Interaction of alpha-melanotropin with central dopamine systems: role of hormonal state and molecular structure

The tubero-infundibular and nigrostriatal DA neurone systems of rats respond to systemic (i.p.) injection of alpha-MSH (2-100 microgram/kg). The response of the tubero-infundibular (arcuate) DA neurones, an increase in cellular fluorescence intensity which can be interpreted as a sign of increased neuronal activity, is essentially the same in males, estrogen-progesterone-pretreated ovariectomized females and hypophysectomized males, whereas the type of response elicited by alpha-MSH in the nigral DA neurones depends upon the hormonal state of the animal. Differences between the two DA neurone groups exist also with regard to the effects of peptide fragments containing the two active sites of the alpha-MSH molecule. Results of lesion experiments in the lower brainstem (area postrema) and of blockade of muscarinic mechanisms by atropine further point to differences in the mechanisms underlying the peptide effects on the two neurone systems. The reaction of the tubero-infundibular DA system (which controls the pars intermedia of the pituitary) can be considered to reflect the activation of a feedback mechanism on MSH secretion, while the functional counterpart of the changes observed in the nigral system remains unknown at the present time.

Global radiolarian zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian

Jurassic radiolarians from 220 samples in Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C., Williston Lake, B.C., east-central Oregon, Baja California Sur, southern Spain, Austria, Slovenia, Turkey, Oman, Japan and Argentina were studied in order to construct global zonation for the Pliensbachian, Toarcian and Aalenian stages. Well-preserved faunas from continuous stratigraphic sections in Queen Charlotte Islands provide the most detailed record for this time interval, and all collections are tied to North American ammonite zones or assemblages. Collections from nearly all other areas lack independent dating except for early Toarcian carbon-isotope dating in Slovenia and late Aalenian ammonites in Spain. A database of 197 widely distributed updated taxonomic species was used to construct a Unitary Association (UA) zonation for the interval. A global sequence of 41 UAs was obtained for the top of the Sinemurian to the base of the Bajocian. The first and the last UAs represent the Late Sinemurian and the Early Bajocian respectively. The remaining 39 UAs were merged into nine zones (four Early Pliensbachian, one Late Pliensbachian, one Early Toarcian, one Middle-Late Toarcian, and two Aalenian) according to prominent radiolarian faunal breaks and ammonite data. The new zones are the Canutus tip pen - Katroma clara Zone (latest Sinemurian/earliest Pliensbachian); Zartus mostleri - Pseudoristola megaglobosa, Hsuum mulleri - Trillus elkhornensis and Gigi fustis - Lantus sixi zones (Early Pliensbachian); Eucyrtidiellum nagaiae - Praeparvicingula tlellensis Zone (Late Pliensbachian); Napora relica - Eucyrtidiellum disparile Zone (Early Toarcian); Elodium pessagnoi - Hexasaturnalis hexagonus Zone (Middle and Late Toarcian); Higumastra transversa - Napora nipponica Zone (early Aalenian); and Mirifusus proavus - Transhsuum hisuikyoense Zone (late Aalenian). These zones can be correlated worldwide and link previously established UA zonations for the Hettangian-Sinemurian and the Middle to Upper Jurassic. The new zonation allows high-resolution dating in the studied interval and provides a solid basis for analyzing faunal turnovers and the paleobiogeography of Jurassic radiolarians. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Plantas de cobertura de solo como fonte de nitrogênio ao milho

