle också kunna öka risken för diskriminering ifall alla ska göra lika och vara lika i sinnets förhandling med pennan. 

Normalisering av ungdomar i problem genom styrning av föräldrar : Från strukturella orsaksförklaringar till familjecentrerade lösningar

Normalizing problematized youth by governing their parents: From structural explanations to family-centred solutions The current article explores the ways that organizational representatives outline the causes of and propose solutions to the problematic behaviour of youth living in, what is described as, an immigrant neighbourhood in a Swedish city. The empirical material, consisting of interviews with representatives from various organizations (such as the police, schools, social services and NGOs) as well as field observations, has been analyzed using the theory of governmentality. The causes of problematic youth behaviour are related to disadvantaged immigrant urban space, unemployment, unstable home situations and family relations, and parents’ deviant norms, knowledge and culture. In the discourses about causes and solutions, a recurring frame of reference is the issue of immigration in general and parent’s migrant background in particular. In spite of the complexity of the proposed causes, the pronounced solutions are directed towards the fostering of immigrant parents, the establishment of zones of communication and early prevention. Hence, the prevailing solutions are permeated by discourses of activation of parents.

Anförande: Academic work : A tale of essential tension between research and teaching

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

Anförande: Pressed for time : The digital transformation of everyday life

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

Anförande: Uthållig kreativitet – tills döden skiljer oss åt : Tre faror, två demoner, tio budord

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

Recensioner

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

Sociologförbundet har ordet : Osäkerhet och kreativitet: Rapport från Sociologidagarna 2016

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv