974 resultados para capillary electrochromatography


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The microgravity research, as a branch of the advanced sciences and a spe- cialized field of high technology, has been made in China since the late 1980's. The research group investigating microgravity fluid physics consisted of our col- leagues and the authors in the Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and we pay special attention to the floating zone convection as our first research priority. Now, the research group has expanded and is a part of the National Microgravity Laboratory of the CAS, and the research fields have been extended to include more subjects related to microgravity science. Howev- er, the floating zone convection is still an important topic that greatly holds our research interests.

目录

1. models of floating zone convection
1.1 floating-zone crystal growth
1.2 physical model
1.3 hydrodynamic model
1.4 mathematical model
references
2. basic features of floating zone convection
2.1 equations and boundary conditions
2.2 simple solutions of fz convection
2.3 solution for two-layers flow
2.4 numerical simulation
2.5 onset of oscillation
references
3. experimental method of fz convection
3.1 ground-based simulation experiments for pr≥1
3.2 temperature and velocity oscillations
3.3 optical diagnostics of free surface oscillation
3.4 critical parameters
3.5 microgravity experiments
3.6 ground-based simulation experiment for pr《1
.references
4. mechanism on the onset of oscillatory convection
4.1 order of magnitude analysis
4.2 mechanism of hydrothermal instability
4.3 linear stability analysis
4.4 energy instability of thermocapillary convection
4.5 unsteady numerical simulation of 2d and 3d
4.6 two bifurcation transitions in the case of small pr number fluid
4.7 two bifurcation transitions in the case of large pr number fluid
4.8 transition to turbulence
references
5. liquid bridge volume as a critical geometrical parameter
5.1 critical geometrical parameters
5.2 ground-based and mierogravity experiments
5.3 instability analyses of a large prandtl number (pr≥1)fluid
5.4 instability analyses of a small prandtl number (pr《1)fluid
5.5 numerical simulation on two bifurcation process
references
6. theoretical model of crystal growth by the floating zone method
6.1 concentration distribution in a pure diffusion process
6.2 solutal capillary convection and diffusion
6.3 coupling with phase change convection
6.4 engineering model of floating zone technique
references
7. influence of applied magnetic field on the fz convection
7.1 striation due to the time-dependent convection
7.2 applied steady magnetic field and rotational magnetic field
7.3 magnetic field design for floating half zone
7.4 influence of magnetic field on segregation
references
8. influence of residual acceleration and g-jitter
8.1 residual acceleration in microgravity experiments
8.2 order of magnitude analyses (oma)
8.3 rayleigh instability due to residual acceleration
8.4 ground-based experiment affected by a vibration field
8.5 numerical simulation of a low frequency g-jitter
8.6 numerical simulation of a high frequency g-jitter
references

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In previous papers the sensibility of pelagic and demersal fishes caught at depth of up to 80 m was reported. This paper deals with the sensitiveness of flatfishes, gadids, and redfish caught at depth between 260 and 450 m and with trawling times between 1 and 6 h. The sensitiveness of the fishes was tested according to the method described in previous publications (Münkner et. al. 1998) after 10 min keeping in running sea water and after 1h bulk storage respectively. The sensitiveness of the fishes increased from cod to saithe to haddock. Surprisingly American plaice and Greenland halibut turned out to be very sensitive, far more sensitive than plaice and dab caught at lower depths in the North Sea. This was indicated by the high amount of animals showing rigor already after a trawling time of 2 hand 10 min of keeping in seawater. After 1 h of bulk storage and increasing trawling time sensitiveness of all fishes decreased, as expected, significantly. Besides mechanical encroachments the main problem for the fishes caught at greater depths was the gas supersaturation in the blood and tissue causing blockage of the gill capillary vessels, exophthalmus, visible gas bubbles in the skin and eyes, and in some cases protusion of the intestines through the snout due to rapid dilatation of the swimbladder.