Durante o período de 1990/94, foi realizado um trabalho na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS), num Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico, para avaliar o potencial de algumas plantas de cobertura de solo no fornecimento de N ao milho no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais, foram utilizadas, em cada inverno, as leguminosas ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa L.), ervilha forrageira (Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir), chícharo (Lathyrus sativus L.) e tremoço azul (Lupinus angustifolius L.), a gramínea aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), além de um tratamento com pousio invernal (plantas invasoras). Nas subparcelas, foram aplicadas as doses de 0, 80 e 160 kg ha-1 de N no milho, na forma de uréia. Na média dos quatro anos, as duas espécies que produziram maior quantidade de matéria seca pela parte aérea foram o tremoço azul (5.228 kg ha-1) e a aveia preta (4.417 kg ha-1), seguidas do chícharo (3.047 kg ha-1), ervilha forrageira (2.754 kg ha-1), ervilhaca comum (2.527 kg ha-1) e plantas invasoras do pousio invernal (1.197 kg ha-1). Dentre as leguminosas, a espécie tremoço azul acumulou a maior quantidade de N na parte aérea (113,7 kg ha-1 de N). Os tratamentos que adicionaram menor quantidade de N ao solo pela fitomassa foram a aveia preta (41,7 kg ha-1 de N) e o pousio invernal (20,5 kg ha-1 de N). Aproximadamente, 60% do N acumulado na parte aérea das leguminosas foi liberado durante os primeiros 30 dias após o seu manejo. Na ausência de adubação nitrogenada, o rendimento de grãos de milho foi maior após as leguminosas do que após a aveia e o pousio invernal. As leguminosas diferiram entre si quanto ao potencial de fornecimento de N ao milho. Os maiores valores de equivalência em N mineral (EqN) foram obtidos com a ervilhaca (137 kg ha-1 de N) e com o tremoço (122 kg ha-1 de N), evidenciando a possibilidade de redução das quantidades de N mineral por aplicar no milho quando ele for cultivado em sucessão a estas duas leguminosas.

Ihmisen lajikehitys : eli kaamean, karvaisen apinateorian paluu

Mikael Fortelius

Tutkimuksen ja korkeakouluopetuksen tiedonsaannin turvaaminen : kokoelmat ja kokoelmapolitiikka Suomen korkeakoulukirjastoissa

Esko Häkli

Kielioppi apuna kielestä puhuttaessa : esimerkkinä äidinkielenopetus

Auli Hakulinen

Recueil de pièces et mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la Maison royale de Saint-Cyr. (1686-1732).

Imprimés et manuscrits. — On y remarque des lettres originales de Mauduyt (fol. 122, etc.), de P. Guérin de Tenein, archevêque d'Embrun (fol. 139), de Noüet (fol. 145 et 186), du duc de Luynes (fol. 163 et 167) et du duc de Villeroy (fol. 175). — Il y a une table des pièces en tète du volume.

Magie, guérison et parole dans les Actes des apôtres

Le livre des Actes abonde en récits de guérisons effectués par les mains des apôtres. Mais, entre magie, guérisons et la parole qui les accompagne, il s'avère que Luc a installé un jeu signifiant de renvois. La thèse exposée par l'A. dans cet article est que l'auteur des Actes profile la spécificité du miracle chrétien pour éviter qu'il soit noyé dans le flot du religieux. Une lucidité théologique à retenir aujourd'hui.

Comprimentos críticos de rampa para diferentes manejos de resíduos culturais em sistema de semeadura direta em um Argissolo Vermelho da depressão central (RS)

A falha ou perda da eficácia relativa dos resíduos culturais compromete o controle da erosão hídrica por meio da cobertura do solo em sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo. Com o objetivo de investigar a falha de resíduos culturais em diferentes situações no sistema de semeadura direta, foi instalado um experimento na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, em Eldorado do Sul (RS), sobre um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico típico com 0,105 m m-1 de declividade média. Os tratamentos consistiram de resíduos recém-colhidos de aveia preta (out/97) e soja (maio/98) e resíduos semidecompostos de milho e soja (150 e 175 dias após a colheita, out/97 e 98, respectivamente), em diferentes quantidades e formas de manejo. Aplicou-se chuva simulada nas parcelas experimentais com intensidade constante de 63,5 mm h-1, até obtenção da taxa constante de enxurrada e, então, iniciou-se, concomitantemente à aplicação de chuva, a adição de fluxos extras de água limpa na cabeceira das parcelas, para simular comprimentos de rampa mais longos. Os dez níveis de fluxos extras de água planejados variaram de 16 a 197 (10-5) m³ s-1 m-1, com duração de 7 min cada nível. A falha do resíduo foi identificada e o equivalente comprimento crítico de rampa calculado, a partir da observação visual no campo e do uso de critério teórico baseado na relação da taxa de erosão com a taxa de descarga da enxurrada. Os intervalos de ocorrência dos comprimentos críticos de rampa obtidos variaram de 29-58 m (3.950 kg ha-1 de resíduos semidecompostos de soja, soltos) a 152-164 m (6.200 kg ha-1 de resíduos semidecompostos de milho, semi-ancorados). No tratamento com 5.600 kg ha-1 de resíduos de aveia preta, semi-ancorados, não foi observada falha do resíduo. Os resultados comprovaram que existem limites de comprimento de rampa no sistema de semeadura direta, dependendo do regime de chuva, solo, declividade e condições de manejo.

