Comercio bilateral Ecuador-Colombia: efectos del conflicto

Analiza la influencia del conflicto colombiano en los procesos de intercambio comercial de Colombia con Ecuador, centrándose en la profundización y localización del conflicto armado colombiano. El autor recopila de forma sistemática información referida a la evolución del intercambio comercial entre Ecuador y Colombia, para responder a su pregunta de investigación sobre los efectos generados por la dinámica del conflicto armado colombiano a partir de la implementación del Plan Colombia. El análisis de algunas manifestaciones del conflicto, como los cierres de carretera por parte de los grupos irregulares y los desplazamientos militares para controlarlos, le permite establecer su impacto en los flujos comerciales bilaterales por vía terrestre. El estudio se plantea, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones económicas internacionales, como una reflexión puntual, con un interés principalmente metodológico, que quiere dar cuenta de las formas en que las alteraciones del orden público y las respuestas estatales frente a ellas, afectan los intercambios y la cotidianidad de la región fronteriza entre los dos países.

The post-Lisbon role of the European Parliament in the EU's Common Commercial Policy: Implications for bilateral trade negotiations. EU Diplomacy Paper 05/2012, July 2012

This paper sets out to conduct an empirical analysis of the post-Lisbon role of the European Parliament (EP) in the EU’s Common Commercial Policy through an examination of the ‘deep and comprehensive’ bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) currently negotiated as part of the EU’s Global Europe strategy. The EU-Korea and EU-India FTAs are used as case studies in order to determine the implications of the EP’s enhanced trade powers on the processes, actors and outcomes of EU bilateral trade policy. The EP is now endowed with the ‘hard power’ of consent in the ratification phase of FTAs, acting as a threat to strengthen its ‘soft power’ to influence negotiations. The EP is developing strategies to influence the mandate and now plays an important role in the implementation of FTAs. The entry of this new player on the Brussels trade policy field has brought about a shift in the institutional balance of power and opened up the EP as a new point of access for trade policy lobbyists. Finally, increased EP involvement in EU trade policy has brought about a politicisation of EU trade policy and greater normative outcomes of FTAs.

Bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on attentional performance: transient deleterious effects and enhanced motivation in both intact and parkinsonian rats.

It is now well established that subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation (STN HFS) alleviates motor problems in Parkinson's disease. However, its efficacy for cognitive function remains a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of STN HFS in rats performing a visual attentional task. Bilateral STN HFS was applied in intact and in bilaterally dopamine (DA)-depleted rats. In all animals, STN HFS had a transient debilitating effect on all the variables measured in the task. In DA-depleted rats, STN HFS did not alleviate the deficits induced by the DA lesion such as omissions and latency to make correct responses, but induced perseverative approaches to the food magazine, an indicator of enhanced motivation. In sham-operated controls, STN HFS significantly reduced accuracy and induced perseverative behaviour, mimicking partially the effects of bilateral STN lesions in the same task. These results are in line with the hypothesis that STN HFS only partially mimics inactivation of STN produced by lesioning and confirm the motivational exacerbation induced by STN inactivation.

Biases in the distribution of bilateral aid: a regional decomposition analysis

This article investigates income and population biases in the distribution of aid and decomposes recipients by geographic region. Previous analyses aggregate recipients and assume biases have an equal impact. Results demonstrate that although while a bias towards middle-income and medium-sized countries persists in the full sample, the extent of such biases differs significantly by region.