Aspectos tecnológicos e sensoriais do iogurte de soja enriquecido com cálcio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade de enriquecimento do iogurtede soja com cálcio, para que o produto apresentasse níveis deste mineral equivalentes ou superiores aos encontrados nos iogurtes tradicionais e mantivesse as propriedades tecnológicas e sensoriais adequadas. Foram testados cinco sais: carbonato, citrato, fosfato, gliconato e lactato de cálcio, na concentração de 600mg de cálcio elementar/l. Os produtos foram avaliados quanto ao tempo de fermentação, pH, acidez titulável, viscosidade, consistência, concentração de cálcio e propriedades sensoriais (testes de diferença do controle e aceitação). A adição de cálcio ao iogurte de soja na forma de citrato, fosfato, carbonato, gliconato e lactato de cálcio, apesar de provocar alterações na acidez titulável, viscosidade e consistência, não conferiu propriedades sensoriais indesejáveis ao produto e o tempo de fermentação não excedeu aos verificados nos processos industriais convencionais. Desta forma todos os sais testados se mostraram viáveis para o processo de enriquecimento do iogurte de soja com cálcio.

Síntese enzimática de biosurfactante e sua aplicabilidade na indústria do petróleo

Enzymes have been widely used in biosynthesis/transformation of organic compounds in substitution the classic synthetic methods. This work is the first writing in literature of enzymatic synthesis for attainment the biossurfactants, the use glucose sucrose, ricinoleic acid e castor oil as substratum, and as biocatalyst, used immobilized lipase Thermomyces lanuginose, Rhizomucor miehei and the Candida antarctica lipase B; alkaline protease and neutral protease from Bacillus subtillis and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeI. The analysis of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) showed that highest conversions were reached of used the alkaline protease from Bacillus subtillis. Laboratory tests, to evaluate the applicability, indicated that the produced biosurfactantes had good stability in presence of salts (NaCl) and temperature (55 e 25°C), they are effective in the reduction of the superficial tension and contac angle, but they have little foaming capacity, when compared with traditional detergents. These results suggest that the prepared surfactants have potential application as wetting agent and perforation fluid stabilizer

Preparation, characterization, and CuX2 and CoX2 (X = Cl-, Br-, ClO4-) adsorption behavior of a polyhedral oligomer silsesquioxane functionalized with an organic base

In this paper we report on the synthesis, characterization, and adsorption properties of the first 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-modified porous silsesquioxane (ATPS). The isotherms of adsorption of MX2 (M = Cu(II), Co(II); X = Cl-, Br-, ClO4-) by ATPS were studied in ethanol and aqueous solutions at 298 K. The results showed that there is a good fit between the experimental data and the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity in both solvents followed the sequence Cu(II) >> Co(II). The lowest adsorption for Co(II) should be related to the largest hydration volume, which obstructs the adsorption capacity of the surface, and consequently causes a decrease in the number of cations adsorbed. For the salts with different anions the sequence was MCl2 > MBr2 > M(ClO4)2 in both solvents. The low affinity for M(ClO4)(2) toward the solid phase is a consequence of the poorer coordination ability of the ClO4-. Adsorptions from ethanol solutions were higher than those from aqueous solutions due to the higher polarity of water, which can more strongly solvate the solute and the basic sites on the surface. The following adsorption capacities (in mmol g(-1)) were determined: 0.24 (aq) and 0.84 (eth) for CuCl2, 0.09 (aq) and 0.16 (eth) for CuBr2, and 0.08 (aq) and 0.11 (eth) for Cu(ClO4)(2); 0.02 (aq) and 0.07 (eth) for CoCl2, 0.02 (aq) and 0.06 (eth) for CoBr2, and 0.01 (aq) and 0.05 (eth) for Co(ClO4)(2). (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do comportamento de argila ativada na presença de água destilada, soluções salinas e inibidores de hidratação catiônicos

The clay swelling is today one of the major problems during the well drilling. Nearly 50% of clays that constitute shale expand easily in the presence of water molecules. During the drilling of a geological formation containing swelling clays, when is feasible the use of water base fluids, it is necessary to apply clay inhibitors. This avoids the incorporation of the cutting to the drilling fluid which is responsible for the wall swelling and crumbling. The aim of this work was to evaluate the synergistic behavior that occurs when swelling clay inhibitors are associated to NaCl and KCl salts. Three swelling clay inhibitors samples, INIB A, INIB B and INIB C, were analyzed. Each inhibitor was characterized by the amount of chlorides and active matter content. For the water-clay interaction evaluation in the presence of various fluids, it was used the Capillary Suction Timer (CST, Fann) and Linear Swell Meter (LSM 2000, Fann). For better interpretation of results, a Design of Experiments (DOE, Umetrics MODDE 7.0 TM) through Result Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed, taking into account the type, the swelling inhibitors concentration and the contact time with the clay. The results showed different efficiencies among the inhibitors employed, and the salt-inhibitors mixtures were more efficient than those products alone. However, for field operation, other parameters should be taking into account, as operational cost, environmental requests and time of application for each product

efeito da aplicação de uma solução salina no crescimento e na composição química da atriplex nummularia

