Conhecimento sobre HPV (Papilomavírus Humano) e a percepção das adolescentes sobre sua imunização

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Avaliação da cinetica bacteriana na biolixiviação de calcopirita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Identificação taxonômica e análise conexionista de bactérias heterotróficas e fatores abióticos de ambientes lóticos sob influência de efluentes do refino no petróleo

This study used a multi-analytical approach based on traditional microbiological methods for cultivation and isolation of heterotrophic bacteria in the laboratory associated with the molecular identification of the isolates and physicochemical analysis of environmental samples. The model chosen for data integration was supported by knowledge from computational neuroscience, and composed by three modules: (i) microbiological parameters, contemplating taxonomic data obtained from the partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from 80 colonies of heterotrophic bacteria isolated by plating method in PCA media. For bacterial colonies isolation were used water samples from Atibaia and Jaguarí rivers collected at the site of water captation for use in effluent treatment, upstream from the entrance of treated effluent from the Paulínia refinery (REPLAN/Petrobras) located in the Paulínia-SP municipality, from the output of the biological treatment plant with stabilization pond and from the raw refinery wastewater; (ii) chemical parameters, ending measures of dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride, acidity CaCO3, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved ions, sulfides, oils and greases; and (iii) physical parameters, comprising the pH determination, conductivity, temperature, transparency, settleable solids, suspended and soluble solids, volatile material, remaining fixing material (RFM), apparent color and turbidity. The results revealed interesting theoretical relationships involving two families of bacteria (Carnobacteriaceae and Aeromonadaceae). Carnobacteriaceae revealed positive theoretical relationships with COD, BOD, nitrate, chloride, temperature, conductivity and apparent color and negative theoretical relationships with the OD. Positive theoretical relationships were shown between Aeromonadaceae and OD and nitrate, while this bacterial family showed negative theoretical...

Avaliação da atividade antitumoral de uma clinoptilolita de origem natural e outra sintética em modelo experimental de EHRLICH

O câncer destaca-se pela alta incidência e mortalidade. Os tratamentos atualmente usados são agressivos e não específicos, com isso cresce a busca por novas drogas. Uma substância que vem despertando muito interesse são as zeólitas, minerais com característica porosa e estrutura conhecida. Estas possuem ações como adjuvante de vacinas, imunomoduladores e imunoestimuladores, o que desperta o interesse em estuda-las no modelo antitumoral. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito antitumoral e imunomodulador da zeólita natural clinoptilolita e da zeólita comercial, utilizando um modelo de câncer mamário (Tumor de Ehrlich). Para tanto a zeólita natural foi caracterizada (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Difração de raio X), realizada avaliação da viabilidade celular (ensaio de MTT), determinada a produção de óxido nítrico por macrófagos peritoneais, quantificação de citocinas (ELISA) e avaliação do crescimento tumoral. As zeólitas natural e comercial apresentaram elevada ativação de macrófagos, e não produziram quantidades significativas de NO. A zeólita natural apresentou citotoxicidade frente ao Tumor de Ehrlich em duas concentrações testadas (5 e 25 mg/ml). Não houve liberação significativa da citocina IL-10, no entanto os grupos que foram reestimulados com zeólita natural apresentaram maior liberação de IL-1β e TNF-α. Nos testes in vivo, a zeólita comercial foi a única que apresentou inibição tumoral frente ao Tumor de Ehrlich, sendo necessários estudos mais aprofundados para definir a sua atividade antitumoral nesse tipo celular.

Identificação taxonômica e análise conexionista de bactérias heterotróficas e fatores abióticos de ambientes lóticos sob influência de efluentes do refino no petróleo

This study used a multi-analytical approach based on traditional microbiological methods for cultivation and isolation of heterotrophic bacteria in the laboratory associated with the molecular identification of the isolates and physicochemical analysis of environmental samples. The model chosen for data integration was supported by knowledge from computational neuroscience, and composed by three modules: (i) microbiological parameters, contemplating taxonomic data obtained from the partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from 80 colonies of heterotrophic bacteria isolated by plating method in PCA media. For bacterial colonies isolation were used water samples from Atibaia and Jaguarí rivers collected at the site of water captation for use in effluent treatment, upstream from the entrance of treated effluent from the Paulínia refinery (REPLAN/Petrobras) located in the Paulínia-SP municipality, from the output of the biological treatment plant with stabilization pond and from the raw refinery wastewater; (ii) chemical parameters, ending measures of dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chloride, acidity CaCO3, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved ions, sulfides, oils and greases; and (iii) physical parameters, comprising the pH determination, conductivity, temperature, transparency, settleable solids, suspended and soluble solids, volatile material, remaining fixing material (RFM), apparent color and turbidity. The results revealed interesting theoretical relationships involving two families of bacteria (Carnobacteriaceae and Aeromonadaceae). Carnobacteriaceae revealed positive theoretical relationships with COD, BOD, nitrate, chloride, temperature, conductivity and apparent color and negative theoretical relationships with the OD. Positive theoretical relationships were shown between Aeromonadaceae and OD and nitrate, while this bacterial family showed negative theoretical...

