Modelação do comportamento térmico do betão em massa : aplicação a uma barragem de BCC

A presente dissertação tem como objectivo efectuar o estudo do comportamento térmico de estruturas com betão em massa através do Método de Schmidt e compará-lo com outros métodos. A análise do comportamento do betão reveste-se de extrema importância em diversos domínios, de entre os quais se pode referir o que visa evitar a fissuração de origem térmica decorrente do calor de hidratação. Pelo motivo enunciado torna-se necessária dispor de metodologias de análise que requerem a mobilização de meios de cálculo. Existem diferentes métodos para o cálculo das temperaturas: uns mais simples, outros mais complexos, uns mais rápidos, outros mais demorados, uns mais onerosos e outros mais económicos. O conhecimento dos vários métodos permite adequá-los à especificidade de cada obra. Para realizar os vários procedimentos pode recorrer-se a programas informáticos de cálculo, como por o Excel ou utilizar Software Específico. Nesta dissertação apresenta-se uma metodologia de cálculo baseada no Método de Schmidt e faz-se a comparação com o Método de Solução Analítica. Utiliza-se também este Método no cálculo das temperaturas das várias camadas de uma barragem. O Método de Schmidt é ainda aplicado a um caso real de uma barragem da Tailândia construída em Betão Compactado com Cilindros e os resultados obtidos são comparados com outros Métodos de Análise Numérica de Barragens.

Identidade, purpose e sentido de vida em adolescentes e jovens adultos

Vários estudos indicam que a identidade vai sendo construída e definida, um processo desenvolvimental onde também acontece a definição de objetivos de purpose e de um sentido de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre estas três variáveis tendo sido considerado que a existência de objetivos de purpose e de um sentido de vida estão associados ao melhor desenvolvimento da identidade em dois grupos etários, adolescentes e adultos emergentes. As variáveis foram respetivamente avaliadas por uma medida de objetivos de purpose e uma medida de Sentido de Vida que incluía a consciência de ter um sentido de vida e a satisfação com este, construídas para este estudo, e a identidade foi avaliada pela versão reduzida da PIES (Markstrom et al, 1997). As medidas foram aplicadas a 80 adolescentes (M = 16,02; Dp = 0,42) e 80 adultos emergentes (M = 16,02; Dp = 0,42). Verificámos que o sentido de vida, consciência e satisfação, estão associados ao desenvolvimento da identidade, em ambos os grupos; os objetivos de família, amizade e carreira estão associados com a identidade nos adolescentes.

Responsabilidade social das organizações e satisfação no trabalho: estudo num call center

A presente dissertação tem como objectivo estudar a percepção dos colaboradores a respeito da Responsabilidade Social da Organização exercida pela organização onde trabalham e a relação desta com a Satisfação no Trabalho. Cento e sete colaboradores de um call center responderam a um questionário que incluía as escalas de Percepção de Responsabilidade Social, Satisfação no Trabalho e a escala de Call Center construída para este estudo. As hipóteses são, duas, verificar se quando maior a percepção de práticas socialmente responsáveis nas diferentes dimensões (colaboradores, ambiente e comunidade e económica) maior a satisfação com o trabalho e se as condições de trabalho na organização apresentarem níveis elevados, maior a Satisfação no Trabalho. Dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se uma associação positiva entre as três dimensões da Responsabilidade Social com a Satisfação no Trabalho, em particular uma associação mais elevada com a dimensão Percepção da Responsabilidade Social - Ambiente e Comunidade. Destaca-se também que a Satisfação no Trabalho está mais associada com a percepção do reconhecimento profissional do que com as condições de trabalho no call center.

A práxis docente no 1º ano do ensino fundamental : realidades e desafios : um estudo realizado em duas escolas da Rede Pública Municipal de Manaus

Investigar a práxis docente no contexto escolar nos permite uma reflexão sobre os tipos de estruturas de aprendizagem utilizadas na educação e suas implicações para o conhecimento, visto que dentre os aspectos do conceito de práxis que trazem contribuições significativas para a área educacional está a concepção de que a práxis busca o movimento, a transformação e, por isso é essencialmente dinâmica. Esta proposta de investigação aborda especialmente a prática educativa desenvolvida no 1º ano do ensino fundamental, buscando detectar as concepções que a fundamentam no processo de ensino aprendizagem da criança de seis anos que se encontra em estágio inicial de escolarização, caracterizando-se, dessa forma, em uma pesquisa de natureza empírica e de caráter descritivo com uso da abordagem qualiquantitativa. O estudo foi organizado em quatro capítulos: o primeiro faz referência à trajetória do ensino fundamental no Brasil; o segundo é um breve estudo sobre a história e contextos da formação de professores; o terceiro faz uma análise da práxis docente no cotidiano escolar; e o quarto capítulo descreve os motivos que levaram à pesquisa e a metodologia construída para a coleta, análise e discussão dos dados obtidos, permitindo-nos refletir se a práxis docente no primeiro ano do ensino fundamental em escolas da rede pública de Manaus é condizente com o perfil da criança de seis anos.

Caminhos e percusos da museologia comunitária

São apresentadas, a partir da Carta de Belém, construída no âmbito do Seminário de Implantação do Ecomuseu da Amazônia, numa iniciativa da ABREMC e da Organização do referido evento , reflexões e análises sobre as propostas elaboradas. A idéia central desta participação é destacar os aspectos fundamentais das propostas contidas na Carta de Belém, pontuar os aspectos dialéticos e dialógicos das questões, com vistas à solução de problemas comuns aos ecomuseus, museus comunitários, museus territórios e processos similares nesse fórum aqui entendido como espaço de idéias, de diálogos, de discussão, de argumentação , onde a dialética combina a arte do diálogo ou da discussão e da argumentação com a dialógica das falas alternadas com o objetivo de manter o entendimento entre pensamentos diferenciados.

Endangered Species, Provincialism, and a Continental Approach to Bird Conservation

I examined lists of endangered species from northeastern and midwestern United States to assess the extent to which they were dominated by species considered rare due to their vulnerability to anthropogenic stressors or, instead, by species whose rarity might be explained otherwise. Northeastern states had longer species lists than midwestern states, and more species associated with locally rare prairie habitats. More species at the edge of their geographic range appeared on lists from the Northeast than the Midwest. About 70% of listed species overall have shown either no significant population trend, or increases, at the continental scale, but wetland and prairie species were frequently listed, consistent with the generally acknowledged, widespread loss of these habitats. Curiously, midwestern states tended to list fewer forest species, despite evidence that forest fragmentation there has had strongly deleterious effects on regional bird populations. Overall, species appear to be listed locally for a variety of reasons not necessarily related to their risk of extinction generally, potentially contributing to inefficient distributions of limited resources to deal effectively with species that legitimately require conservation attention. I advocate a continental perspective when listing species locally, and propose enhanced criteria for characterizing species as endangered at the local level.

Mallard Use of Hen HousesTM in Eastern Ontario

Nesting structures for ground-nesting waterfowl may be an effective technique for increasing nesting success in regions in which nest success is below the 15% threshold needed to maintain a stable population. We studied the occupancy rate of artificial nesting structures called hen housesTM by Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) nesting in two different wetland habitats, beaver ponds and sewage lagoons, in eastern Ontario during 1999–2001. We hypothesized that, because natural cover was sparse on sewage lagoons, Mallards would occupy hen houses at a higher rate on sewage lagoons than on beaver ponds. However, of the 248 hen houses distributed between beaver ponds and sewage lagoons, none was occupied by waterfowl. Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) were the only avian species that nested in hen houses. However, Mallards successfully nested directly under several structures (n = 6) when water levels were low enough to expose the ground beneath them. Mayfield daily nest survival estimates for Mallards nesting in natural cover were similar on sewage lagoons and beaver ponds for all years (mean = 0.99) and were higher than most published estimates. Factors such as nesting cover, predation pressures, and structure design and material may influence the use of artificial hen houses and should be considered when planning a hen house program outside of the Prairie Pothole Region.

Lesser Scaup Population Dynamics: What Can Be Learned from Available Data?

