Models and algorithms for tracking of maneuvering objects using variable rate particle filters

Standard algorithms in tracking and other state-space models assume identical and synchronous sampling rates for the state and measurement processes. However, real trajectories of objects are typically characterized by prolonged smooth sections, with sharp, but infrequent, changes. Thus, a more parsimonious representation of a target trajectory may be obtained by direct modeling of maneuver times in the state process, independently from the observation times. This is achieved by assuming the state arrival times to follow a random process, typically specified as Markovian, so that state points may be allocated along the trajectory according to the degree of variation observed. The resulting variable dimension state inference problem is solved by developing an efficient variable rate particle filtering algorithm to recursively update the posterior distribution of the state sequence as new data becomes available. The methodology is quite general and can be applied across many models where dynamic model uncertainty occurs on-line. Specific models are proposed for the dynamics of a moving object under internal forcing, expressed in terms of the intrinsic dynamics of the object. The performance of the algorithms with these dynamical models is demonstrated on several challenging maneuvering target tracking problems in clutter. © 2006 IEEE.

Partial soi power LDMOS with a variable low-kappa; Dielectric buried layer and a buried P layer

A power LDMOS on partial silicon on insulator (PSOI) with a variable low-κ dielectric (VLKD) buried layer and a buried p (BP) layer is proposed (VLKD BPSOI). At a low κ value, the electric field strength in the buried dielectric (EI) is enhanced, and a Si window makes the substrate share the vertical voltage drop, leading to a high vertical breakdown voltage (BV). Moreover, three interface field peaks are introduced by the BP, the Si window, and the VLKD, which modulate the fields in the SOI layer, the VLKD layer, and the substrate; consequently, a high BV is obtained. Furthermore, the BP reduces the specific on-resistance (Ron), and the Si window alleviates the self-heating effect (SHE). The BV for VLKD BPSOI is enhanced by 34.5%, and Ron is decreased by 26.6%, compared with those for the conventional PSOI, and VLKD BPSOI also maintains a low SHE. © 2006 IEEE.

Refractive index and thickness analysis of natural silicon dioxide film growing on silicon with variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry

The refractive index and thickness of SiO2 thin films naturally grown on Si substrates were determined simultaneously within the wavelength range of 220-1100 nm with variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Different angles of incidence and wavelength ranges were chosen to enhance the analysis sensitivity for more accurate results. Several optical models describing the practical SiO2-Si system were investigated, and best results were obtained with the optical model, including an interface layer between SiO2 and Si, which proved the existence of the interface layer in this work as described in other publications.

Evaluación de la respuesta a la fertilización variable nitrogenada en maíz en el norte de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Arrecifes)

Resumen: La necesidad de aumentar la rentabilidad en nuestro sistema agrícola actual, exige cada vez más la adopción por parte del productor de nuevas tecnologías de procesos, técnicas diferenciales de manejo en sus cultivos, diferentes a las que el mismo venía llevando en los últimos años. Todo esto como consecuencia del aumento de costos de insumos y servicios agropecuarios, como así también el escenario de precios actuales de comodities, las políticas de gobierno frente al sector, etc. Es por esto que el productor se ve obligado a ser eficiente y rentable en su negocio para poder subsistir en la actividad, de manera económica y sustentable para el medio ambiente. La importancia y justificación del tema elegido en este ensayo nos sirve para tratar de entender cuál sería la variable adecuada (tanto en densidad de población del híbrido elegido como dosis de fertilización nitrogenada ajustada) para el ambiente productivo que tengamos en un establecimiento, para poder ser más eficientes en el uso y ahorro de insumos; y teniendo en cuenta también como venga el año para la campaña de siembra, ya sea un pronóstico de año niño, niña o neutro. El objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar la respuesta de rendimiento del cultivo de maíz a la fertilización nitrogenada variable, para un mismo ambiente, en dos poblaciones distintas de densidad del hibrido elegido, sobre un suelo clase II correspondiente a la serie Arrecifes. El ensayo fue realizado en el Establecimiento San Bartolomé, en el potrero número 13, perteneciente a la firma Don Paco S.A, ubicado a 4 km de la localidad de Arrecifes, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El sitio experimental fue preparado mediante la aplicación de un barbecho químico y posterior labor en siembra directa. La misma se realizó el 12 de Octubre de 2011, y las posteriores fertilizaciones nitrogenadas se realizaron el día 2 de Diciembre de 2011. El diseño experimental fue un Diseño de factorial con dos factores y dos repeticiones para cada tratamiento. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante un análisis de varianza (ANOVA). El rendimiento del cultivo de maíz difirió significativamente para las densidades de poblaciones y también para las diferentes dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (p valor < 0.05). Los datos obtenidos para las densidades de población de 60000 plantas ha-1 y 80000 plantas ha-1 fueron de 2813 kg ha-1 y 3358 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Mientras que para las diferentes dosis nitrogenadas los rindes por parcela fueron de 2551 kg ha-1; 2867 kg ha-1; 3267 kg ha-1 y 3658 kg ha-1, para las dosis de N de 0; 40; 80 y 120 kg N ha-1. Bajo este planteo de fecha de siembra, el efecto de las escasas lluvias durante los meses de diciembre y enero, afecto claramente los rendimientos del ensayo. La sequia que atravesó la campaña 2011/12, en un año con perfil La Niña, nos sirve para explicar los bajos resultados obtenidos.