Avaliação da atividade antitumoral de uma clinoptilolita de origem natural e outra sintética em modelo experimental de EHRLICH

O câncer destaca-se pela alta incidência e mortalidade. Os tratamentos atualmente usados são agressivos e não específicos, com isso cresce a busca por novas drogas. Uma substância que vem despertando muito interesse são as zeólitas, minerais com característica porosa e estrutura conhecida. Estas possuem ações como adjuvante de vacinas, imunomoduladores e imunoestimuladores, o que desperta o interesse em estuda-las no modelo antitumoral. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito antitumoral e imunomodulador da zeólita natural clinoptilolita e da zeólita comercial, utilizando um modelo de câncer mamário (Tumor de Ehrlich). Para tanto a zeólita natural foi caracterizada (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Difração de raio X), realizada avaliação da viabilidade celular (ensaio de MTT), determinada a produção de óxido nítrico por macrófagos peritoneais, quantificação de citocinas (ELISA) e avaliação do crescimento tumoral. As zeólitas natural e comercial apresentaram elevada ativação de macrófagos, e não produziram quantidades significativas de NO. A zeólita natural apresentou citotoxicidade frente ao Tumor de Ehrlich em duas concentrações testadas (5 e 25 mg/ml). Não houve liberação significativa da citocina IL-10, no entanto os grupos que foram reestimulados com zeólita natural apresentaram maior liberação de IL-1β e TNF-α. Nos testes in vivo, a zeólita comercial foi a única que apresentou inibição tumoral frente ao Tumor de Ehrlich, sendo necessários estudos mais aprofundados para definir a sua atividade antitumoral nesse tipo celular.

On the pathogenesis of Plasmodium vivax malaria: Perspectives from the Brazilian field

Life-threatening Plasmodium vivax malaria cases, while uncommon, have been reported since the early 20th century. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of these severe vivax malaria cases is still poorly understood. In Brazil, the proportion of vivax malaria cases has been steadily increasing, as have the number of cases presenting serious clinical complications. The most frequent syndromes associated with severe vivax malaria in Brazil are severe anaemia and acute respiratory distress. Additionally, P. vivax infection may also result in complications associated with pregnancy. Here, we review the latest findings on severe vivax malaria in Brazil. We also discuss how the development of targeted field research infrastructure in Brazil is providing clinical and ex vivo experimental data that benefits local and international efforts to understand the pathogenesis of P. vivax. (C) 2012 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Deslocamento miscível de um efluente de indústria de explosivo em colunas de solo

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alguns impactos decorrentes do deslocamento miscível de efluente de nitração de uma indústria de explosivos aplicado em colunas de um Latossolo Amarelo, horizonte B (LA-B), submetido aos tratamentos: adição de carbonatos (BASE), ácidos (ACID), fosfato (FOSF), carbonatos e fosfato (BASE-FOSF) e ácidos e fosfatos (ACID-FOSF). A recuperação de nitrogênio em relação ao total aplicado varia entre 10,1 (ACID) e 65,5% (BASE). Há correlação significativa entre as curvas de transposição de N obtidas experimentalmente e as simuladas pelo aplicativo STANMOD para a maioria das colunas (p<0,001). A exceção ocorreu para ACID-FOSF (p=0,202). Não há correlação entre carga eletrostática líquida (CEL) e as variáveis de ajuste do modelo: fator de retardamento (FR), coeficiente de dispersão-difusão (D) e taxa de decaimento de primeira ordem m (µ). A adição de fosfato (FOSF) favorece a movimentação do nitrogênio, pois diminui FR (2,35±0,05) e µ (0,498±0,050 h-1) e aumenta D (41,8±5,5 cm2 h-1) em relação ao observado na coluna LA-B (2,51±0,03; 1,697±0,084 h-1e 2,8±1,3 cm2 h-1 respectivamente). A adição de carbonatos e/ou fosfatos (BASE, BASE/FOSF e FOSF) resultou nos maiores valores máximos de demanda química de oxigênio (DQOMÁX). A pequena quantidade de DNA extraída das células bacterianas nos solos sugere que, possivelmente, os processos que governam a adsorção e movimentação de N sejam de natureza não biológica ou que a elevada DQO do líquido percolado prejudica os microrganismos do solo.