Informaatioyhteiskunta ja mediafilosofia

Pasi Pyöriä

Yhteiskunnallinen murros, tieteen asema ja tiedepolitiikka

Yrjö Haila

How to screen for problematic cannabis use in population surveys: an evaluation of the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) in a Swiss sample of adolescents and young adults.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cannabis use is a growing challenge for public health, calling for adequate instruments to identify problematic consumption patterns. The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) is a 10-item questionnaire used for screening cannabis abuse and dependency. The present study evaluated that screening instrument. METHODS: In a representative population sample of 5,025 Swiss adolescents and young adults, 593 current cannabis users replied to the CUDIT. Internal consistency was examined by means of Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the CUDIT was compared to accepted concepts of problematic cannabis use (e.g. using cannabis and driving). ROC analyses were used to test the CUDIT's discriminative ability and to determine an appropriate cut-off. RESULTS: Two items ('injuries' and 'hours being stoned') had loadings below 0.5 on the unidimensional construct and correlated lower than 0.4 with the total CUDIT score. All concepts of problematic cannabis use were related to CUDIT scores. An ideal cut-off between six and eight points was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although the CUDIT seems to be a promising instrument to identify problematic cannabis use, there is a need to revise some of its items.

Treatment strategies in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a 17-center European collaborative study.

IMPORTANCE: The best treatment option for primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) without signs of central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) involvement determined on magnetic resonance imaging or in cerebrospinal fluid is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of treatment regimens used for PVRL in the prevention of subsequent CNSL. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at 17 referral ophthalmologic centers in Europe. We reviewed clinical, laboratory, and imaging data on 78 patients with PVRL who did not have CNSL on presentation between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2012, with a focus on the incidence of CNS manifestations during the follow-up period. INTERVENTIONS: The term extensive treatment was used for various combinations of systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy, whole-brain radiotherapy, and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Therapy to prevent CNSL included ocular radiotherapy and/or ocular chemotherapy (group A, 31 patients), extensive systemic treatment (group B, 21 patients), and a combination of ocular and extensive treatment (group C, 23 patients); 3 patients did not receive treatment. A total of 40 patients received systemic chemotherapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Development of CNSL following the diagnosis of PVRL relative to the use or nonuse of systemic chemotherapy and other treatment regimens. RESULTS: Overall, CNSL developed in 28 of 78 patients (36%) at a median follow-up of 49 months. Specifically, CNSL developed in 10 of 31 (32%) in group A, 9 of 21 (43%) in group B, and 9 of 23 (39%) in group C. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was lower in patients with CNSL (35% [95% CI, 50% to 86%]) than in patients without CNSL (68% [95% CI, 19% to 51%]; P = .003) and was similar among all treatment groups (P = .10). Adverse systemic effects occurred in 9 of 40 (23%) patients receiving systemic chemotherapy; the most common of these effects was acute renal failure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the present series of patients with isolated PVRL, the use of systemic chemotherapy was not proven to prevent CNSL and was associated with more severe adverse effects compared with local treatment.