Influence of atomic densities on propagation property for ultrashort pulses in a two-level medium

The influence of atomic densities on the propagation property for ultrashort pulses in a two-level atom (TLA) medium is investigated. With higher atomic densities, the self-induced transparency (SIT) cannot be recovered even for 2π ultrashort pulses. New features such as pulse splitting, red-shift and blue-shift of the corresponding spectra arise, and the component of central frequency gradually disappears.

Universal Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-state analyzer based on two-photon polarization parity detection

We present a universal analyzer for the three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states with quantum nondemolition parity detectors and linear-optics elements. In our scheme, all of the three-photon GHZ states can be discriminated with nearly unity probability in the regime of weak nonlinearity feasible at the present state of the art experimentally. We also show that our scheme can be easily extended to the analysis of the multi-particle GHZ states.

Three-dimensional nonlinear inelastic analysis of steel moment-frame buildings damaged by earthquake excitations

The Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994, highlighted the two previously known problems of premature fracturing of connections and the damaging capabilities of near-source ground motion pulses. Large ground motions had not been experienced in a city with tall steel moment-frame buildings before. Some steel buildings exhibited fracture of welded connections or other types of structural degradation.

A sophisticated three-dimensional nonlinear inelastic program is developed that can accurately model many nonlinear properties commonly ignored or approximated in other programs. The program can assess and predict severely inelastic response of steel buildings due to strong ground motions, including collapse.

Three-dimensional fiber and segment discretization of elements is presented in this work. This element and its two-dimensional counterpart are capable of modeling various geometric and material nonlinearities such as moment amplification, spread of plasticity and connection fracture. In addition to introducing a three-dimensional element discretization, this work presents three-dimensional constraints that limit the number of equations required to solve various three-dimensional problems consisting of intersecting planar frames.

Two buildings damaged in the Northridge earthquake are investigated to verify the ability of the program to match the level of response and the extent and location of damage measured. The program is used to predict response of larger near-source ground motions using the properties determined from the matched response.

A third building is studied to assess three-dimensional effects on a realistic irregular building in the inelastic range of response considering earthquake directivity. Damage levels are observed to be significantly affected by directivity and torsional response.

Several strong recorded ground motions clearly exceed code-based levels. Properly designed buildings can have drifts exceeding code specified levels due to these ground motions. The strongest ground motions caused collapse if fracture was included in the model. Near-source ground displacement pulses can cause columns to yield prior to weaker-designed beams. Damage in tall buildings correlates better with peak-to-peak displacements than with peak-to-peak accelerations.

Dynamic response of tall buildings shows that higher mode response can cause more damage than first mode response. Leaking of energy between modes in conjunction with damage can cause torsional behavior that is not anticipated.

Various response parameters are used for all three buildings to determine what correlations can be made for inelastic building response. Damage levels can be dramatically different based on the inelastic model used. Damage does not correlate well with several common response parameters.

Realistic modeling of material properties and structural behavior is of great value for understanding the performance of tall buildings due to earthquake excitations.

用多模光纤产生空心光束

文中报导了一种用多模光纤产生空心光束方法。我们实验上多模光纤产生了中心全黑的空心光束，并且分析了激光入射光纤角度与光纤出射光形状的关系进行分析。对空心光束进行了分析，这样的空心光束可以用来激光捕获与激光导引冷原子。

Análise da composição da matriz extracelular das camadas urotelial e muscular da bexiga de mulheres em diferentes idades

A complacência da bexiga depende de músculos lisos, fibras colágenas, fibras elásiticas e suas relações. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a composição da matriz extracelular em amostras de bexigas normais através de análise bioquímica de colágeno e glicosaminoglicanos em amostras obtidas de mulheres em diferentes grupos de idade, analisando separadamente as camadas urotelial e muscular. Avaliamos 17 amostras de bexiga divididas em três grupos: infância (N=5), menacme (N=6) e pós-menopausa (N=6). As bexigas foram analisadas para concentração de GAG total e colágeno e para análise qualitativa de GAG por eletroforese em gel de agarose. Na camada muscular, não houve diferença entre os grupos tanto para GAG quanto para colágeno. Na camada urotelial, a análise da concentração de colágeno não mostrou diferença entre os grupos, mas a concentração de GAG no grupo da pós-menopausa (0.21 0.12 μg de ácido hexurônico/mg de tecido seco) apresentou diferença em relação aos grupos do menacme (1.78 1.62 μg de ácido hexurônico/mg de tecido seco) e da infância ( 2.29 1.32 μg de ácido hexurônico/mg de tecido seco).Nosso trabalho concluiu que a concentração de GAG está substancialmente diminuída na camada urotelial da bexiga de mulheres na pós-menopausa.

Avaliação da biodegradabilidade de compósitos à base de poliéster e amido com fibra de coco verde

Os materiais poliméricos tem sido uma das causas dos problemas ambientais discutidos em todo mundo nos últimos tempos. Como uma das soluções para esse problema, estão os polímeros biodegradáveis que são materiais que se degradam pela ação de microorganismos. Uma Indústria sediada no Brasil lançou recentemente um poliéster biodegradável que surge boa alternativa para o crescimento no mercado dos polímeros biodegradáveis, principalmente por possuir em sua composição matéria prima de fonte renovável. Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos com matriz de poliéster biodegradável e fibra de coco verde com e sem modificação química por acetilação em misturador interno Haake. Foi estudada a biodegradabilidade em solo simulado do polímero puro e de seus compósitos e foram avaliadas as propriedades térmicas, morfológicas e mecânicas do polímero puro e de alguns de seus compósitos. O teste de biodegradabilidade foi feito pelo enterro das amostras em solo simulado por períodos distintos, variando de duas a dezessete semanas, seguindo a Norma ASTM G 160 03. Após cada período de teste, as amostras foram retiradas do solo e analisadas por microscopia ótica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e análise mecânica de tração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que tanto o polímero puro quanto os seus compósitos sofreram biodegradação, a presença da fibra apenas atrasa o processo de biodegradação, as fibras de coco tiveram uma boa afinidade com a matriz polimérica, a incorporação de 5% fibra de coco na matriz torna o compósito mais rígido e a incorporação da fibra e o processo de biodegradação alteram as características da fase cristalina no material polimérico.

Analysis of optical systems with extended depth of field using the Wigner distribution function

We describe the use of a Wigner distribution function approach for exploring the problem of extending the depth of field in a hybrid imaging system. The Wigner distribution function, in connection with the phase-space curve that formulates a joint phase-space description of an optical field, is employed as a tool to display and characterize the evolving behavior of the amplitude point spread function as a wave propagating along the optical axis. It provides a comprehensive exhibition of the characteristics for the hybrid imaging system in extending the depth of field from both wave optics and geometrical optics. We use it to analyze several well-known optical designs in extending the depth of field from a new viewpoint. The relationships between this approach and the earlier ambiguity function approach are also briefly investigated. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.