Memory and coping with stress: the relationship between cognitive-emotional distinctiveness, memory valence, and distress.

Cognitive-emotional distinctiveness (CED), the extent to which an individual separates emotions from an event in the cognitive representation of the event, was explored in four studies. CED was measured using a modified multidimensional scaling procedure. The first study found that lower levels of CED in memories of the September 11 terrorist attacks predicted greater frequency of intrusive thoughts about the attacks. The second study revealed that CED levels are higher in negative events, in comparison to positive events and that low CED levels in emotionally intense negative events are associated with a pattern of greater event-related distress. The third study replicated the findings from the previous study when examining CED levels in participants' memories of the 2004 Presidential election. The fourth study revealed that low CED in emotionally intense negative events is associated with worse mental health. We argue that CED is an adaptive and healthy coping feature of stressful memories.

Frontal-striatal circuits in cognitive aging: Evidence for caudate involvement

Changes in cognition with aging have been claimed to be due in large part to a decline in frontal lobe function. However, at our present state of knowledge, the emphasis on the frontal lobes to the exclusion of the rest of the frontal-striatal circuits of which they are a part is unwarranted. To argue this point, I consider another anatomical candidate within these circuits, the caudate. Evidence is presented that the caudate decreases in size with age as much as the frontal lobes and that damage to either the frontal lobes or the caudate is accompanied by declines in inhibitory processes, executive control, and cognitive speed similar to those seen in normal aging. Separating the unique contributions of the frontal lobes and the caudate to these circuits is difficult but should be the focus of future studies of the biological basis of cognitive aging.

The Toronto Word Pool: Norms for imagery, concreteness, orthographic variables, and grammatical usage for 1,080 words

Imagery and concreteness norms and percentage noun usage were obtained on the 1,080 verbal items from the Toronto Word Pool. Imagery was defined as the rated ease with which a word aroused a mental image, and concreteness was defined in relation to level of abstraction. The degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task. The mean and standard deviation of the imagery and concreteness ratings for each item are reported together with letter and printed frequency counts for the words and indications of sex differences in the ratings. Additional data in the norms include a grammatical function code derived from dictionary definitions, a percent noun judgment, indexes of statistical approximation to English, and an orthographic neighbor ratio. Validity estimates for the imagery and concreteness ratings are derived from comparisons with scale values drawn from the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) noun pool and the Toglia and Battig (1978) norms. © 1982 Psychonomic Society, Inc.

Cognitive control of movement via the cerebellar-recipient thalamus.

The cognitive control of behavior was long considered to be centralized in cerebral cortex. More recently, subcortical structures such as cerebellum and basal ganglia have been implicated in cognitive functions as well. The fact that subcortico-cortical circuits for the control of movement involve the thalamus prompts the notion that activity in movement-related thalamus may also reflect elements of cognitive behavior. Yet this hypothesis has rarely been investigated. Using the pathways linking cerebellum to cerebral cortex via the thalamus as a template, we review evidence that the motor thalamus, together with movement-related central thalamus have the requisite connectivity and activity to mediate cognitive aspects of movement control.

The Rational Adolescent: Strategic Information Processing during Decision Making Revealed by Eye Tracking.

Adolescence is often viewed as a time of irrational, risky decision-making - despite adolescents' competence in other cognitive domains. In this study, we examined the strategies used by adolescents (N=30) and young adults (N=47) to resolve complex, multi-outcome economic gambles. Compared to adults, adolescents were more likely to make conservative, loss-minimizing choices consistent with economic models. Eye-tracking data showed that prior to decisions, adolescents acquired more information in a more thorough manner; that is, they engaged in a more analytic processing strategy indicative of trade-offs between decision variables. In contrast, young adults' decisions were more consistent with heuristics that simplified the decision problem, at the expense of analytic precision. Collectively, these results demonstrate a counter-intuitive developmental transition in economic decision making: adolescents' decisions are more consistent with rational-choice models, while young adults more readily engage task-appropriate heuristics.

Mapping the semantic structure of cognitive neuroscience.

