Population dynamics of O-group plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., on sandy beach nursery grounds in Galway Bay, the West Coast of Ireland, 2002 to 2006.

The recruitment of 0-group plaice to sandy beach nursery grounds in Galway Bay was examined, using a Riley push-net, from February to June in 2005 and 2006. Sampling was carried out every two weeks on spring tides. Three beaches were sampled, Ballyloughan, Silverstrand and Glann na Ri. Archived 0-group plaice, for Ballyloughan and Silverstrand, from 2004, were processed. Results were compared to findings from a previous study carried out in 2002 and 2003 (Allen 2004). Otolith microstructure analysis was used to determine hatching dates, larval duration, settlement dates, post-larval age and daily growth rates of 0-group plaice in April and May 2005. Results were compared to a previous study (Allen 2004). Hatching dates in Galway Bay ranged from late January to early April in 2005. No significant difference in hatching dates was observed between years or between beaches sampled. Larval duration of 0-group plaice in Galway Bay ranged from 21 to 45 days for fish sampled in April and May 2005. No significant difference was observed in larval age between beaches sampled in Galway Bay or between years in April 2003 and 2005. A significant difference was observed between larval age and years in May 2003 and 2005, however no significant difference was observed between beaches. Settlement timing was calculated using push-net data and otolith microstructure analysis. Settlement of 0-group plaice in Galway Bay generally started in early March and finished in May. Settlement patterns, calculated using otolith microstructure analysis, in 2003 and 2005, were not significantly different to one another. There was also no difference in settlement patterns between the beaches sampled. Results from the present study showed no spatial difference in the pelagic life cycle stages of fish caught in April and May 2003 and 2005.

The design and development of heat extraction technologies for the utilisation of compost thermal energy

A composting Heat Extraction Unit (HEU) was designed to utilise waste heat from decaying organic matter for a variety of heating application The aim was to construct an insulated small scale, sealed, organic matter filled container. In this vessel a process fluid within embedded pipes would absorb thermal energy from the hot compost and transport it to an external heat exchanger. Experiments were conducted on the constituent parts and the final design comprised of a 2046 litre container insulated with polyurethane foam and kingspan with two arrays of qualpex piping embedded in the compost to extract heat. The thermal energy was used in horticultural trials by heating polytunnels using a radiator system during a winter/spring period. The compost derived energy was compared with conventional and renewable energy in the form of an electric fan heater and solar panel. The compost derived energy was able to raise polytunnel temperatures to 2-3°C above the control, with the solar panel contributing no thermal energy during the winter trial and the electric heater the most efficient maintaining temperature at its preset temperature of 10°C. Plants that were cultivated as performance indicators showed no significant difference in growth rates between the heat sources. A follow on experiment conducted using special growing mats for distributing compost thermal energy directly under the plants (Radish, Cabbage, Spinach and Lettuce) displayed more successful growth patterns than those in the control. The compost HEU was also used for more traditional space heating and hot water heating applications. A test space was successfully heated over two trials with varying insulation levels. Maximum internal temperature increases of 7°C and 13°C were recorded for building U-values of 1.6 and 0.53 W/m2K respectively using the HEU. The HEU successfully heated a 60 litre hot water cylinder for 32 days with maximum water temperature increases of 36.5°C recorded. Total energy recovered from the 435 Kg of compost within the HEU during the polytunnel growth trial was 76 kWh which is 3 kWh/day for the 25 days when the HEU was activated. With a mean coefficient of performance level of 6.8 calculated for the HEU the technology is energy efficient. Therefore the compost HEU developed here could be a useful renewable energy technology particularly for small scale rural dwellers and growers with access to significant quantities of organic matter

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Pulmonary Embolism Mortality in Brazil from 1989 to 2010: Gender and Regional Disparities

Abstract Background: A significant variation in pulmonary embolism (PE) mortality trends have been documented around the world. We investigated the trends in mortality rate from PE in Brazil over a period of 21 years and its regional and gender differences. Methods: Using a nationwide database of death certificate information we searched for all cases with PE as the underlying cause of death between 1989 and 2010. Population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). We calculated age-, gender- and region-specific mortality rates for each year, using the 2000 Brazilian population for direct standardization. Results: Over 21 years the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) fell 31% from 3.04/100,000 to 2.09/100,000. In every year between 1989 and 2010, the ASMR was higher in women than in men, but both showed a significant declining trend, from 3.10/100,000 to 2.36/100,000 and from 2.94/100,000 to 1.80/100,000, respectively. Although all country regions showed a decline in their ASMR, the largest fall in death rates was concentrated in the highest income regions of the South and Southeast Brazil. The North and Northeast regions, the lowest income areas, showed a less marked fall in death rates and no distinct change in the PE mortality rate in women. Conclusions: Our study showed a reduction in the PE mortality rate over two decades in Brazil. However, significant variation in this trend was observed amongst the five country regions and between genders, pointing to possible disparities in health care access and quality in these groups.

