Benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase, a soluble oxygenase from tobacco, catalyzes salicylic acid biosynthesis.

Benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase (BA2H) catalyzes the biosynthesis of salicylic acid from benzoic acid. The enzyme has been partially purified and characterized as a soluble protein of 160 kDa. High-efficiency in vivo labeling of salicylic acid with 18O2 suggested that BA2H is an oxygenase that specifically hydroxylates the ortho position of benzoic acid. The enzyme was strongly induced by either tobacco mosaic virus inoculation or benzoic acid infiltration of tobacco leaves and it was inhibited by CO and other inhibitors of cytochrome P450 hydroxylases. The BA2H activity was immunodepleted by antibodies raised against SU2, a soluble cytochrome P450 from Streptomyces griseolus. The anti-SU2 antibodies immunoprecipitated a radiolabeled polypeptide of around 160 kDa from the soluble protein extracts of L-[35S]-methionine-fed tobacco leaves. Purified BA2H showed CO-difference spectra with a maximum at 457 nm. These data suggest that BA2H belongs to a novel class of soluble, high molecular weight cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Expression of an Arabidopsis cryptochrome gene in transgenic tobacco results in hypersensitivity to blue, UV-A, and green light.

The Arabidopsis HY4 gene, required for blue-light-induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, encodes a 75-kDa flavoprotein (CRY1) with characteristics of a blue-light photoreceptor. To investigate the mechanism by which this photoreceptor mediates blue-light responses in vivo, we have expressed the Arabidopsis HY4 gene in transgenic tobacco. The transgenic plants exhibited a short-hypocotyl phenotype under blue, UV-A, and green light, whereas they showed no difference from the wild-type plant under red/far-red light or in the dark. This phenotype was found to cosegregate with overexpression of the HY4 transgene and to be fluence dependent. We concluded that the short-hypocotyl phenotype of transgenic tobacco plants was due to hypersensitivity to blue, UV-A, and green light, resulting from over-expression of the photoreceptor. These observations are consistent with the broad action spectrum for responses mediated by this cryptochrome in Arabidopsis and indicate that the machinery for signal, transduction required by the CRY1 protein is conserved among different plant species. Furthermore, the level of these photoresponses is seen to be determined by the cellular concentration of this photoreceptor.

Two inducers of plant defense responses, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinec acid and salicylic acid, inhibit catalase activity in tobacco.

2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and salicylic acid (SA) are potent inducers of plant defense responses including the synthesis of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and the development of enhanced disease resistance. A soluble SA-binding protein has been purified from tobacco with an affinity and specificity of binding that suggest it is a SA receptor. Recently, this protein has been shown to be a catalase whose enzymatic activity is inhibited by SA binding. We have proposed that the resulting increase in intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species plays a role in the induction of defense responses such as PR protein gene expression. Here we report that INA, like SA, binds the SA-binding protein/catalase and inhibits its enzymatic activity. In fact, the dose-response curves for inhibition of catalase by these two compounds are similar. Furthermore, the ability of both INA analogues and SA derivatives to bind and inhibit tobacco catalase correlates with their biological activity to induce PR-1 gene expression and enhance resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Comparison of the structures of INA, SA, and their analogues reveals several common features that appear to be important for biological activity. Thus, these results not only suggest that INA and SA share the same mechanism of action that involves binding and inhibition of catalase but also further indicate an important role for reactive oxygen species in the induction of certain plant defense responses. This is supported by the demonstration that INA-mediated PR-1 gene activation is suppressed by antioxidants.

Unsaturation of the membrane lipids of chloroplasts stabilizes the photosynthetic machinery against low-temperature photoinhibition in transgenic tobacco plants.