Cognitive neuroscience, as a discipline, links the biological systems studied by neuroscience to the processing constructs studied by psychology. By mapping these relations throughout the literature of cognitive neuroscience, we visualize the semantic structure of the discipline and point to directions for future research that will advance its integrative goal. For this purpose, network text analyses were applied to an exhaustive corpus of abstracts collected from five major journals over a 30-month period, including every study that used fMRI to investigate psychological processes. From this, we generate network maps that illustrate the relationships among psychological and anatomical terms, along with centrality statistics that guide inferences about network structure. Three terms--prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex--dominate the network structure with their high frequency in the literature and the density of their connections with other neuroanatomical terms. From network statistics, we identify terms that are understudied compared with their importance in the network (e.g., insula and thalamus), are underspecified in the language of the discipline (e.g., terms associated with executive function), or are imperfectly integrated with other concepts (e.g., subdisciplines like decision neuroscience that are disconnected from the main network). Taking these results as the basis for prescriptive recommendations, we conclude that semantic analyses provide useful guidance for cognitive neuroscience as a discipline, both by illustrating systematic biases in the conduct and presentation of research and by identifying directions that may be most productive for future research.

Dust in the wind: How climate variables and volcanic dust affect rates of tooth wear in Central American howling monkeys.

OBJECTIVES: Two factors have been considered important contributors to tooth wear: dietary abrasives in plant foods themselves and mineral particles adhering to ingested food. Each factor limits the functional life of teeth. Cross-population studies of wear rates in a single species living in different habitats may point to the relative contributions of each factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examine macroscopic dental wear in populations of Alouatta palliata (Gray, 1849) from Costa Rica (115 specimens), Panama (19), and Nicaragua (56). The sites differ in mean annual precipitation, with the Panamanian sites receiving more than twice the precipitation of those in Costa Rica or Nicaragua (∼3,500 mm vs. ∼1,500 mm). Additionally, many of the Nicaraguan specimens were collected downwind of active plinian volcanoes. Molar wear is expressed as the ratio of exposed dentin area to tooth area; premolar wear was scored using a ranking system. RESULTS: Despite substantial variation in environmental variables and the added presence of ash in some environments, molar wear rates do not differ significantly among the populations. Premolar wear, however, is greater in individuals collected downwind from active volcanoes compared with those living in environments that did not experience ash-fall. DISCUSSION: Volcanic ash seems to be an important contributor to anterior tooth wear but less so in molar wear. That wear is not found uniformly across the tooth row may be related to malformation in the premolars due to fluorosis. A surge of fluoride accompanying the volcanic ash may differentially affect the premolars as the molars fully mineralize early in the life of Alouatta.

Multi-touch and keyboard/mouse devices comparison in an information search task: influence on cognitive load and task engagement

Nowadays multi-touch devices (MTD) can be found in all kind of contexts. In the learning context, MTD availability leads many teachers to use them in their class room, to support the use of the devices by students, or to assume that it will enhance the learning processes. Despite the raising interest for MTD, few researches studying the impact in term of performance or the suitability of the technology for the learning context exist. However, even if the use of touch-sensitive screens rather than a mouse and keyboard seems to be the easiest and fastest way to realize common learning tasks (as for instance web surfing behaviour), we notice that the use of MTD may lead to a less favourable outcome. The complexity to generate an accurate fingers gesture and the split attention it requires (multi-tasking effect) make the use of gestures to interact with a touch-sensitive screen more difficult compared to the traditional laptop use. More precisely, it is hypothesized that efficacy and efficiency decreases, as well as the available cognitive resources making the users’ task engagement more difficult. Furthermore, the presented study takes into account the moderator effect of previous experiences with MTD. Two key factors of technology adoption theories were included in the study: familiarity and self-efficacy with the technology.Sixty university students, invited to a usability lab, are asked to perform information search tasks on an online encyclopaedia. The different tasks were created in order to execute the most commonly used mouse actions (e.g. right click, left click, scrolling, zooming, key words encoding…). Two different conditions were created: (1) MTD use and (2) laptop use (with keyboard and mouse). The cognitive load, self-efficacy, familiarity and task engagement scales were adapted to the MTD context. Furthermore, the eye-tracking measurement would offer additional information about user behaviours and their cognitive load.Our study aims to clarify some important aspects towards the usage of MTD and the added value compared to a laptop in a student learning context. More precisely, the outcomes will enhance the suitability of MTD with the processes at stakes, the role of previous knowledge in the adoption process, as well as some interesting insights into the user experience with such devices.

Validation of the Food-Linked Virtual Response task.

This research validates a computerized dietary selection task (Food-Linked Virtual Response or FLVR) for use in studies of food consumption. In two studies, FLVR task responses were compared with measures of health consciousness, mood, body mass index, personality, cognitive restraint toward food, and actual food selections from a buffet table. The FLVR task was associated with variables which typically predict healthy decision-making and was unrelated to mood or body mass index. Furthermore, the FLVR task predicted participants' unhealthy selections from the buffet, but not overall amount of food. The FLVR task is an inexpensive, valid, and easily administered option for assessing momentary dietary decisions.