Report of the United States Geological Survey of the territories. F.V. Hayden, United States geologist in charge ... [Final reports or monographs. vol. I]-III, V-XIII.

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Konstruktion, Aufbau und Erprobung eines hochtemperaturfähigen Ionenmobilitätsspektrometers

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Simulation, Konstruktion und den Aufbau eineshochtemperaturfähigen Ionenmobilitätsspektrometers. Die Funktionalität des Laboraufbaus wurdeim Rahmen einer ersten Anwendungserprobung zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen.Die Notwendigkeit der durchgeführten Arbeiten basiert darauf, dass Sensoren und miniaturisierteMessgeräte im Bereich der Umweltanalytik immer mehr an Bedeutung gelangen. Durch ihreMobilität können zeitlich und örtlich hochaufgelöste Daten erzeugt werden, derenReproduzierbarkeit jedoch gewährleistet sein muss. Während die meisten Sensoren lediglichSummensignale ausgeben und zudem hohe Regenrationszeiten haben, können mit derIonenmobilitätsspektrometrie substanzspezifische Spektren erzeugt werden.Ionenmobilitätsspektrometer sind heutzutage als handgehaltene und batteriebetriebene Geräteerhältlich, was einen nahezu uneingeschränkten mobilen Einsatz dieser Geräte ermöglicht. Wieauch bei allen anderen Sensoren können die Messergebnisse durch Kreuzreaktionen mit anderenwährend der Messung vorliegenden Substanzen verfälscht werden. Das größte Problem stellt dabeiWasser dar. Es ist als Luftfeuchte in sich ständig verändernden Konzentrationen in der Umweltallgegenwärtig. In der vorangegangenen Projektarbeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass eineZunahme der Luftfeuchte von 50 auf 800 ppm einen Signalrückgang von bis zu 80 % beihalgonierten Substanzen zur Folge hat. Die Ursachen hierfür liegen in den ablaufendenIonisierungsmechanismen. Durch die Anwendung hoher Temperaturen werden dieIonen-Molekül-Reaktionen so beeinflusst, dass sich diese Feuchtigkeitseffekte minimieren.Sehr hohe Temperaturen setzen jedoch für den analytischen Einsatz geeignete Materialien voraus.Auf Grundlage deren Bearbeitbarkeit und der Ergebnisse der durchgefü

Die Rolle der Photovoltaik in der elektrischen Energieversorgung von Bangladesch : Bestandsaufnahme und Szenarien der zukünftigen Entwicklung aus technischer Sicht unter ergänzender qualitativer Berücksichtigung von ökonomischen und ökologischen Randbedingungen

Zugang zu verlässlicher und bezahlbarer elektrischer Energie für jeden Bürger, das ist das erklärte Ziel der Regierung von Bangladesch. Von den 154 Millionen Einwohnern des Landes sind bisher nur etwa 55% an das Stromnetz angeschlossen, im dem schon seit vielen Jahren ein chronischer Energieengpass herrscht. Bangladesch strebt für die Zukunft ein Wirtschaftswachstum von bis zu 9% pro Jahr an, was eine drastische Steigerung des Energiebedarfs zur Folge haben wird. Dieser soll primär durch fossile Energieträger, insbesondere durch die landeseigenen Gas- und Kohlereserven gedeckt werden. Auch der Einstieg in die Atomenergie ist geplant. Derzeit werden über 97% der netzgebundenen elektrischen Energie aus nicht regenerativen Energien gewonnen. Bei der nicht netzgebundenen Versorgung überwiegen die erneuerbaren Energien mit mehr als 86%.Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit untersucht das Potential der Photovoltaik in Bangladesch, der von allen regenerativen Energien dort das größte Potential zugeschrieben wird. Auch wenn das vom Monsun und von hohen Temperaturen geprägte Klima keine optimalen Bedingungen für die Nutzung von Photovoltaik bietet, versprechen Jahresglobalstrahlungssummen von mehr als 1.800 kWh/m² sehr gute Erträge. Die geografisch günstige Lage ermöglicht Flächennutzungsgrade von 1:1,4. Damit ist auf einer für Bangladesch ermittelten Fläche von 2.509 km² die Installation von Solarmodulen mit einer Leistung von 36,7 GW möglich, was umgerechnet 277 GWp entspricht. Dünnschichtmodule liefern wegen ihrer geringen Temperaturempfindlichkeit die besten Erträge von fast 1.400 kWh/kWp im Jahr, kristalline Zellen liefern dagegen auf den m² bezogen die besten Erträge von mehr als 260 kWh/m². In Deutschland liefert eine vergleichbare Anlage mindestens 20% weniger Ertrag. (...)