The representation of the West-African Monsoon vertical cloud structure in the Met Office Unified Model: an evaluation with CloudSat

Weather and climate model simulations of the West African Monsoon (WAM) have generally poor representation of the rainfall distribution and monsoon circulation because key processes, such as clouds and convection, are poorly characterized. The vertical distribution of cloud and precipitation during the WAM are evaluated in Met Office Unified Model simulations against CloudSat observations. Simulations were run at 40-km and 12-km horizontal grid length using a convection parameterization scheme and at 12-km, 4-km, and 1.5-km grid length with the convection scheme effectively switched off, to study the impact of model resolution and convection parameterization scheme on the organisation of tropical convection. Radar reflectivity is forward-modelled from the model cloud fields using the CloudSat simulator to present a like-with-like comparison with the CloudSat radar observations. The representation of cloud and precipitation at 12-km horizontal grid length improves dramatically when the convection parameterization is switched off, primarily because of a reduction in daytime (moist) convection. Further improvement is obtained when reducing model grid length to 4 km or 1.5 km, especially in the representation of thin anvil and mid-level cloud, but three issues remain in all model configurations. Firstly, all simulations underestimate the fraction of anvils with cloud top height above 12 km, which can be attributed to too low ice water contents in the model compared to satellite retrievals. Secondly, the model consistently detrains mid-level cloud too close to the freezing level, compared to higher altitudes in CloudSat observations. Finally, there is too much low-level cloud cover in all simulations and this bias was not improved when adjusting the rainfall parameters in the microphysics scheme. To improve model simulations of the WAM, more detailed and in-situ observations of the dynamics and microphysics targeting these non-precipitating cloud types are required.

The horizontal spread of a vertical malady: cosmopolitanism and history in Pernambuco’s recent cinematic sensation

Brazil’s recent cinematic sensation, O som ao redor/Neighboring Sounds (Kleber Mendonça Filho, 2012), displays an effective integration of form and content, as exemplified by its vertical figuration that crystallizes the devastating effects of property development and global capitalism. This chapter will attempt to unravel a two-way drive within this vertical motif: a movement off the ground, resulting in global cosmopolitanism; and another into the ground, in search of the social history and film history at its base. As I hope to demonstrate, despite the characters’ late postmodernist disconnect from local context and history, O som ao redor offers a perspicacious insight into regional and national history that contributes an original and exciting addition to Brazilian and world cinema.

Improved information about the vertical location and extent of monolayer clouds from POLDER3 measurements in the oxygen A-band

This paper describes new advances in the exploitation of oxygen A-band measurements from POLDER3 sensor onboard PARASOL, satellite platform within the A-Train. These developments result from not only an account of the dependence of POLDER oxygen parameters to cloud optical thickness τ and to the scene's geometrical conditions but also, and more importantly, from the finer understanding of the sensitivity of these parameters to cloud vertical extent. This sensitivity is made possible thanks to the multidirectional character of POLDER measurements. In the case of monolayer clouds that represent most of cloudy conditions, new oxygen parameters are obtained and calibrated from POLDER3 data colocalized with the measurements of the two active sensors of the A-Train: CALIOP/CALIPSO and CPR/CloudSat. From a parameterization that is (μs, τ) dependent, with μs the cosine of the solar zenith angle, a cloud top oxygen pressure (CTOP) and a cloud middle oxygen pressure (CMOP) are obtained, which are estimates of actual cloud top and middle pressures (CTP and CMP). Performances of CTOP and CMOP are presented by class of clouds following the ISCCP classification. In 2008, the coefficient of the correlation between CMOP and CMP is 0.81 for cirrostratus, 0.79 for stratocumulus, 0.75 for deep convective clouds. The coefficient of the correlation between CTOP and CTP is 0.75, 0.73, and 0.79 for the same cloud types. The score obtained by CTOP, defined as the confidence in the retrieval for a particular range of inferred value and for a given error, is higher than the one of MODIS CTP estimate. Scores of CTOP are the highest for bin value of CTP superior in numbers. For liquid (ice) clouds and an error of 30 hPa (50 hPa), the score of CTOP reaches 50% (70%). From the difference between CTOP and CMOP, a first estimate of the cloud vertical extent h is possible. A second estimate of h comes from the correlation between the angular standard deviation of POLDER oxygen pressure σPO2 and the cloud vertical extent. This correlation is studied in detail in the case of liquid clouds. It is shown to be spatially and temporally robust, except for clouds above land during winter months. The analysis of the correlation's dependence on the scene's characteristics leads to a parameterization providing h from σPO2. For liquid water clouds above ocean in 2008, the mean difference between the actual cloud vertical extent and the one retrieved from σPO2 (from the pressure difference) is 5 m (−12 m). The standard deviation of the mean difference is close to 1000 m for the two methods. POLDER estimates of the cloud geometrical thickness obtain a global score of 50% confidence for a relative error of 20% (40%) of the estimate for ice (liquid) clouds over ocean. These results need to be validated outside of the CALIPSO/CloudSat track.

