Trayectoria intelectual y literaria de Manuel Ugarte (1895-1924)

En el primer capitulo, la tesis se centró en las Crónicas del bulevar [1902] que condensan el desdoblamiento de la práctica ugarteana, es decir su actividad literaria y la escritura de crónicas periodísticas con un sesgo político y sociológico. Uno de los rasgos característicos fue el establecimiento de diagnósticos acerca de las tendencias culturales europeas o latinoamericanas del presente, una operación retórica que puede leerse como indicio mismo de la modernización de las letras hispanoamericanas. En este capitulo puede verse el modo en que Ugarte evalúa el ejercicio de la crónica francesa, el caso Dreyfus, los congresos de la juventud o la Exposición Universal de 1900. Por un lado, me detuve en su recepción de la conferencia de Jaures sobre el arte y el socialismo, a partir de lo cual pude describir las claves de su intervención intelectual: un socialismo eufemizado; la fe en la ciencia propia del ensayismo latinoamericano, aun cuando los observadores de la época conocían las doctrinas antipositivistas por las ediciones españolas de Sempere, por ejemplo. Finalmente, la interpretación del sentido indefectible de la humanidad hacia el socialismo y la necesidad de inscribir las practicas artísticas en ese sentido, lo que le da argumentos contra el modernismo, al que tilda de individualista y residual. Por otro lado, la afirmación juvenilista ugarteana a través de la cual aparece un diálogo temprano con el discurso de Rodo: sus crónicas sobre la juventud francesa y sudamericana, respectivamente, encierran una concepción de esta última como fuerza política. En el segundo capitulo, analizo su reflexión en torno a la identidad latinoamericana dio lugar a un progresivo abandono del dogma de la desigualdad de las razas y su función disonante respecto de las lecturas de la sociología positivista. A su vez, en relación con las reflexiones sobre la identidad latinoamericana, la te matización del discurso latinista europeo en función de estas. Esto permitió explicar tanto la singularidad de su programa de unión continental, cuanto las características del discurso antiimperialista que desarrolla tempranamente. En el capítulo 3, para comprender continuidades y desvíos respecto de la tradición antinorteamericana rioplatense, resulto necesario situar a Ugarte en el marco de dicha tradición. Allí pude reconocer una configuración epocal, legible en Martí, Darío, Rodo, Ugarte y García Calderon, caracterizada por la afirmación de "la América latina" como tierra de promesas, capaz de redimir al propio Occidente. La investigación me llevo, asimismo, a identificar con precisión no solo los puntos de contacto y diferencias de las intervenciones latinoamericanistas de Ugarte en relación con los socialistas argentinos, sino las propias tensiones doctrinarias que surgían de la posición periférica de los actores analizados, en el interior de dicha formación, en su etapa de constitución como partido que pretendía dar un marco nacional a sus acciones. La intervención universalista autorizada en el cientificismo, así como la afirmación identitaria continental, permiten a su vez explicar el ejercicio ugarteano de la critica literaria analizado en el cuarto capitulo. Lo primero quedo claro en la insistente patologización de los poetas modernistas y de la poética misma y de sus efectos. También advertí los modos singulares con que Ugarte interviene en el diseño de un programa para la literatura latinoamericana en el momento de emergencia de un campo intelectual en formación. En el último capitulo, reconstruí la trayectoria literaria ubicando tres momentos: los comienzos en Buenos Aires, con la creación de la Revista literaria, que revelan una temprana tendencia al emprendimiento de proyectos culturales, paralelamente a una iniciativa "religadora" [Zanetti] entre los escritores jóvenes del continente. El segundo momento, el más fecundo, se ubica entre su llegada a Paris y 1910, poco antes de su partida hacia América; intente mostrar que las primeras publicaciones retoman varios de los temas modernistas. En 1924 ubique el 3er momento de la trayectoria, en que Ugarte vuelve a la escribir después de 14 años de silencio literario. Ugarte incursiona en la novela, introduciendo procedimientos autorreferenciales pirandelianos, a través de una fabula alegórica con motivos modernistas [las mascaras, Pierrot, el poeta victima del mundo burgués]. Intente mostrar que Ugarte resuelve imaginariamente, dándole un cierre, los modos de su intervención intelectual marcada por el profetismo. La escritura libera así fantasmas políticos y autobiográficos, y propone una distopía respecto de los destinos emancipatorios de las sociedades modernas, exhibiendo una gran lucidez respecto de los resortes de la dominación simbólica