Brazilian avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B: experimental infection of broilers and evaluation of vaccine efficacy

Santos M.B., Martini M.C., Ferreira H.L., Silva L.H.A., Fellipe P.A., Spilki F.R. & Arns C.W. 2012. Brazilian avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B: experimental infection of broilers and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 32(12):1257-1262. Laboratorio de Virologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Cx. Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil. E-mail: arns@unicamp.br Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a respiratory pathogen associated with the swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens. In Brazil, live aMPV vaccines are currently used, but subtypes A and, mainly subtype B (aMPV/A and aMPV/B) are still circulating. This study was conducted to characterize two Brazilian aMPV isolates (A and B subtypes) of chicken origin. A challenge trial to explore the replication ability of the Brazilian subtypes A and B in chickens was performed. Subsequently, virological protection provided from an aMPV/B vaccine against the same isolates was analyzed. Upon challenge experiment, it was shown by virus isolation and real time PCR that aMPV/B could be detected longer and in higher amounts than aMPV/A. For the protection study, 18 one-day-old chicks were vaccinated and challenged at 21 days of age. Using virus isolation and real time PCR, no aMPV/A was detected in the vaccinated chickens, whereas one vaccinated chicken challenged with the aMPV/B isolate was positive. The results showed that aMPV/B vaccine provided a complete heterologous virological protection, although homologous protection was not complete in one chicken. Although only one aMPV/B positive chicken was detected after homologous vaccination, replication in vaccinated animals might allow the emergence of escape mutants.

Liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio por fagócitos de glândulas mamárias bovinas hígidas e infectadas

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) por fagócitos oriundos de glândulas mamárias bovinas sadias e infectadas. Desse modo, 73 amostras de leite provenientes das glândulas mamárias foram classificadas em sadias e infectadas de acordo com a cultura bacteriológica e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS). Após o isolamento das células do leite, procedeu-se à contagem diferencial de leucócitos e determinação da liberação de H2O2 pela oxidação da solução de vermelho fenol. Foi observada menor liberação de H2O2 pelos fagócitos oriundos dos quartos mamários infectados, assim como houve correlação negativa entre a liberação de H2O2 por fagócitos e a CCS (r=-0,34; P=0,0025), e a porcentagem de neutrófilos (r=-0,24; P=0,04). Além disso, houve tendência de menor liberação de H2O2 pelos fagócitos estimulados por forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato nas glândulas mamárias infectadas. Entretanto, observou-se maior liberação de H2O2 pelos fagócitos em 1mL de leite nos quartos mamários infectados, ao considerar a CCS mL-1. Pode-se concluir que fagócitos de quartos mamários infectados apresentaram menor liberação de H2O2, o que indica menor capacidade microbicida. Por outro lado, observou-se maior liberação de H2O2 pelos fagócitos em 1mL de leite nos quartos infectados, fato que pode contribuir com o maior recrutamento de leucócitos para a glândula mamária e/ou a persistência do processo inflamatório.

Trypanosoma cruzi Adjuvants Potentiate T Cell-Mediated Immunity Induced by a NY-ESO-1 Based Antitumor Vaccine

Immunological adjuvants that induce T cell-mediate immunity (TCMI) with the least side effects are needed for the development of human vaccines. Glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPL) and CpGs oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) derived from the protozoa parasite Trypanosoma cruzi induce potent pro-inflammatory reaction through activation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR9, respectively. Here, using mouse models, we tested the T. cruzi derived TLR agonists as immunological adjuvants in an antitumor vaccine. For comparison, we used well-established TLR agonists, such as the bacterial derived monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), lipopeptide (Pam3Cys), and CpG ODN. All tested TLR agonists were comparable to induce antibody responses, whereas significant differences were noticed in their ability to elicit CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cell responses. In particular, both GIPLs (GTH, and GY) and CpG ODNs (B344, B297 and B128) derived from T. cruzi elicited interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by CD4(+) T cells. On the other hand, the parasite derived CpG ODNs, but not GIPLs, elicited a potent IFN-gamma response by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. The side effects were also evaluated by local pain (hypernociception). The intensity of hypernociception induced by vaccination was alleviated by administration of an analgesic drug without affecting protective immunity. Finally, the level of protective immunity against the NY-ESO-1 expressing melanoma was associated with the magnitude of both CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses elicited by a specific immunological adjuvant.