Inferences about pressures and vertical extension of cloud layers from POLDER3/PARASOL measurements in the oxygen A-band

We present new inferences about cloud vertical structures from multidirectionnal measurements in the oxygen A-band. The analysis of collocated data provided by instruments onboard satellite platforms within the A-Train, as well as simulations have shown that for monolayered clouds, the cloud oxygen pressure PO2PO2 derived from the POLDER3 instrument was sensitive to the cloud vertical structure in two ways: First, PO2PO2 is actually close to the pressure of the geometrical middle of cloud and we propose a method to correct it to get the cloud top pressure (CTP), and then to obtain the cloud geometrical extent. Second, for the liquid water clouds, the angular standard deviation σPO2σPO2 of PO2PO2 is correlated with the geometrical extent of cloud layers, which makes possible a second estimation of the cloud geometrical thickness. The determination of the vertical location of cloud layers from passive measurements, eventually completed from other observations, would be useful in many applications for which cloud macrophysical properties are needed

A mathematical model for the dynamics of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt with vertical transmission and inflorescence infection

A mathematical model for Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) spread by insect is presented. The model incorporates inflorescence infection and vertical transmission from the mother corm to attached suckers, but not tool-based transmission by humans. Expressions for the basic reproduction number R0 are obtained and it is verified that disease persists, at a unique endemic level, when R0 > 1. From sensitivity analysis, inflorescence infection rate and roguing rate were the parameters with most influence on disease persistence and equilibrium level. Vertical transmission parameters had less effect on persistence threshold values. Parameters were approximately estimated from field data. The model indicates that single stem removal is a feasible approach to eradication if spread is mainly via inflorescence infection. This requires continuous surveillance and debudding such that a 50% reduction in inflorescence infection and 2–3 weeks interval of surveillance would eventually lead to full recovery of banana plantations and hence improved production.

What controls the vertical distribution of aerosol? Relationships between process sensitivity in HadGEM3–UKCA and inter-model variation from AeroCom Phase II

The vertical profile of aerosol is important for its radiative effects, but weakly constrained by observations on the global scale, and highly variable among different models. To investigate the controlling factors in one particular model, we investigate the effects of individual processes in HadGEM3–UKCA and compare the resulting diversity of aerosol vertical profiles with the inter-model diversity from the AeroCom Phase II control experiment. In this way we show that (in this model at least) the vertical profile is controlled by a relatively small number of processes, although these vary among aerosol components and particle sizes. We also show that sufficiently coarse variations in these processes can produce a similar diversity to that among different models in terms of the global-mean profile and, to a lesser extent, the zonal-mean vertical position. However, there are features of certain models' profiles that cannot be reproduced, suggesting the influence of further structural differences between models. In HadGEM3–UKCA, convective transport is found to be very important in controlling the vertical profile of all aerosol components by mass. In-cloud scavenging is very important for all except mineral dust. Growth by condensation is important for sulfate and carbonaceous aerosol (along with aqueous oxidation for the former and ageing by soluble material for the latter). The vertical extent of biomass-burning emissions into the free troposphere is also important for the profile of carbonaceous aerosol. Boundary-layer mixing plays a dominant role for sea salt and mineral dust, which are emitted only from the surface. Dry deposition and below-cloud scavenging are important for the profile of mineral dust only. In this model, the microphysical processes of nucleation, condensation and coagulation dominate the vertical profile of the smallest particles by number (e.g. total CN  >  3 nm), while the profiles of larger particles (e.g. CN  >  100 nm) are controlled by the same processes as the component mass profiles, plus the size distribution of primary emissions. We also show that the processes that affect the AOD-normalised radiative forcing in the model are predominantly those that affect the vertical mass distribution, in particular convective transport, in-cloud scavenging, aqueous oxidation, ageing and the vertical extent of biomass-burning emissions.