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Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is usually considered as a dielectric material and the PDMS microchannel wall can be treated as an electrically insulated boundary in an applied electric field. However, in certain layouts of microfluidic networks, electrical leakage through the PDMS microfluidic channel walls may not be negligible, which must be carefully considered in the microfluidic circuit design. In this paper, we report on the experimental characterization of the electrical leakage current through PDMS microfluidic channel walls of different configurations. Our numerical and experimental studies indicate that for tens of microns thick PDMS channel walls, electrical leakage through the PDMS wall could significantly alter the electrical field in the main channel. We further show that we can use the electrical leakage through the PDMS microfluidic channel wall to control the electrolyte flow inside the microfluidic channel and manipulate the particle motion inside the microfluidic channel. More specifically, we can trap individual particles at different locations inside the microfluidic channel by balancing the electroosmotic flow and the electrophoretic migration of the particle.

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The development and growth of microfluidics has stimulated interest in the behaviour of complex liquids in micro-scale geometries and provided a rich platform for rheometric investigations of non-Newtonian phenomena at small scales. Microfluidic techniques present the rheologist with new opportunities for material property measurement and this review discusses the use of microfluidic devices to measure bulk rheology in both shear and extensional flows. Capillary, stagnation and contraction flows are presented in this context and developments, limitations and future perspectives are examined. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Electrowetting on dielectrics has been widely used to manipulate and control microliter or nanoliter liquids in micro-total-analysis systems and laboratory on a chip. We carried out experiments on electrowetting on a lotus leaf, which is quite different from the equipotential plate used in conventional electrowetting. This has not been reported in the past. The lotus leaf is superhydrophobic and a weak conductor, so the droplet can be easily actuated on it through electrical potential gradient. The capillary motion of the droplet was recorded by a high-speed camera. The droplet moved toward the counterelectrode to fulfill the actuation. The actuation speed could be of the order of 10 mm/s. The actuation time is of the order of 10 ms.

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Electrowetting on dielectrics has been widely used to manipulate and control microliter or nanoliter liquids in micro-total-analysis systems and laboratory on a chip. We carried out experiments on electrowetting on a lotus leaf which is quite different from the equipotential plate used in conventional electrowetting. This has not been reported in the past. The lotus leaf is superhydrophobic and a weak conductor so the droplet can be easily actuated on it through electrical potential gradient. The capillary motion of the droplet was recorded by a high-speed camera. The droplet moved toward the counterelectrode to fulfill the actuation. The actuation speed could be of the order of 10 mm/s. The actuation time is of the order of 10 ms.

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A new dual simultaneous detector was developed for capillary electrophoresis microchip. Confocal laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and moveable contactless conductivity detection (MCCD) were combined together for the first time. The two detection systems shared a common detection cell and could respond simultaneously. They were mutually independent and advantageous in analyses of mixtures containing organic and inorganic ions. The confocal LIF had high sensitivity and the MCCD could move along the separation channel and detect in different positions of the channel. The detection conditions of the dual detector were optimized. Rhodamine B was used to evaluate the performance of the dual detector. The limit of detection of the confocal LIF was <5 nM, and that of the MCCD was 0.1 μM. The dual detector had highly sensitivity and could offer response easily, rapidly and simultaneously.