Low-temperature (≤600 °C) semi-insulating oxygen-doped silicon films by the PECVD technique for large-area power applications

This work describes the deposition, annealing and characterisation of semi-insulating oxygen-doped silicon films at temperatures compatible with polysilicon circuitry on glass. The semi-insulating layers are deposited by the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technique from silane (SiH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and helium (He) gas mixtures at a temperature of 350 °C. The as-deposited films are then furnace annealed at 600 °C which is the maximum process temperature. Raman analysis shows the as-deposited and annealed films to be completely amorphous. The most important deposition variable is the N2O SiH4 gas ratio. By varying the N2O SiH4 ratio the conductivity of the annealed films can be accurately controlled, for the first time, down to a minimum of ≈10-7Ω-1cm-1 where they exhibit a T -1 4 temperature dependence indicative of a hopping conduction mechanism. Helium dilution of the reactant gases is shown to improve both film uniformity and reproducibility. A model for the microstructure of these semi-insulating amorphous oxygen-doped silicon films is proposed to explain the observed physical and electrical properties. © 1995.

Methods of Obtaining Instantaneous Modulus of Viscoelastic Solids Using Displacement-Controlled Instrumented Indentation with Axisymmetric Indenters of Arbitrary Smooth Profiles

We derive a relationship between the initial unloading slope, contact depth, and the instantaneous relaxation modulus for displacement-controlled indentation in linear viscoelastic solids by a rigid indenter with an arbitrary axisymmetric smooth profile. While the same expression is well known for indentation in elastic and in elastic–plastic solids, we show that it is also true for indentation in linear viscoelastic solids, provided that the unloading rate is sufficiently fast. When the unloading rate is slow, a “hold” period between loading and unloading can be used to provide a correction term for the initial unloading slope equation. Finite element calculations are used to illustrate the methods of fast unloading and “hold-at-the-maximum-indenter-displacement” for determining the instantaneous modulus using spherical indenters.

On dispersion-controlled principles for non-oscillatory shock-capturing schemes

The role of dispersions in the numerical solutions of hydrodynamic equation systems has been realized for long time. It is only during the last two decades that extensive studies on the dispersion-controlled dissipative (DCD) schemes were reported. The studies have demonstrated that this kind of the schemes is distinct from conventional dissipation-based schemes in which the dispersion term of the modified equation is not considered in scheme construction to avoid nonphysical oscillation occurring in shock wave simulations. The principle of the dispersion controlled aims at removing nonphysical oscillations by making use of dispersion characteristics instead of adding artificial viscosity to dissipate the oscillation as the conventional schemes do. Research progresses on the dispersion controlled principles are reviewed in this paper, including the exploration of the role of dispersions in numerical simulations, the development of the dispersion-controlled principles, efforts devoted to high-order dispersion-controlled dissipative schemes, the extension to both the finite volume and the finite element methods, scheme verification and solution validation, and comments on several aspects of the schemes from author's viewpoint.

Effects of physical parameter range on dimensionless variable sensitivity in water flooding reservoirs

The similarity criterion for water flooding reservoir flows is concerned with in the present paper. When finding out all the dimensionless variables governing this kind of flow, their physical meanings are subsequently elucidated. Then, a numerical approach of sensitivity analysis is adopted to quantify their corresponding dominance degree among the similarity parameters. In this way, we may finally identify major scaling law in different parameter range and demonstrate the respective effects of viscosity, permeability and injection rate.

Effects of physical parameter range on dimensionless variable sensitivity in water flooding reservoirs

The similarity criterion for water flooding reservoir flows is concerned with in the present paper. When finding out all the dimensionless variables governing this kind of flow, their physical meanings are subsequently elucidated. Then, a numerical approach of sensitivity analysis is adopted to quantify their corresponding dominance degree among the similarity parameters. In this way, we may finally identify major scaling law in different parameter range and demonstrate the respective effects of viscosity, permeability and injection rate.