Baroja, Azorín y la teoría de la novela orteguiana

En torno a 1912-1914, José Ortega y Gasset inicia una serie de reflexiones sobre las obras más recientes de Pío Baroja y Azorín, con el ánimo de llevar a cabo un análisis del proceso de regeneración de España. Las obras de Baroja y Azorín muestran, a los ojos de Ortega, dos modos distintos pero complementarios de entender España, de enfrentarse al problema patriótico y de afrontar el proceso de modernización del país, que, tal como intuye el filósofo madrileño, ha de llevarse a cabo a través de una renovación cultural. Esa perspectiva analítica va a derivar pronto en el pensador madrileño en una reflexión sobre la teoría de la novela como género literario, a partir de los textos de los dos escritores, como modo de enunciar a través de la evolución del género novelesco la evolución y crisis del racionalismo moderno. Así, la reflexión teórica orteguiana sobre la naturaleza de la novela, desde un punto de vista diacrónico en Meditaciones del Quijote (1914) y desde un punto de vista sincrónico en Ideas sobre la novela (1925), apunta a una doble finalidad, a partir de la reflexión estética: a la visión de la crisis de la razón racionalista y el surgimiento de una nueva razón vital; al problema de cómo enfrentar el proceso de modernización de España en los primeros años del siglo XX. En consecuencia, el debate estético que llevarán a cabo Baroja y Azorín a partir de las reflexiones orteguianas, que estallará en el enfrentamiento entre Baroja y Ortega a la altura de 1924-1925, encubre un debate ideológico del que el otro no es mera cobertura, sino elemento sustancial (el hombre es entendido por Ortega como un "ser de cultura", mientras que Baroja lo concibe como "ser de raza"), y que se ubica en la reflexión central de la vanguardia dentro de la modernidad.

Ecos recientes de un debate inconcluso acerca de la Revolución Agrícola en Inglaterra y de la transformación de su economia agraria entre 1500 y 1850

El debate acerca de la existencia, cronología y factores de una "revolución agrícola" que precede y se relaciona con la "revolución industrial" tiene larga data. Los temas sustantivos de este debate conservan una importancia central para comprender el desarrollo tanto de la agricultura como de la economía inglesas en los siglos que median de 1500 a 1850. A lo largo del mismo se han configurado una versión tradicional y otra revisionista. Resulta posible a esta altura, realizar una confrontación de ambas interpretaciones por medio de la obra de dos autores importantes, Marc Overton y Robert C. Allen.

Los negocios con la tierra pública en la frontera del río Salado del Norte. Santiago del Estero, 1850-1880

Inscribiendo al artículo en los nuevos estudios de tierras y procurando resolver algunos interrogantes en relación a la ocupación del suelo más allá de la campana bonaerense, nos aproximaremos a los grandes procesos de apropiación y traspaso de los territorios de la frontera del Salado del Norte, en el Departamento Matará, llevados adelante por la elite socio-política local. Analizaremos los mecanismos utilizados para acceder legalmente a la propiedad de la tierra y los negocios entre el estado y los particulares generados con los nuevos territorios en disponibilidad considerados "tierra pública".