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Time-of-flight measurements of energetic He atoms, field ionization of cryogenic liquid helium clusters, and time-of-flight and REMPI spectroscopy of radical salt clusters were investigated experimentally. The excited He atoms were generated in a corona discharge. Two strong neutral peaks were observed, accompanied by a prompt photon peak and a charged peak. All peaks were correlated with the pulsing of the discharge. The neutral hyperthermal and metastable atoms were formed by different mechanisms at different stages of the corona discharge. Positively charged helium droplets were produced by ionization of liquid helium in an electrostatic spraying experiment. The fluid emerging from a thin glass capillary was ionized by a high voltage applied to a needle inside the capillary. Fine droplets (less than 10 µm in diameter) were produced in showers with currents as high as 0.4 µA at 2-4 kV. The high currents resulting from field ionization in helium and the low surface tension of He I, led to charge densities that greatly exceeded the Rayleigh limit, thus resulting in coulombic explosion of the liquid. In contrast, liquid nitrogen formed a well-defined Taylor cone with droplets having diameters comparable to the jet (≈100 µm) at lower currents (10 nA) and higher voltages (8 kV). The metal-halide clusters of calcium and chlorine were generated by laser ablation of calcium metal in a Ar/CCl4 expansion. A visible spectrum of the Ca2Cl3 cluster was observed from 651 to 630 nm by 1 +1' REMPI. The spectra were composed of a strong origin band at 15 350.8 cm-1 and several weak vibronic bands. Density functional calculations predicted three minimum energy isomers. The spectrum was assigned to the 2B2 ← X 2A1 transition of a planar C2V structure having a ring of two Cl and two Ca atoms and a terminal Cl atom. The ring isomer of Ca2Cl3 has the unpaired electron localized on one Ca2+ ion to form a Ca+ chromophore. A second electronic band of Ca2Cl3 was observed at 720 nm. The band is sharply different from the 650 nm band and likely due to a different isomer.

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The concept of a carbon nanotube microneedle array is explored in this thesis from multiple perspectives including microneedle fabrication, physical aspects of transdermal delivery, and in vivo transdermal drug delivery experiments. Starting with standard techniques in carbon nanotube (CNT) fabrication, including catalyst patterning and chemical vapor deposition, vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes are utilized as a scaffold to define the shape of the hollow microneedle. Passive, scalable techniques based on capillary action and unique photolithographic methods are utilized to produce a CNT-polymer composite microneedle. Specific examples of CNT-polyimide and CNT-epoxy microneedles are investigated. Further analysis of the transport properties of polymer resins reveals general requirements for applying arbitrary polymers to the fabrication process.

The bottom-up fabrication approach embodied by vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes allows for more direct construction of complex high-aspect ratio features than standard top-down fabrication approaches, making microneedles an ideal application for CNTs. However, current vertically-aligned CNT fabrication techniques only allow for the production of extruded geometries with a constant cross-sectional area, such as cylinders. To rectify this limitation, isotropic oxygen etching is introduced as a novel fabrication technique to create true 3D CNT geometry. Oxygen etching is utilized to create a conical geometry from a cylindrical CNT structure as well as create complex shape transformations in other CNT geometries.

CNT-polymer composite microneedles are anchored onto a common polymer base less than 50 µm thick, which allows for the microneedles to be incorporated into multiple drug delivery platforms, including modified hypodermic syringes and silicone skin patches. Cylindrical microneedles are fabricated with 100 µm outer diameter and height of 200-250 µm with a central cavity, or lumen, diameter of 30 µm to facilitate liquid drug flow. In vitro delivery experiments in swine skin demonstrate the ability of the microneedles to successfully penetrate the skin and deliver aqueous solutions.

An in vivo study was performed to assess the ability of the CNT-polymer microneedles to deliver drugs transdermally. CNT-polymer microneedles are attached to a hand actuated silicone skin patch that holds a liquid reservoir of drugs. Fentanyl, a potent analgesic, was administered to New Zealand White Rabbits through 3 routes of delivery: topical patch, CNT-polymer microneedles, and subcutaneous hypodermic injection. Results demonstrate that the CNT-polymer microneedles have a similar onset of action as the topical patch. CNT-polymer microneedles were also vetted as a painless delivery approach compared to hypodermic injection. Comparative analysis with contemporary microneedle designs demonstrates that the delivery achieved through CNT-polymer microneedles is akin to current hollow microneedle architectures. The inherent advantage of applying a bottom-up fabrication approach alongside similar delivery performance to contemporary microneedle designs demonstrates that the CNT-polymer composite microneedle is a viable architecture in the emerging field of painless transdermal delivery.