Cost-effectiveness of introducing the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the universal immunisation of infants in Brazil

Background Cost-effectiveness studies have been increasingly part of decision processes for incorporating new vaccines into the Brazilian National Immunisation Program. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in the universal childhood immunisation programme in Brazil. Methods A decision-tree analytical model based on the ProVac Initiative pneumococcus model was used, following 25 successive cohorts from birth until 5 years of age. Two strategies were compared: (1) status quo and (2) universal childhood immunisation programme with PCV10. Epidemiological and cost estimates for pneumococcal disease were based on National Health Information Systems and literature. A 'top-down' costing approach was employed. Costs are reported in 2004 Brazilian reals. Costs and benefits were discounted at 3%. Results 25 years after implementing the PCV10 immunisation programme, 10 226 deaths, 360 657 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 433 808 hospitalisations and 5 117 109 outpatient visits would be avoided. The cost of the immunisation programme would be R$10 674 478 765, and the expected savings on direct medical costs and family costs would be R$1 036 958 639 and R$209 919 404, respectively. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of R$778 145/death avoided and R$22 066/DALY avoided from the society perspective. Conclusion The PCV10 universal infant immunisation programme is a cost-effective intervention (1-3 GDP per capita/DALY avoided). Owing to the uncertain burden of disease data, as well as unclear long-term vaccine effects, surveillance systems to monitor the long-term effects of this programme will be essential.

Pathogen-Induced Proapoptotic Phenotype and High CD95 (Fas) Expression Accompany a Suboptimal CD8(+) T-Cell Response: Reversal by Adenoviral Vaccine

MHC class la-restricted CD8(+) T cells are important mediators of the adaptive immune response against infections caused by intracellular microorganisms. Whereas antigen-specific effector CD8(+) T cells can clear infection caused by intracellular pathogens, in some circumstances, the immune response is suboptimal and the microorganisms survive, causing host death or chronic infection. Here, we explored the cellular and molecular mechanisms that could explain why CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity during infection with the human protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is not optimal. For that purpose, we compared the CD8(+) T-cell mediated immune responses in mice infected with T. cruzi or vaccinated with a recombinant adenovirus expressing an immunodominant parasite antigen. Several functional and phenotypic characteristics of specific CD8(+) T cells overlapped. Among few exceptions was an accelerated expansion of the immune response in adenoviral vaccinated mice when compared to infected ones. Also, there was an upregulated expression of the apoptotic-signaling receptor CD95 on the surface of specific T cells from infected mice, which was not observed in the case of adenoviral-vaccinated mice. Most importantly, adenoviral vaccine provided at the time of infection significantly reduced the upregulation of CD95 expression and the proapoptotic phenotype of pathogen-specific CD8(+) cells expanded during infection. In parallel, infected adenovirus-vaccinated mice had a stronger CD8(+) T-cell mediated immune response and survived an otherwise lethal infection. We concluded that a suboptimal CD8(+) T-cell response is associated with an upregulation of CD95 expression and a proapoptotic phenotype. Both can be blocked by adenoviral vaccination.

Toll-like receptor 1 N248S single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with leprosy risk and regulates immune activation during mycobacterial infection

Conflicting findings about the association between leprosy and TLR1 variants N248S and I602S have been reported. Here, we performed case-control and family based studies, followed by replication in 2 case-control populations from Brazil, involving 3162 individuals. Results indicated an association between TLR1 248S and leprosy in the case-control study (SS genotype odds ratio [OR], 1.81; P = .004) and the family based study (z = 2.02; P = .05). This association was consistently replicated in other populations (combined OR, 1.51; P < .001), corroborating the finding that 248S is a susceptibility factor for leprosy. Additionally, we demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) carrying 248S produce a lower tumor necrosis factor/interleukin-10 ratio when stimulated with Mycobacterium leprae but not with lipopolysaccharide or PAM3cysK4. The same effect was observed after infection of PBMCs with the Moreau strain of bacillus Calmette-Guerin but not after infection with other strains. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the Toll-like receptor 1 structure containing 248S amino acid is different from the structure containing 248N. Our results suggest that TLR1 248S is associated with an increased risk for leprosy, consistent with its hypoimmune regulatory function.

Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária no hospital geral de uma microrregião de saúde do município de São Paulo, Brasil

O indicador Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária é adotado no Brasil para avaliação da atenção básica. Considerando a sua recente adoção, este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar o panorama dessas internações em um hospital do município de São Paulo. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico exploratório, tendo como fontes o Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde e uma amostra de prontuários de pacientes internados neste hospital. Para análise, foi utilizada a estatística descritiva. As Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária seguem tendência de redução, sendo as pneumonias bacterianas as que mais internaram no período; maior frequência para a faixa etária de 65 anos de idade e mais, e para o sexo feminino. Internações por Condições Sensíveis, somente, não são suficientes para avaliação da atenção básica, mas permite avaliar a organização da rede de saúde, que deve assegurar continuidade do cuidado em busca do princípio da integralidade.