Using tobacco plants that had been transformed with the cDNA for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, we have demonstrated that chilling tolerance is affected by the levels of unsaturated membrane lipids. In the present study, we examined the effects of the transformation of tobacco plants with cDNA for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from squash on the unsaturation of fatty acids in thylakoid membrane lipids and the response of photosynthesis to various temperatures. Of the four major lipid classes isolated from the thylakoid membranes, phosphatidylglycerol showed the most conspicuous decrease in the level of unsaturation in the transformed plants. The isolated thylakoid membranes from wild-type and transgenic plants did not significantly differ from each other in terms of the sensitivity of photosystem II to high and low temperatures and also to photoinhibition. However, leaves of the transformed plants were more sensitive to photoinhibition than those of wild-type plants. Moreover, the recovery of photosynthesis from photoinhibition in leaves of wild-type plants was faster than that in leaves of the transgenic tobacco plants. These results suggest that unsaturation of fatty acids of phosphatidylglycerol in thylakoid membranes stabilizes the photosynthetic machinery against low-temperature photoinhibition by accelerating the recovery of the photosystem II protein complex.

Elicitins from Phytophthora and basic resistance in tobacco.

Elicitins are a family of small proteins secreted by species of Phytophthora. They are thought to be major determinants of the resistance response of tobacco against these oomycetes, since purified elicitins, alone and at low concentrations, can induce vigorous defense responses in tobacco (i.e., hypersensitive cell death and resistance against subsequent pathogen attack), and in vitro elicitin production by Phytophthora isolates is strongly negatively correlated with their pathogenicity on tobacco plants. A number of elicitins have been purified and their amino acid sequences have been determined and found to be conserved. A three-dimensional structure for elicitin is emerging from nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Two structural classes, alpha and beta, are distinguished by their biological effects when applied to decapitated stems or petioles; the beta class causes more necrosis on leaves and provides better subsequent protection against pathogen attack. However, both these classes of elicitins will similarly cause necrosis when each is, instead, directly infiltrated into tobacco leaf panels. Effects of elicitins on tobacco cells include rapid electrolyte leakage, changes in protein phosphorylation and amounts of active oxygen species, and later production of ethylene and capsidiol. The sites of initial interaction with tobacco cells are unknown, but the interaction appears to induce general defense-related responses.

Transposon tagging of tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: its possible role in the TMV-N-mediated signal transduction pathway.

Plants can recognize and resist invading pathogens by signaling the induction of rapid defense responses. Often these responses are mediated by single dominant resistance genes (R genes). The products of R genes have been postulated to recognize the pathogen and trigger rapid host defense responses. Here we describe isolation of the classical resistance gene N of tobacco that mediates resistance to the well-characterized pathogen tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The N gene was isolated by transposon tagging using the maize Activator (Ac) transposon. We confirmed isolation of the N gene by complementation of the TMV-sensitive phenotype with a genomic DNA fragment. Sequence analysis of the N gene shows that it encodes a protein with an amino-terminal domain similar to that of the cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll protein and the interleukin 1 receptor in mammals, a putative nucleotide-binding site and 14 imperfect leucine-rich repeats. The presence of these functional domains in the predicted N gene product is consistent with the hypothesis that the N resistance gene functions in a signal transduction pathway. Similarities of N to Toll and the interleukin 1 receptor suggest a similar signaling mechanism leading to rapid gene induction and TMV resistance.

15 Relative Truths: Poetry and Fragmentation

A collection of fifteen poems is presented that deals with mental fragmentation and the fluidity of meaning. The work is a contribution to contemporary poetry, and it cannot be aligned with a specific movement, neither is it a criticism of any previous works; it is generally reflective of postmodernist poetry and postmodern psychology.

Catalytic effect of MCM-41 in the pyrolysis of tobacco and several substances used as additives in the preparation of commercial cigarettes

Comunicación presentada en forma de póster en el "12th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering", Barcelona (Spain), November 15-18, 2011.