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Nesta Dissertação, foram realizadas reações de copolimerização de 1,3-butadieno com diferentes alfa-olefinas (1-hexeno, 1-octeno e 1-dodeceno) utilizando-se um sistema catalítico do tipo Ziegler-Natta ternário constituído por versatato de neodímio, hidreto de diisobutilalumínio e cloreto de t-butila. O sistema catalítico também foi avaliado em reações de homopolimerização com cada alfa-olefina. As condições reacionais, tanto da síntese do catalisador como das reações de polimerização, foram mantidas constantes. Foi estudada a influência de diferentes teores de cada alfa-olefina (1, 3, 5, 10, 20 e 30 % em relação ao 1,3-butadieno) sobre a conversão da polimerização, a microestrutura, a massa molar, as propriedades viscosimétricas e a estabilidade térmica dos polímeros obtidos. Foi avaliada, ainda, a influência do tamanho da cadeia da alfa-olefina sobre as características da polimerização. Os polímeros foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho (SEC), viscosimetria capilar e termogravimetria (TG). A microestrutura dos polímeros, praticamente, não variou com a adição das alfa-olefinas. A massa molar numérica média (Mn) não sofreu alterações significativas, enquanto que a massa molar ponderal média (Mw) apresentou tendência ao aumento, quanto maior foi a incorporação de comonômero. A viscosidade intrínseca não apresentou uma tendência com a adição da alfa-olefina na reação, permanecendo na faixa de 2,015 a 3,557 dL/g. A estabilidade térmica do copolímero mostrou uma tendência a aumentar com a incorporação das alfa-olefinas

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20 samples of soil or sediment (7 of which were predominantly sand) from various locations were received for analysis of their content of organic pollutants. These analyses were performed using a capillary column gas chromatograph equipped with an electron impact (E.I.) mass spectrometer as detector and using computerised data storage. In addition to the target compounds, the full scan data were examined to determine the composition of natural organic products and a series of diagnostic fragment ions was used to search for additional anthropogenic products. Organic-rich environmental samples are notoriously difficult to analyse for pollutant organics owing to the presence of high concentrations of many natural organic compounds. A single procedure for extraction and clean-up was adopted. It was designed for chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and other pesticides containing acidic functional groups and was based on published methods for the determination of organic pollutants in soils and sediments. 4 soils and 2 sands showed levels of one or two groups of PCBs slightly in excess of the detection limit, one sample showed a similar level of 2,4-D and 3 samples contained dieldrin at or just above the detection limit.

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Na sepse, o mecanismo desencadeador de morte é a disfunção múltipla de órgãos e sistemas. Com isso a microcirculação é considerada o motor na patogênese da sepse. A perfusão microcirculatória representa um dos principais objetivos para melhorar as taxas de sobrevida. Uma vez reconhecida a síndrome séptica, o protocolo clínico estabelece o uso de fluidoterapia com salina, de forma vigorosa na primeira hora e seguida de suporte inotrópico com Dobutamina. A partir daí foi levantada a hipótese das drogas β-agonistas serem relevantes na recuperação da microcirculação, antes mesmo de seu conhecido papel na recuperação do choque cardiogênico. Assim, estudar o papel da Dobutamina, um β-agonista, na resposta adrenérgica em situação de sepse se faz necessário e urgente e o entendimento de sua ação, associada à reposição volêmica, foi objeto deste estudo. Foram usados no presente estudo, 78 hamsters, induzida a endotoxemia com LPS (2mg/kg/de massa de peso corporal) e divididos em 9 grupos: controle (n=10), endotóxico(n=10), endotóxico tratados com Dobutamina na dose de 5 e 15 μg /kg/min (n=10), Isoproterenol(n=10), ressuscitação volêmica (n=10) e ressuscitação volêmica associada à Dobutamina 5 (n=10) e 15 μg/kg/min (n=4) e Isoproterenol (n=4). Foram comparados os resultados de recuperação da densidade capilar funcional ao longo do tempo entre os grupos, e obteve-se resultado estatisticamente significativo no grupo em que se usa Dobutamina de 5μg/kg/min associada à ressuscitação volêmica p< 0,05. Em conclusão este estudo mostra que o papel da ressuscitação volêmica é crucial na resposta da microcirculação para melhorar a densidade capilar funcional, que a velocidade da hemácia capilar tem relação direta com a melhora na perfusão tecidual e que a associação de recuperação volêmica com solução salina e Dobutamina na dose de 5 μg /kg /min melhora significativamente sua resposta e melhora a perfusão.