This study aimed to analyze the effect of a saline solution on growth and chemical composition of Atriplex nummularia, shrubby plant, absorbing salts used in the diet of animals and the management of water and saline soils. These plant seedlings were planted and grown in a reserved area at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The plantation was divided into two blocks, in which one of them was irrigated with saline solution with a concentration of 2840 mgL-1 of NaCl and the second group was irrigated with drinking water. After six months, the plants were collected, harvested and divided into three parts: leaf, thin and thick stem. Monthly, dimension measurements were carried out for cataloging the growth of Atriplex. Ion Chromatography (IC) and Optical Emission Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the partition plant parts. The results of these analyses revealed that an absorption process of anions and cations by Atriplex nummularia plant during its growth was achieved, in particular by a higher concentration of sodium and chloride ions. Scanning electron microscopy images showed and confirmed the presence of small crystals on the leaf surface. Electrical conductivity and pH measurements of the aerial parts of the plant were carried out and these results showed that the leaf is the plant part where there is a largest concentration of ions. In addition, measurements of specific surface were obtained from irrigated plants with saline solution, achieving higher surface area, in all cases. Plant dimensions obtained monthly showed that the plants irrigated with water grew 5% more than those plants irrigated with saline solution. Based on results obtained, Atriplex plant showed a higher potential to survive and adapt to environments (aquatic or geological) with high levels of salinity and this property can be used as a tool for removing salts/metals from industrial contaminated soils and effluents.

Influência de atividades antrópicas sobre a salinização da água em área de dunas no Município de Guamaré RN

The municipality of Guamaré is located on the north coast of RN, Salineira zone, with a land area of 259 km2 and a population of approximately 12,500 inhabitants (IBGE, 2010). Presents strong morphological instability caused mainly by the influence of human activities in the region. The present study aims to assess the existing levels of salts in the springs of the region, by evaluating the electrical conductivity, pH, salinity, chlorides, hardness, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals in the water. The collection and analysis methods adopted in the survey are based on APHA (2005). The electrical conductivity, salinity and chloride behaved similarly throughout the study. Some points suffered the direct effect of the salt ponds and others. Given the existence of a drainage ditch between the saline and monitored region, there was little change in the environment, including the native vegetation. The opposite situation occurred in farms where the region is fully committed local vegetation and water holes and wells used in the past for domestic use are practically disabled (high salt content). In Rio Miassaba formation of an estuary is reversed, with the farther out from the sea showing higher salt concentracions, which may be associated with the discharge of organic matter and natural evaporation rate. In periods of no rainfall had a few points higher than the levels of salts found in seawater and may be associated with high evaporation in the region. Detected a positive factor is the high resilience and reducing salt, after periods of rainfall incidence

Aplicação de argila branca comercial pura e modificada para adsorção de sulfeto de hidrogênio

In this work were synthesized matrix-based commercial white clay in its composition having large amounts of kaolinite and quartz, with a certain percentage of iron oxide for use as an adsorbent for hydrogen sulfide (H2S). To characterize the effect of initial matrix techniques were used to characterize XRD, FTIR, XRF and TG. The initial clay mineral matrix was placed in contact with 0.1 molar solutions of the salts of Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+ and a solution 0.1 g / 100ml rhodamine B. During the synthesis process, the solutions were placed in contact with the initial matrix for a period of 48 hours in order to have ion exchange with the clay mineral. To check the amount of exchanged metals, we used the technique of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). After synthesis was initiated the process of adsorption of H2S, where the arrays were placed in the reactor, then by passing a stream of hydrogen sulfide. The matrix along with the reactor was weighed before and after to measure the amount of gas adsorbed. Based on the gravimetric data the matrix which had the highest performance of the adsorption matrix was exchanged with Ni2+ ions, obtaining a result of 11.13 mg H2S / g matrix, then the matrix coated with rhodamine B which was reached 10.13 mg H2S / g matrix

Estudo da mistura comercial dolomita-quartzo, dopada com Hg(I), Cd(II) e Cr(III), para adsorção de H2S