Correlation between vertical misfits and stresses transmitted to implants from metal frameworks

An inappropriate prosthetic fit could cause stress over the interface implant/bone. The objective of this study was to compare stresses transmitted to implants from frameworks cast using different materials and to investigate a possible correlation between vertical misfits and these stresses. Fifteen one-piece cast frameworks simulating bars for fixed prosthesis in a model with five implants were fabricated and arranged into three different groups according to the material used for casting: CP Ti (commercially pure titanium), Co-Cr (cobalt-chromium) or Ni-Cr-Ti (nickel-chromium-titanium) alloys. Each framework was installed over the metal model with all screws tightened to a 10 N cm torque and then, vertical misfits were measured using an optical microscope. The stresses transmitted to implants were measured using quantitative photoelastic analysis in values of maximum shear stress (T), when each framework was tightened to the photoelastic model to a 10 N cm standardized torque. Stress data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey`s test and correlation tests were performed using Pearson`s rank correlation (alpha = 0.05). Mean and standard deviation values of vertical misfit are presented for CP Ti (22.40 +/- 9.05 mu m), Co-Cr (66.41 +/- 35.47 mu m) and Ni-Cr-Ti (32.20 +/- 24.47 mu m). Stresses generated by Co-Cr alloy (tau = 7.70 +/- 2.16 kPa) were significantly higher than those generated by CP Ti (tau = 5.86 +/- 1.55 kPa, p = 0.018) and Ni-Cr-Ti alloy (tau =5.74 +/- 3.05 kPa, p = 0.011), which were similar (p = 0.982). Correlations between vertical misfits and stresses around the implants were not significant as for any evaluated materials. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oriented Percolation in One-dimensional 1/vertical bar x-y vertical bar(2) Percolation Models

We consider independent edge percolation models on Z, with edge occupation probabilities. We prove that oriented percolation occurs when beta > 1 provided p is chosen sufficiently close to 1, answering a question posed in Newman and Schulman (Commun. Math. Phys. 104: 547, 1986). The proof is based on multi-scale analysis.

Description of costandard modules for Schur superalgebra S(2 vertical bar 1) in positive characteristic

We describe the characters of simple modules and composition factors of costandard modules for S(2 vertical bar 1) in positive characteristics and verify a conjecture of La Scala-Zubkov regarding polynomial superinvariants for GL(2 vertical bar 1).

Combined Vertical And Lateral Channel Evolution Numerical Modeling

Vertical stream bed erosion has been studied routinely and its modeling is getting widespread acceptance. The same cannot be said with lateral stream bank erosion since its measurement or numerical modeling is very challenging. Bank erosion, however, can be important to channel morphology. It may contribute significantly to the overall sediment budget of a stream, is a leading cause of channel migration, and is the cause of major channel maintenance. However, combined vertical and lateral channel evolution is seldom addressed. In this study, a new geofluival numerical model is developed to simulate combined vertical and lateral channel evolution. Vertical erosion is predicted with a 2D depth-averaged model SRH-2D, while lateral erosion is simulated with a linear retreat bank erosion model developed in this study. SRH-2D and the bank erosion model are coupled together both spatially and temporally through a common mesh and the same time advancement. The new geofluvial model is first tested and verified using laboratory meander channels; good agreement are obtained between predicted bank retreat and measured data. The model is then applied to a 16-kilometer reach of Chosui River, Taiwan. Vertical and lateral channel evolution during a three-year period (2004 to 2007) is simulated and results are compared with the field data. It is shown that the geofluvial model correctly captures all major erosion and deposition patterns. The new model is shown to be useful for identifying potential erosion sites and providing information for river maintenance planning.

Arquitetura vertical de Curitiba : anos 80 e 90 : uma análise pós-moderna

Este trabalho, trata do contexto da arquitetura da cidade de Curitiba no Paraná, durante os anos oitenta e noventa e seu inter-relacionamento com os acontecimentos de abrangência nacional e mundial. A partir do estudo pormenorizado dos casos arquitetônicos dos edifícios desenvolvidos em altura, se faz uma reflexão crítica a respeito da assimilação do repertório pós-moderno como revisão do movimento moderno. Ainda aborda a apropriação da sua superfície imagística, como recurso comercial de tendência a uma “moda” arquitetônica. Analisa também a consolidação de grupos de arquitetura com características locais específicas.