Populations of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) have declined markedly in North America since the early 1980s. When considering alternatives for achieving population recovery, it would be useful to understand how the rate of population growth is functionally related to the underlying vital rates and which vital rates affect population growth rate the most if changed (which need not be those that influenced historical population declines). To establish a more quantitative basis for learning about life history and population dynamics of Lesser Scaup, we summarized published and unpublished estimates of vital rates recorded between 1934 and 2005, and developed matrix life-cycle models with these data for females breeding in the boreal forest, prairie-parklands, and both regions combined. We then used perturbation analysis to evaluate the effect of changes in a variety of vital-rate statistics on finite population growth rate and abundance. Similar to Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), our modeled population growth rate for Lesser Scaup was most sensitive to unit and proportional change in adult female survival during the breeding and non-breeding seasons, but much less so to changes in fecundity parameters. Interestingly, population growth rate was also highly sensitive to unit and proportional changes in the mean of nesting success, duckling survival, and juvenile survival. Given the small samples of data for key aspects of the Lesser Scaup life cycle, we recommend additional research on vital rates that demonstrate a strong effect on population growth and size (e.g., adult survival probabilities). Our life-cycle models should be tested and regularly updated in the future to simultaneously guide science and management of Lesser Scaup populations in an adaptive context.

Agricultural Policy and Nest Success of Prairie Ducks in Canada and the United States

The Prairie Pothole Region of North America has been modified by agriculture during the past 100 yr, resulting in habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation that have reduced the abundance and productivity of many wildlife species. The 1985 U.S. Farm Bill provided economic incentives to agriculture that are considered by many to be beneficial to nesting waterfowl and other wildlife. Canada has not experienced an equally comprehensive legislative initiative, which would seem to indicate that benefits to waterfowl in Canada should lag behind those in the United States. However, with the removal of some agricultural subsidies in Canada during the 1990s, the amount of perennial cover in the Canadian prairies increased to levels similar to those of the 1970s. Therefore, it is unclear whether and how the U.S. and Canadian prairies might differ with regard to habitat quality for nesting waterfowl. We used historical and contemporary data to compare temporal trends in duck nest success between the United States and Canada and to assess how mean nest success varied with proportion of cropland and wetland density. The data best supported models with nonlinear temporal trends that varied between the two countries and suggested that mean nest success in Canada declined from its high point in 1930s and remained below the long-term value of 0.16 until the end of the time series in 2005. Mean nest success in the United States also declined from its high point in the 1930s, but increased to above the long-term value of 0.25 during the early 2000s. Mean nest success varied negatively with proportion of cropland in both the United States and Canada. Mean nest success was positively correlated with pond density at Canadian sites, but showed only a weak association with pond density at U.S. sites. All models explained the low proportions of the variation in nest success, suggesting that unmeasured factors such as the abundance and identity of nest predators may have strong effects on nest success. Nonetheless, these results support earlier suggestions that agricultural policy that encourages permanent cover positively influences duck reproductive success. We also found that, for reasons that are not entirely clear, nest success for the same intensity of row cropping was generally higher in the United States than in Canada. Further research is required to elucidate the exact nature of the composition, size, and distribution of permanent cover that coincides with greater average nest success by dabbling ducks in the United States. In addition, the data suggest that the benefits that might accrue from increases in the amount of perennial cover in Canada would be better realized if these efforts are accompanied by strong measures to conserve wetlands.

Relationships between Duck and Grassland Bird Relative Abundance and Species Richness in Southern Saskatchewan

Digital map products that integrate long-term duck population and land-use data are currently being used to guide conservation program delivery on the Canadian Prairies. However, understanding the inter-relationships between ducks and other grassland bird species would greatly enhance program planning and delivery. We hypothesized that ducks, and Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) in particular, may function as an umbrella guild for the overall breeding habitat quality for other grassland bird species. We compared grassland bird species richness and relative abundance among areas of low, moderate, and high predicted waterfowl breeding densities (i.e., duck density strata) in the southern Missouri Coteau, Saskatchewan. We conducted roadside point counts and delineated habitats within a 400 m radius of each point. The duck high-density stratum supported greater avian species richness and abundance than did the duck low-density stratum. Overall, duck and other grassland bird species richness and abundance were moderately correlated, with all r between 0.37 and 0.69 (all P < 0.05). Although the habitat requirements of Northern Pintail may overlap with those of other grassland endemics, priority grassland bird species richness was only moderately correlated with total pintail abundance in both years, and the abundances of pintail and grassland songbirds listed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada were not correlated. No differences in the mean number of priority grassland species were detected among the strata. Adequate critical habitat for several priority species may not be protected if conservation is focused only in areas of moderate to high wetland density because large tracts of contiguous, dry grassland habitat (e.g., pasture) occur infrequently in high-quality duck habitat.