Serum cholesterol levels within the high normal range are associated with better cognitive performance among Chinese elderly

© 2016, Serdi and Springer-Verlag France.Objectives: The association between cognitive function and cholesterol levels is poorly understood and inconsistent results exist among the elderly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of cholesterol level with cognitive performance among Chinese elderly. Design: A cross-sectional study was implemented in 2012 and data were analyzed using generalized additive models, linear regression models and logistic regression models. Setting: Community-based setting in eight longevity areas in China. Subjects: A total of 2000 elderly aged 65 years and over (mean 85.8±12.0 years) participated in this study. Measurements: Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration were determined and cognitive impairment was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score≤23. Results: There was a significant positive linear association between TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and MMSE score in linear regression models. Each 1 mmol/L increase in TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C corresponded to a decreased risk of cognitive impairment in logistic regression models. Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C had a lower risk of cognitive impairment. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI were 0.73(0.62–0.84) for TC, 0.81(0.70–0.94) for LDL-C and 0.81(0.70–0.94) for HDL-C. There was no gender difference in the protective effects of high TC and LDL-C levels on cognitive impairment. However, for high HDL-C levels the effect was only observed in women. High TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment in the oldest old (aged 80 and older), but not in the younger elderly (aged 65 to 79 years). Conclusions: These findings suggest that cholesterol levels within the high normal range are associated with better cognitive performance in Chinese elderly, specifically in the oldest old. With further validation, low cholesterol may serve a clinical indicator of risk for cognitive impairment in the elderly.

Exploring the benefits of using multi-touch devices in performing information search tasks: An analysis in terms of performance, cognitive load and task engagement

Over the last decade, multi-touch devices (MTD) have spread in a range of contexts. In the learning context, MTD accessibility leads more and more teachers to use them in their classroom, assuming that it will improve the learning activities. Despite a growing interest, only few studies have focused on the impacts of MTD use in terms of performance and suitability in a learning context.However, even if the use of touch-sensitive screens rather than a mouse and keyboard seems to be the easiest and fastest way to realize common learning tasks (as for instance web surfing), we notice that the use of MTD may lead to a less favorable outcome. More precisely, tasks that require users to generate complex and/or less common gestures may increase extrinsic cognitive load and impair performance, especially for intrinsically complex tasks. It is hypothesized that task and gesture complexity will affect users’ cognitive resources and decrease task efficacy and efficiency. Because MTD are supposed to be more appealing, it is assumed that it will also impact cognitive absorption. The present study also takes into account user’s prior knowledge concerning MTD use and gestures by using experience with MTD as a moderator. Sixty university students were asked to perform information search tasks on an online encyclopedia. Tasks were set up so that users had to generate the most commonly used mouse actions (e.g. left/right click, scrolling, zooming, text encoding…). Two conditions were created: MTD use and laptop use (with mouse and keyboard) in order to make a comparison between the two devices. An eye tracking device was used to measure user’s attention and cognitive load. Our study sheds light on some important aspects towards the use of MTD and the added value compared to a laptop in a student learning context.

Integración vertical en las empresas yerbateras y tealeras argentinas : variables que afectan el comportamiento de las firmas en sus decisiones de integración vertical

El sector de la yerba mate y el té en la Argentina tiene una larga historia en las provincias de Misiones y Corrientes. Esta historia siempre tiene como protagonista a la gran cantidad de productores, la industria y las autoridades políticas. Hace años entre estos actores se observa un fenómeno que es la integración vertical hacia la producción primaria por parte de las industrias. Dicho fenómeno genera preocupación en los eslabones inferiores y a la vez genera una interesante área para estudiar el comportamiento de la organización vertical de las empresas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las variables que explican la integración vertical de las empresas. Para esto se realizó un análisis de los aportes teóricos de los costos de transacción, costos de agencia e incertidumbre como principales fuentes que explicarían este fenómeno. En base a datos de 82 encuestas realizadas a empresas se estimaron modelos econométricos mediante el modelo Tobit, con el fin de cuantificar los efectos de las variables. Los resultados comprobaron que las empresas realizan una comparación entre costos de agencia vs. costos de transacción; costos de producción interna vs. precio pagado por comprar; incertidumbre de producción interna vs. la externa. Además, los factores de incertidumbre en las ventas y abastecimiento juegan otro rol importante en el nivel de integración. Se esperaba que la incertidumbre en las ventas disminuyera la integración de las empresas y generara una integración parcial, lográndose resultados opuestos. Esto último deja una interesante área de investigación posterior: el efecto del riesgo en la integración parcial de las empresas. Finalmente la integración actual de las empresas y la tendencia a aumentarla, deja en claro las diferencias en la eficiencia entre el sector primario y la industria en el desarrollo de la actividad agrícola en común