The present work was to carry out a study on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in arrays synthesized from a commercial clay mineral formed by a mixture of dolomite and quartz. To produce the ion exchange matrix were made using aqueous solutions of salts of cobalt II chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) II cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd (NO3)2.4H2O) I mercuric chloride (HgCl) nitrate and chromium III pentahydrate (Cr (NO3)3.5H2O). The arrays were subjected to hydrogen sulphide gas passage for one hour. To check the amount of gas adsorbed was used gravimetric process. The best result was in the adsorption matrix doped with cadmium and the solution retained for a longer time than the largest amount of H2S was the cobalt matrix. The matrix unmodified exhibited poor adsorption capacity. The characterization of the matrices were used XRD, XRF and IV. Mother with cadmium showed a high capacity in ion exchange, because the percentage of cadmium increased from 0% to 81.38% by replacing atoms of calcium and silicon which increased from 96.54% to 17.56% and 15, 72% to 0.32%, respectively, but also the best performance in adsorption of H2S adsorbing 11.89507 mg per gram of matrix

Metabolic assessment in patients with urinary lithiasis

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic investigation in patients with urinary lithiasis is very important for preventing recurrence of disease. The objective of this work was to diagnose and to determine the prevalence of metabolic disorders, to assess the quality of the water consumed and volume of diuresis as potential risk factors for this pathology. PATIENTS and METHODS: We studied 182 patients older than 12 years. We included patients with history and/or imaging tests confirming at least 2 stones, with creatinine clearance > 60 mL/min and negative urine culture. The protocol consisted in the collection of 2, 24-hour urine samples, for dosing Ca, P, uric acid, Na, K, Mg, Ox and Ci, glycemia and serum levels of Ca, P, Uric acid, Na, K, Cl, Mg, U and Cr, urinary pH and urinary acidification test. RESULTS: 158 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among these, 151 (95.5%) presented metabolic changes, with 94 (62.2%) presenting isolated metabolic change and 57 (37.8%) had mixed changes. The main disorders detected were hypercalciuria (74%), hypocitraturia (37.3%), hyperoxaluria (24.1%), hypomagnesuria (21%), hyperuricosuria (20.2%), primary hyperparathyroidism (1.8%) secondary hyperparathyroidism (0.6%) and renal tubular acidosis (0.6). CONCLUSION: Metabolic change was diagnosed in 95.5% of patients. These results warrant the metabolic study and follow-up in patients with recurrent lithiasis in order to decrease the recurrence rate through specific treatments, modification in alimentary and behavioral habits.

Desenvolvimento e validação de técnica quantitativa de análise de imagem para avaliação do teste do cometa corado pela prata

INTRODUÇÃO: O ensaio do cometa ou técnica da eletroforese de células isoladas é largamente empregado para avaliação de danos e reparo do DNA em células individuais. O material pode ser corado por técnicas de fluorescência ou por sal de prata. Este último apresenta vantagens técnicas, como o tipo de microscópio utilizado e a possibilidade de armazenamento das lâminas. A análise dos cometas pode ser feita de modo visual, porém há a desvantagem da subjetividade dos resultados, que pode ser minimizada por análise digital automatizada. OBJETIVOS: Desenvolvimento e validação de método de análise digital de cometas corados por sal de prata. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta cometas foram fotografados de maneira padronizada e impressos em papel. Além de medidas manualmente, essas imagens foram classificadas em cinco categorias por três avaliadores, antes e depois de pré-processadas automaticamente pelo software ImageJ 1.38x. As estimativas geradas pelos avaliadores foram comparadas quanto sua correlação e reprodutibilidade. em seguida, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos de análise digital das medidas, com base em filtros estatísticos de mediana e de mínimo. Os valores obtidos foram comparados com os estimados manual e visualmente após o pré-processamento. RESULTADOS: As medidas manuais das imagens pré-processadas apresentaram maior correlação intraclasse do que as imagens preliminares. Os parâmetros automatizados apresentaram alta correlação com as medidas manuais pré-processadas, sugerindo que este sistema aumenta a objetividade da análise, podendo ser utilizado na estimativa dos parâmetros dos cometas. CONCLUSÃO: A presente análise digital proposta para o teste do cometa corado pela prata mostrou-se factível e de melhor reprodutibilidade que a análise visual.