La elite salteña durante la formación del Estado, 1850-1880 : Comercio regional y distribución de la tierra

El siguiente artículo estudia la historia económica salteña entre 1850 y 1875. El trabajo estudia las características del comercio regional, la producción agropecuaria y la distribución demográfica a través del análisis del Registro Estadístico de la Provincia de Salta y el Censo Provincial, ambos de 1865. En segundo lugar, estudia la distribución de la tierra en la campaña de la capital a partir del análisis del Catastro Territorial de 1856 y el Catastro Reformado de 1876, con el propósito de identificar las bases materiales que controló la elite económica local. Por último, se presenta una síntesis de la distribución de la tierra en las otras regiones que se conformaron en la provincia, a partir del análisis de los catastros departamentales de 1872

Epibiosis between the sand crab Emerita analoga and the mussel Semimytilus algosus

Coastal zones of the Humboldt Current Upwelling System (HCUS) are composed both of rocky and sandy beaches inhabited by macrozoobenthic communities. These show oscillating changes in the dominance of species; the abundance of the sand crab Emerita analoga is linked to phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The biogenic surfaces of these crabs serve as substrate for opportunistic colonizers. This study is the first record of an epibiosis between E. analoga and the rock mussel Semimytilus algosus, detected at a southern Peruvian sandy beach. Mussels fouled a wide size-range of adult E. analoga (7.3%) but they themselves belonged to small-size classes. The largest S. algosus was 17.4 mm in length. Highest permanence of epibionts was found on larger sand crabs (maximum between 24 and 27 mm). Significantly more mussels were found on the ventral surface (39.4%) compared to 10 other surface areas of the sand crab. Possible benefits and disadvantages of the observed epibiosis for both the basibiont and the epibiont are discussed.

Sediment geochemistry, foraminiferal fauna parameter, census counts and Varimax PC-factor loadings and scores of foraminiferal assemblages of sediment core GeoB12615-4

Analogous to West- and North Africa, East Africa experienced more humid conditions between approximately 12 to 5 kyr BP, relative to today. While timing and extension of wet phases in the North and West are well constrained, this is not the case for the East African Humid Period. Here we present a record of benthic foraminiferal assemblages and sediment elemental compositions of a sediment core from the East African continental slope, in order to provide insight into the regional shallow Indian Ocean paleoceanography and East African climate history of the last 40 kyr. During glacial times, the dominance of a benthic foraminiferal assemblage characterized by Bulimina aculeata, suggests enhanced surface productivity and sustained flux of organic carbon to the sea floor. During Heinrich Stadial 1 (H1), the Nuttallides rugosus Assemblage indicates oligotrophic bottom water conditions and therefore implies a stronger flow of southern-sourced AAIW to the study site. During the East African Humid Period, the Saidovina karreriana Assemblage in combination with sedimentary C/N and Fe/Ca ratios suggest higher river runoff to the Indian Ocean, and hence more humid conditions in East Africa. Between 8.5 and 8.1 kyr, contemporaneous to the globally documented 8.2 kyr Event, a severe reduction in river deposits implies more arid conditions on the continent. Comparison of our marine data with terrestrial studies suggests that additional moisture from the Atlantic Ocean, delivered by an eastward migration of the Congo Air Boundary during that time period, could have contributed to East African rainfall. Since approximately 9 kyr, the gaining influence of the Millettiana millettii Assemblage indicates a redevelopment of the East African fringe reefs.

Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1)

The Climatological Database for the World's Oceans: 1750-1854 (CLIWOC) project, which concluded in 2004, abstracted more than 280,000 daily weather observations from ships' logbooks from British, Dutch, French, and Spanish naval vessels engaged in imperial business in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These data, now compiled into a database, provide valuable information for the reconstruction of oceanic wind field patterns for this key period that precedes the time in which anthropogenic influences on climate became evident. These reconstructions, in turn, provide evidence for such phenomena as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Of equal importance is the finding that the CLIWOC database the first coordinated attempt to harness the scientific potential of this resource represents less than 10 percent of the volume of data currently known to reside in this important but hitherto neglected source.