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O envelhecimento populacional é um fenômeno mundial, assim como o predomínio de mortes por doenças cardiovasculares. Estudos demonstram que o envelhecimento acarreta aumento da rigidez vascular e perturbações na reatividade macrovascular. O presente estudo comparou a microcirculação deste processo com adultos jovens através da pletismografia de oclusão venosa (POV) e da videocapilaroscopia do leito periungueal (VC). Para isto, desenvolveu-se um estudo transversal com dois grupos: idade entre 18 e 30 anos (n=16) e outro grupo com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos (n=21), além da subdivisão deste grupo em três subgrupos: idosas saudáveis (n=8), idosas em tratamento de hipertensão arterial (IDHAS,n=6) e idosas em tratamento de dislipidemia (IDDIS,n=6). Foram realizadas avaliações clínica, antropométrica, bioquímica e microcirculatória. Como resultados, a VC mostrou aumento dos diâmetros capilares aferente, apical e eferente e redução da relação velocidade máxima/ velocidade basal de deslocamento de hemácias para grupo de idosas e todos os subgrupos. A POV revelou diminuição da vasodilatação endotélio-dependente em todos os grupos estudados e a vasodilatação endotélio-independente alterou-se apenas em IDHAS e IDDIS. Como conclusões houve, no envelhecimento, alterações estruturais e funcionais da microcirculação assim como redução da vasodilatação endotélio-dependente. A vasodilatação endotélio-independente manteve-se inalterada, indicando que a célula muscular lisa da parede vascular permanece preservada, porém sofre alterações nos grupos IDHAS e IDDIS.

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A atividade física intensa está associada com as adaptações biológicas que envolvem a melhora da homeostase da glicose, da capacidade antioxidante e da microcirculação cutânea. A ingestão insuficiente de antioxidantes na dieta pode levar ao estresse oxidativo e disfunção endotelial que afetam a microcirculação. Suco de uva tinto orgânico, uma importante fonte de polifenóis, com reconhecida função antioxidante e, portanto, o seu consumo pode melhorar o estado antioxidante, e assim, o metabolismo da glicose e a função endotelial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo diário de suco de uva tinto orgânico, sobre a concentração plasmática de ácido úrico, atividade da superóxido dismutase eritrocitária (E-SOD), concentração sérica da insulina, glicemia e HOMA IR-2, além de suas relações com os parâmetros da microcirculação em triatletas. Participaram do estudo 10 triatletas do gênero masculino (28 15 anos). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes (basal) e após 20 dias de ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico (300mL/dia). Em relação ao valor basal, a insulina sérica (p = 0,02) e o ácido úrico (p = 0,04) aumentaram, enquanto a glicose plasmática (p <0,001) e a E-SOD diminuíram (p = 0,04) após os 20 dias de intervenção. Os parâmetros da microcirculação também foram influenciados pela ingestão de suco de uva tinto orgânico, foi observado redução no tempo necessário para o retorno dos eritrócitos à velocidade de basal após isquemia (TRBCmax) (p = 0,04), aumento da densidade capilar funcional (DCF, p = 0,003) e da velocidade dos eritrócitos após a isquemia (VELmax p <0,001). A redução da glicemia foi determinante direta do aumento da DCF (p = 0,04), enquanto níveis séricos de insulina (p = 0,04) e a redução na atividade da SOD-E (p = 0,04) foram negativamente associados com a redução do TRBCmax. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a ingestão de suco de uva melhora a capacidade antioxidante, a homesostase glicêmica e a microcirculação de triatletas.