Projeto mecânico do mecanismo de aplicação de carga do sistema de deslocamento longitudinal e vertical de um simulador de teste acelerado de pavimentos rodoviários

O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento do projeto mecânico do mecanismo de aplicação de carga do sistema de deslocamento longitudinal do Simulador de Tráfego UFRGS DAERlRS. Esta é uma máquina utilizada para executar teste acelerado em pavimentos rodoviários. O sistema mecânico que executa o deslocamento longitudinal é composto de um chassi tipo carro que se movimenta de forma alternada dentro de uma estrutura metálica ao longo de 12 metros. Neste sistema mecânico deverá estar acop1ado um par de pneus para fazer a aplicação da carga por rolamento sobre a pista que estará sendo testada pelo simulador de tráfego. A cada ciclo completo um atuador hidráulico fará o respectivo carregamento sobre o garfo que guia os pneus, num único sentido, ou seja, no retomo o atuador suspende este mesmo garfo garantindo que não haja contato com a pista. A magnitude da carga aplicada deverá ser mantida constante e devidamente monitorada no decorrer dos ensaios. Para isso, conta-se com a imp1ementação de elementos elásticos e células de carga no conjunto. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foi empregada uma metodologia para o processo de projeto que se desdobra em quatro fases principais: Projeto Informacional, Projeto Conceitual, Projeto Preliminar e Projeto Detalhado. Tem-se como resultado deste 1rabalho o projeto mecânico do mecanismo de aplicação de carga do Simulador de Tráfego UFRGS-DAERlRS que poderá ser facilmente fabricado e imp1ementado no equipamento existente. O projeto foi elaborado considerando os itens montagem, manutenção e operação, o que resultará em aumento da sua performance durante sua utilização.

Estudo da transmissibilidade da vibração no corpo humano na direção vertical e desenvolvimento de um modelo biodinâmico de quatro graus de liberdade

Este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar e avaliar a transmissibilidade da vibração no corpo humano além de desenvolver um modelo numérico de quatro graus de liberdade representativo do sistema banco e corpo humano. Para auxiliar no desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi realizado um resgate de pesquisas publicadas por pesquisadores anteriormente na área de modelamento numérico, além das medições e avaliações da transmissibilidade da vibração no corpo humano. Foram realizadas medições da transmissibilidade da vibração no corpo humano na posição sentado em um banco comumente utilizado para motoristas de ônibus urbanos. As medições foram realizadas ao longo do eixo z, de acordo com as recomendações das normas ISO 2631 (1974 e 1997), utilizando-se de acelerômetros uni-axiais, um computador com placa conversora analógica para digital (A/D), além de programas desenvolvidos na plataforma de programação gráfica HPVee para aquisição dos níveis de vibração e avaliação das transmissibilidades da vibração. A vibração vertical foi simultaneamente medida no corpo humano (direção z – ISO 2631). Para medir os níveis de vibração no assento, na pélvis, no ombro e na cabeça foram utilizados quatro micro-acelerômetros uni-axiais (Endveco Isotron 2250A/AM1-10) enquanto que no piso, foi utilizado um acelerômetro uni-axial da Brüel & Kjaer 4338. O grupo estudado nos experimentos era composto por cinco indivíduos, sendo três homens e duas mulheres. Avaliou-se a transmissibilidade entre o assento do banco e o piso, entre a pélvis o assento, entre o ombro e o assento e entre a cabeça e o assento. Os resultados indicaram que o sistema apresentou uma amplificação da transmissibilidade entre o assento e o piso em até 2,5 vezes, enquanto que, para as demais transmissibilidades (pélvis/assento, ombro/assento, cabeça/assento) houve uma atenuação gradual da transmissibilidade da vibração Um modelo linear de quatro graus de liberdade foi desenvolvido para representar o comportamento biodinâmico de indivíduos brasileiros submetidos à vibração forçada proveniente de sinais medidos em ônibus urbanos brasileiros. O modelo responde simultaneamente de acordo com os dados obtidos experimentalmente da transmissibilidade entre o assento e o piso e entre o ombro e o assento para uma faixa de freqüência de 4 até 40 Hz. Foi desenvolvida uma rotina no Maple 5.5 (anexo 10.4) a qual consiste em ajustar uma curva de transmissibilidade calculada com os limites estabelecidos dos parâmetros biomecânicos definidos nos ensaios biométricos e literatura às curvas de transmissibilidade obtidas experimentalmente. Os resultados indicaram que para a curva de transmissibilidade entre o assento e o ombro o erro foi de 37,78% enquanto que para as curvas de transmissibilidade entre o assento e o piso apresentaram um erro de 17,74 %. Apesar dos valores de erro percentual terem sido relativamente elevados, os valores de ambas as curvas de transmissibilidade numérica apresentaram resultados de ajuste muito próximos às curvas experimentais.