Rural to Urban Migration: A District Level Analysis for India

Based on the recent census data this paper analyses the district level rural to urban migration rates (both intra-state and the inter-state) among males and females separately. Both the rates are closely associated irrespective of whether the migrants originate from the rural areas within the state or outside the state. This would suggest that women usually migrate as accompanists of the males. Though many of the relatively poor and backward states actually show large population mobility, which is primarily in search of a livelihood, the mobility of male population is also seen to be prominent in the relatively advanced states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Rapid migration of rural females within the boundaries of the states is, however, evident across most of the regions. The social networks, which play an important role in the context of migration are prevalent among the short distance migrants and tend to lose their significance with a rise in the distance between the place of origin and destination though there are some exceptions to this phenomenon. Besides the north-south divide in the Indian context is indeed a significant phenomenon with a few exceptions of metropolitan cities. As regards the effect of factors at the place of destination, prospects for better job opportunities are a major determinant of male migration. Low castes and minority groups tend to pull migration through network effects. Among females also these effects are evident though with the inclusion of the male migration rate they become less significant. Finally the paper brings out the policy implications.

Changes in the causes of earnings inequality in urban China from 1988 to 2002

This paper analyzes the causes of earnings inequality in urban China from 1988 to 2002. Earnings inequality in urban China continuously increased, even when adjusting for regional price differences. This paper reveals how the causes of earnings inequality changed between the periods 1988-1995 and 1995-2002 by reflecting labor-related institutional reform in China. Contrary to the situation from 1988 to 1995, between 1995 and 2002, employment status became the largest disequalizer, and the decline of inter-provincial inequality contributed to a reduction in entire earnings inequality. Individual ability, represented by education and occupation, received much greater rewards. Throughout the period from 1988 to 2002, a large part of the explained inequality increase was due to change in price (valuation of each individual's attributes) and not due to change in quantity (composition of individual attributes).

Deprivation of Education in Urban Areas: A Basic Profile of Slum Children in Delhi, India

This paper showed the basic educational status of slum children between 5 and 14 years old. The attendance ratio of slum children is much lower than that of children in Delhi as a whole. Parental perception of education and financing education are the major constraints. Even if children are attending schools, the majority of them are over-aged. There are both demand and supply side reasons for discouraging slum children from attending schooling. As opposed to school-based surveys in previous literature, children in slums are more likely to go to government schools rather than low-fee paying private schools. Some policies are suggested.

Potential to attract drivers out of their cars in dense urban areas.

Purpose Sustainable mobility urban policies intend reducing car use and increasing walking, cycling and public transport. However, this transfer from private car to these more sustainable modes is only a real alternative where distances are small and the public transport supply competitive enough. This paper proposes a methodology to calculate the number of trips that can be transferred from private car to other modes in city centres. Method The method starts analyzing which kind of trips cannot change its mode (purposes, conditions, safety , etc.), and then setting a process to determine under which conditions trips made by car between given O-D pairs can be transferable. Then, the application of demand models allow to determine which trips fulfil the transferability conditions. The process test the possibility of transfer in a sequential way: firs to walking, then cycling and finally to public transport. Results The methodology is tested through its application to the city of Madrid (Spain), with the result of only some 18% of the trips currently made by car could be made by other modes, under the same conditions of trip time, and without affecting their characteristics. Out of these trips, 75% could be made by public transport, 15% cycling and 10% on foot. The possible mode to be transferred depends on the location: city centre areas are more favourable for walking and cycling while city skirts could attract more PT trips. Conclusions The proposed method has demonstrated its validity to determine the potential of transferring trips out of cars to more sustainable modes. Al the same time it is clear that, even in areas with favourable conditions for walking, cycling and PT trips, the potential of transfer is limited because cars fulfil more properly special requirements of some trips and tours.