In vitro growth of Brassocattleya orchid hybrid in different concentrations of KNO3, NH4NO3 and benzylaminopurine

Entre as maiores aplicações da cultura de tecidos de plantas está a propagação massal de mudas de plantas ornamentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo in vitro de um híbrido de orquídea Brassocattleya em diferentes concentrações de NH4NO3, KNO3 e BAP. Foram utilizadas sementes do híbrido de orquídea Brassocattleya 'Pastoral' e as plantas foram cultivadas em meio MS com redução pela metade das fontes de P, Mg e Ca e adição de 25 g L-1 de sacarose, 100 mg L-1 de mio-inositol, 1,5 g L-1 de carvão ativo e 6,5 g L-1 de ágar-ágar, sendo o pH ajustado para 5,8. Como tratamentos foram usados quatro concentrações dos sais NH4NO3 e KNO3 (2x; 1x; ½ e ¼ do meio MS) e três concentrações de BAP (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1). Avaliou-se a multiplicação, o crescimento em altura, massa fresca e seca, além dos teores de açucares redutores na massa seca das mudas. Observou-se grande influência das doses de NH4NO3 e KNO3 sobre o crescimento em altura das mudas, massa fresca e seca e teores de açucares redutores em Bc. ('Pastoral' x Auto). A dose de ¼ da utilizada no meio MS promoveu aumento significativo do crescimento das plantas. Para multiplicação, houve melhor resultado com a dose de ½ dos sais NH4NO3 e KNO3 utilizados no meio MS e 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP.

Functional morphology of adult female Culex quinquefasciatus midgut during blood digestion

The adult female Culex quinquefasciatus midgut comprises a narrow anterior and a dilated posterior region, with epithelia composed of a monolayer of adjacent epithelial cells joined at the apical portion by septate junctions. Densely packed apical microvilli and an intricate basal labyrinth characterise each cell pole. Our morphological studies suggest that, during blood digestion, the anterior midgut region also participates in an initial absorptive stage which is probably related to the intake of water, salts and other small molecules. This activity peaked by 6 h after bloodmeal feeding (ABF) and ended approximately 18 h ABF, when the peritrophic membrane was already formed. After this time, absorption only occurred in the posterior region, with morphologic and biochemical evidence of high synthetic activity related to the secretion of proteases. Chymotrypsin, elastase, aminopeptidase, and trypsin reached their maximum activity at around 36 h ABF. Digestion products were apparently absorbed and transported to the basal labyrinth, from where they should be released to the hemolymph. At 72 h ABF, proteolysis had already ended and protein levels had returned to those observed before blood meal. The epithelium of the posterior region, however, did not return to its initial morphology, appearing quite disorganised. Additionally, from 48 h ABF onwards some epithelial cells showed morphological signals of apoptosis. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purification of papain from fresh latex of Carica papaya

No presente trabalho apresenta-se um método de cristalização da papaína oriunda do látex fresco de mamão, o qual apresenta uma alta produtividade em relação aos métodos previamente descritos. A metodologia aqui descrita não envolve o uso de reagentes sulfidrílicos, a papaína foi obtida de forma praticamente pura, apresentando uma simples banda quando submetida a eletroforese, e com propriedades idênticas àquelas obtidas por outros métodos. A atividade específica foi determinada utilizando Z-gly-pNP e BAEE como substrato. A papaína obtida por essa metodologia, sem uso de substâncias tais como cisteína e ditiotreitol, apresenta-se na forma de um complexo com inibidores naturais, os quais podem ser removidos por diálise.

Uso de caldo de cana-de-açúcar para produção de levana por Zymomonas mobilis CCT4494

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Interaction of sodium cholate with dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride vesicles in aqueous dispersion

Mixtures of dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) cationic vesicle dispersions with aqueous micelle solutions of the anionic sodium cholate (NaC) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, turbidity and light scattering. Within the concentration range investigated (constant 1.0 mM DODAC and varying NaC concentration up to 4 mM), vesicle -> micelle -> aggregate transitions were observed. The turbidity of DODAC/NaC/water depends on time and NaC/DODAB molar concentration ratio R. At equilibrium, turbidity initially decreases smoothly with R to a low value (owing to the vesicle-micelle transition) when R = 0.5-0.8 and then increases steeply to a high value (owing to the micelle-aggregate transition) when R = 0.9-1.0. DSC thermograms exhibit a single and sharp endothermic peak at T-m approximate to 49 degrees C, characteristic of the melting temperature of neat DODAC vesicles in water. Upon addition of NaC, T-m initially decreases to vanish around R = 0.5, and the main transition peak broadens as R increases. For R > 1.0 two new (endo- and exothermic) peaks appear at lower temperatures indicating the formation of large aggregates since the dispersion is turbid. All samples are non-birefringent. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data indicate that both DODAC and DODAC/NaC dispersions are highly polydisperse, and that the mean size of the aggregates tends to decrease as R increases. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.