Nest Boxes Facilitate Local-Scale Conservation of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) in Alberta, Canada

We tested the general predictions of increased use of nest boxes and positive trends in local populations of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) and Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) following the large-scale provision of nest boxes in a study area of central Alberta over a 16-year period. Nest boxes were rapidly occupied, primarily by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead, but also by European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). After 5 years of deployment, occupancy of large boxes by Common Goldeneye was 82% to 90% and occupancy of small boxes by Bufflehead was 37% to 58%. Based on a single-stage cluster design, experimental closure of nest boxes resulted in significant reductions in numbers of broods and brood sizes produced by Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead. Occurrence and densities of Common Goldeneye and Bufflehead increased significantly across years following nest box deployment at the local scale, but not at the larger regional scale. Provision of nest boxes may represent a viable strategy for increasing breeding populations of these two waterfowl species on landscapes where large trees and natural cavities are uncommon but wetland density is high.

Use of Large Clear-Cuts by Wilson’s Warbler in an Eastern Canadian Boreal Forest

Wilson’s Warbler (Cardellina pusilla; WIWA) has been declining for several decades, possibly because of habitat loss. We compared occupancy of territorial males in two habitat types of Québec’s boreal forest, alder (Alnus spp.) scrubland and recent clear-cuts. Singing males occurred in clusters, their occupancy was similar in both habitats, but increased with the amount of alder or clear-cut within 400 m of point-count stations. A despotic distribution of males between habitats appeared unlikely, because there were no differences in morphology between males captured in clear-cuts vs. alder. Those results contrast with the prevailing view, mostly based on western populations, that WIWA are wetland or riparian specialists, and provide the first evidence for a preference for large tracts of habitat in this species. Clear-cuts in the boreal forest may benefit WIWA by supplying alternative nesting habitat. However, the role of clear-cuts as source or sink habitats needs to be addressed with data on reproduction.

An eclectic morphostratigraphic model for the sedimentary response to Holocene sea-level rise in northwest Europe

The improved empirical understanding of silt facies in Holocene coastal sequences provided by such as diatom, foraminifera, ostracode and testate amoebae analysis, combined with insights from quantitative stratigraphic and hydraulic simulations, has led to an inclusive, integrated model for the palaeogeomorphology, stratigraphy, lithofacies and biofacies of northwest European Holocene coastal lowlands in relation to sea-level behaviour. The model covers two general circumstances and is empirically supported by a range of field studies in the Holocene deposits of a number of British estuaries, particularly, the Severn. Where deposition was continuous over periods of centuries to millennia, and sea level fluctuated about a rising trend, the succession consists of repeated cycles of silt and peat lithofacies and biofacies in which series of transgressive overlaps (submergence sequences) alternate with series of regressive overlaps (emergence sequences) in association with the waxing and waning of tidal creek networks. Environmental and sea-level change are closely coupled, and equilibrium and secular pattern is of the kind represented ideally by a closed limit cycle. In the second circumstance, characteristic of unstable wetland shores and generally affecting smaller areas, coastal erosion ensures that episodes of deposition in the high intertidal zone last no more than a few centuries. The typical response is a series of regressive overlaps (emergence sequence) in erosively based high mudflat and salt-marsh silts that record, commonly as annual banding, exceptionally high deposition rates and a state of strong disequilibrium. Environmental change, including creek development, and sea-level movement are uncoupled. Only if deposition proceeds for a sufficiently long period, so that marshes mature, are equilibrium and close coupling regained. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

An application of the GLUE methodology for estimating the parameters of the INCA-N model

The conceptual and parameter uncertainty of the semi-distributed INCA-N (Integrated Nutrients in Catchments-Nitrogen) model was studied using the GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) methodology combined with quantitative experimental knowledge, the concept known as 'soft data'. Cumulative inorganic N leaching, annual plant N uptake and annual mineralization proved to be useful soft data to constrain the parameter space. The INCA-N model was able to simulate the seasonal and inter-annual variations in the stream-water nitrate concentrations, although the lowest concentrations during the growing season were not reproduced. This suggested that there were some retention processes or losses either in peatland/wetland areas or in the river which were not included in the INCA-N model. The results of the study suggested that soft data was a way to reduce parameter equifinality, and that the calibration and testing of distributed hydrological and nutrient leaching models should be based both on runoff and/or nutrient concentration data and the qualitative knowledge of experimentalist. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.