Integrating periurban agrarian ecosystem services into spatial planning to cope with urban pressure

According to Corine Land Cover databases, in Europe between 1990 and 2000,77% of new artificial surfaces were built on previous agrarian areas. Urban sprawl ¡s far from being under control, between 2000 and 2006 new artificial land has grown in larger proportion than the decade before. In Spain, like in most countries, the impact of urban sprawl during the last decades has been especially significant in periurban agrarian spaces: between 2000 and 2006, 73% of new artificial surfaces were built on previous agrarian areas. The indirect impact of this trend has been even more relevant, as the expectations of appreciation in the value of land after new urban developments reinforce the ongoing trend of abandonment of agricultural land. In Madrid between 1980 and 2000 the loss of agricultural land due to abandonment of exploitation was 2-fold that due to transformation into urban areas. By comparing four case studies: Valladolild, Montpellier.Florence and Den Haag, this paper explores if urban and territorial planning may contribute to reduce urban pressure on the hinterland. In spite of their diversity, these regions have in common a relative prosperity arising from their territorial endowments, though their landscapes are still under pressure. The three last ones have been working for years on mainstream concepts like multifunctional agriculture. The systematic comparison and the analysis of successful approaches provide some clues on how to reconsider urban planning in order to preserve agricultural land. The final remarks highlight the context in which public commitment, legal protection instruments and financial strategies may contribute to the goals of urban, peri-urban or regional planning about fostering agrarian ecosystem services

Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola, a tropical urban environment

A total of 92 samples of street dust were collected in Luanda, Angola, were sieved below 100 μm, and analysed by ICP-MS for 35 elements after an aqua-regia digestion. The concentration and spatial heterogeneity of trace elements in the street dust of Luanda are generally lower than in most industrialized cities in the Northern hemisphere. These observations reveal a predominantly “natural” origin for the street dust in Luanda, which is also manifested in that some geochemical processes that occur in natural soils are preserved in street dust: the separation of uranium from thorium, and the retention of the former by carbonate materials, or the high correlation between arsenic and vanadium due to their common mode of adsorption on solid particles in the form of oxyanions. The only distinct anthropogenic fingerprint in the composition of Luanda's street dust is the association Pb–Cd–Sb–Cu (and to a lesser extent, Ba–Cr–Zn). The use of risk assessment strategies has proved helpful in identifying the routes of exposure to street dust and the trace elements therein of most concern in terms of potential adverse health effects. In Luanda the highest levels of risk seem to be associated (a) with the presence of As and Pb in the street dust and (b) with the route of ingestion of dust particles, for all the elements included in the study except Hg, for which inhalation of vapours presents a slightly higher risk than ingestion. However, given the large uncertainties associated with the estimates of toxicity values and exposure factors, and the absence of site-specific biometric factors, these results should be regarded as preliminary and further research should be undertaken before any definite conclusions regarding potential health effects are drawn.

Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust. Unleaded petrol and urban lead

The elemental composition, patterns of distribution and possible sources of street dust are not common to all urban environments, but vary according to the peculiarities of each city. The common features and dissimilarities in the origin and nature of street dust were investigated through a series of studies in two widely different cities, Madrid (Spain) and Oslo (Norway), between 1990 and 1994. The most comprehensive sampling campaign was carried out in the Norwegian capital during the summer of 1994. An area of 14 km2, covering most of downtown Oslo and some residential districts to the north of the city, was divided into 1 km2 mapping units, and 16 sampling increments of approximately 150 g were collected from streets and roads in each of them. The fraction below 100 μm was acid-digested and analysed by ICP-MS. Statistical analyses of the results suggest that chemical elements in street dust can be classified into three groups: “urban” elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Mg, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn), “natural” elements (Al, Ga, La, Mn, Na, Sr, Th, Y) and elements of a mixed origin or which have undergone geochemical changes from their original sources (Ca, Cs, Fe, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sr, U). Soil resuspension and/or mobilisation appears to be the most important source of “natural” elements, while “urban” elements originate primarily from traffic and from the weathering and corrosion of building materials. The data for Pb seem to prove that the gradual shift from leaded to unleaded petrol as fuel for automobiles has resulted in an almost proportional reduction in the concentration of Pb in dust particles under 100 μm. This fact and the spatial distribution of Pb in the city strongly suggest that lead sources other than traffic (i.e. lead accumulated in urban soil over the years) may contribute as much lead, if not more, to urban street dust.