Sistemas de producción de yacaré y helicícola : variables socio - económicas asociadas a su aprovechamiento sustentable

El uso comercial de fauna silvestre genera debates éticos y pragmáticos. Los debates pragmáticos discuten si ese aprovechamiento puede favorecer o dificultar la conservación de las especies y los ambientes donde habitan. Los abordajes conceptuales tradicionales analizan el eslabonamiento productivo a partir de los flujos de capital y producto enfatizando escasamente en los actores sociales intervinientes, lo que resulta insuficiente para evaluar su trayectoria en términos de sustentabilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un modelo conceptual que identifique variables sociales y económicas y su influencia en el aprovechamiento sustentable desde la perspectiva de los actores sociales involucrados en el uso comercial de fauna silvestre. Con herramientas metodológicas propias de la etnografía, los sistemas blandos y las redes sociales se analizaron el: 1) el sistema argentino de producción de yacaré, y 2) el sistema argentino helicícola. Se conceptualizaron ambos sistemas definiendo estructuras, efectos umbral, estados de equilibrio y metas. La contrastación de sistemas aparentemente diferentes permitió identificar cinco categorías clave: 1) demanda internacional de los productos, 2) las relaciones sociales entre actores participantes, 3) la estructura productiva, 4) el marco regulatorio y 5) el estado de conservación de las poblaciones silvestres. El modelo conceptual desarrollado articula las condiciones objetivas y subjetivas sobre las que interactúan los actores sociales involucrados, reconociendo el carácter co-evolutivo entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza. Esta herramienta de diagnóstico y planificación es un aporte original que permite visualizar la magnitud de la intervención en la naturalez, según los intereses sociales que subyacen y evaluar el impacto de dicha intervención sobre la conservación de las especies utilizadas.

Efecto de variables ambientales sobre la productividad primaria neta aérea y la concentración de proteína bruta de gramíneas en sistemas silvopastoriles de ñire (Nothofagus antarctica) : creación de un modelo de simulación

Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) ocupa una importante superficie de los bosques de Patagonia Sur, siendo ampliamente usado como sistemas silvopastoriles con ganadería ovina y bovina. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos el uso de estos bosques se realiza sin un manejo que permita optimizar la sustentabilidad del sistema. En esta tesis se estudió el efecto de distintas variables ambientales (temperatura, humedad del suelo, radiación) sobre la productividad y concentración de Proteína bruta (PB) de gramíneas en distintas situaciones de calidad forestal y coberturas de copas de bosques de ñire, así como también procesos asociados: descomposición y dinámica de nutrientes (mineralización-inmovilización) de residuos del estrato arbóreo y graminoso y mineralización de nitrógeno del suelo. La productividad de materia seca (MS) aérea de gramíneas (rango entre 135 a 1863 kg MS ha-1) estuvo positivamente asociada a la calidad forestal de los sitios, mientras que el efecto de las coberturas de copa dependió de la interacción con otras variables ambientales. Los valores de PB variaron principalmente según la cobertura de copa encontrándose los mayores valores en lugares más sombreados (transmisividades menor al 70 por ciento). La descomposición, tanto en hojas de ñire como en gramíneas, varió según el nivel de radiación, siendo mayores en los lugares con menor cobertura. Por otro lado, la dinámica de nutrientes no fue afectada por la CS o alguna variable estudiada. La mineralización de nitrógeno del suelo fue mayormente afectada por la humedad del suelo y el efecto de la cobertura de copa según la calidad del sitio forestal. Finalmente con los datos obtenidos e información de bibliografía se generó un modelo de simulación de productividad de MS y concentración de PB de gramíneas creciendo en bosques de ñire. El modelo generado después de ser sometido a diferentes pruebas se considera aceptable para ser usado como una herramienta de manejo sustentable en estos sistemas, aportando además nuevos conocimientos sobre las causales en la variación productiva y de calidad de los pastizales en bosques de ñire.