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Hipertensos têm rarefação capilar e disfunção endotelial microcirculatória, tornando-se mais vulneráveis a lesões em órgãos-alvo. O estudo buscou avaliar o efeito de seis meses de tratamento farmacológico sobre densidade capilar e reatividade microvascular a estímulos fisiológicos e farmacológicos em hipertensos de baixo risco cardiovascular. Secundariamente testou-se a existência de diversidade nas respostas a diferentes estratégias anti-hipertensivas. Foram recrutados 44 pacientes, com 46,71,3 anos e 20 normotensos com 48,01,6 anos. Avaliaram-se dados antropométricos e laboratoriais e dosaram-se no soro o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF), receptor Flt-1 para VEGF e óxido nítrico (NO). A contagem capilar foi por microscopia intravital, captando-se imagens da microcirculação no dorso da falange do dedo médio e contando os capilares com programa específico. Repetia-se o procedimento após hiperemia reativa pós-oclusiva (HRPO) para avaliar o recrutamento capilar. A reatividade vascular foi testada por fluxometria Laser Doppler, iontoforese de acetilcolina (Ach), HRPO e hiperemia térmica local (HTL). Os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para dois grupos de tratamento: succinato de metoprolol titulado a 100 mg diários ou olmesartana medoxomila titulada a 40 mg diários, empregando-se, se necessário, a hidroclorotiazida. Os controles seguiram o mesmo protocolo inicial e após seis meses todos os testes foram repetidos nos hipertensos. As variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais basais eram semelhantes em comparação aos controles e entre os dois grupos de tratamento. Após seis meses, havia pequenas diferenças entre os grupos na relação cintura-quadril e HDL. A densidade capilar antes do tratamento era significativamente menor que no grupo controle (71,31,5 vs 80,61,8 cap/mm2 p<0,001 e HRPO 71,71,5 vs 79,52,6 cap/mm2 p<0,05) e, com o tratamento, aumentou para 75,41,1 cap/mm2 (p<0,01) no estado basal e para 76,81,1 cap/mm2 à HRPO (p<0,05). À reatividade vascular, a condutância vascular cutânea (CVC) em unidades de perfusão (UP)/mmHg era similar à HTL nos controles e hipertensos e aumentou com o tratamento nos dois subgrupos (metoprolol:1,730,2 a 1,900,2 p<0,001 e olmesartana:1,490,1 a 1,870,1 p<0,001). A CVC máxima à HRPO era menor nos hipertensos: 0,30(0,22-0,39) que nos controles: 0,39(0,31-0,49) com p<0,001. Após tratamento, aumentou para 0,41(0,29-0,51) com p<0,001. O aumento foi significativo apenas no grupo olmesartana (0,290,02 a 0,420,04 p<0,001). A diferença entre o tempo para atingir o fluxo máximo à HRPO aumentou no grupo metoprolol após tratamento 3,0 (-0,3 a 8,8) segundos versus olmesartana 0,4 (-2,1 a 2,4) segundos p<0,001. À iontoforese, a área sob a curva de fluxo (AUC) era similar nos grupos e aumentou com o tratamento, de 6087(3857-9137) para 7296(5577-10921) UP/s p=0,04. O VEGF e receptor não diferiam dos controles nem sofreram variações. A concentração de NO era maior nos hipertensos que nos controles: 64,9 (46,8-117,6) vs 50,7 (42-57,5) M/dl p=0,02 e não variou com tratamento. Em conclusão, hipertensos de baixo risco têm menor densidade e menor recrutamento capilar e ambos aumentam com tratamento. Apresentam também disfunção endotelial microcirculatória que melhora com a terapia.