TGA/FTIR study of the MCM-41-catalytic pyrolysis of tobacco and tobacco–glycerol mixtures

In this work, the catalytic effect of MCM-41 on the qualitative composition of the gases evolved in the pyrolysis of glycerol, tobacco and tobacco–glycerol mixtures has been studied by TGA/FTIR. The results obtained reflect that the amount of volatile products obtained from tobacco or from tobacco containing mixtures is noticeably decreased if the catalyst is used as a tobacco additive. The addition of the catalyst also produces noticeable changes in the composition of the gases obtained at each temperature. Such changes are more significant in the case of the pyrolysis of the tobacco–glycerol–mixture than in the pyrolysis of tobacco. The evolution patterns for different types of compounds reveal that the catalyst contributes to a noticeable decrease of the yields of methane, CO, CO2 and carbonylic compounds, which could be interesting from the point of view of the use of MCM-41 as a tobacco additive in order to reduce tobacco smoke toxicity.

TGA/FTIR study of tobacco and glycerol–tobacco mixtures

In this work, the evolution with temperature of the qualitative composition of the gases evolved in the pyrolysis of glycerol, tobacco and tobacco–glycerol mixtures has been studied. The pathways for different types of compounds (i.e., water, CO, CO2, carbonylic compounds, alkenyl or alkyl groups containing compounds, alcohols and phenols and aromatic compounds) have been established, and their relationship with the different reaction steps involved in the pyrolysis process have been suggested. The comparison among the behavior observed in the pyrolysis of tobacco, glycerol and a mixture glycerol–tobacco has permitted us to suggest possible interactions between tobacco and glycerol affecting the composition of the gases evolved.

Reduction of tobacco smoke components yield in commercial cigarette brands by addition of HUSY, NaY and Al-MCM-41 to the cigarette rod

The effect of two zeolites, HUSY, NaY and a mesoporous synthesized Al-MCM-41 material on the smoke composition of ten commercial cigarettes brands has been studied. Cigarettes were prepared by mixing the tobacco with the three powdered materials, and the smoke obtained under the ISO conditions was analyzed. Up to 32 compounds were identified and quantified in the gas fraction and 80 in the total particulate matter (TPM) condensed in the cigarettes filters and in the traps located after the mouth end of the cigarettes. Al-MCM-41 is by far the best additive, providing the highest reductions of the yield for most compounds and brands analyzed. A positive correlation was observed among the TPM and nicotine yields with the reduction obtained in nicotine, CO, and most compounds with the three additives. The amount of ashes in additive free basis increases due to the coke deposited on the solids, especially with Al-MCM-41. Nicotine is reduced with Al-MCM-41 by an average of 34.4% for the brands studied (49.5% for the brand where the major reduction was obtained and 18.5 for the brand behaving the worst). CO is reduced by an average of 18.6% (ranging from 10.3 to 35.2% in the different brands).

Comparison between the mainstream smoke of eleven RYO tobacco brands and the reference tobacco 3R4F

In this study 11 commercial roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco brands sold in Spain and the reference tobacco 3R4F have been smoked and several components of the mainstream tobacco smoke have been analyzed. Cigarettes were prepared using commercial tubes, and were smoked under smoking conditions based on the ISO 3308. The gaseous and condensed fractions of the smoke from RYO brands and 3R4F have been analyzed and compared. RYO tobaccos, as opposed to 3R4F, present lower amounts of condensed products in the traps than in the filters. In general, RYO tobaccos also provide lower yields of most of the compounds detected in the gas fraction. The yield of CO is between 15.4 and 20.4 mg/cigarette. In most of the cases studied, RYO tobaccos deliver higher amounts of nicotine than the 3R4F tobacco. On average, the yield of the different chemical families of compounds appearing in the particulate matter retained in the cigarette filters tends to be around three times higher than those obtained from 3R4F, whereas similar values have been obtained in the particulate matter retained in the traps located after the filters. It can be concluded that RYO tobaccos are not less hazardous than the reference tobacco, which may be contrary to popular belief.

Tobacco and its use in Africa / by Berthold Laufer, Wilfrid D. Hambly, and Ralph Linton; 6 plates in photogravure.

no.29(1930)

Introduction of tobacco into Europe / by Berthold Laufer, Curator of Anthropology.

no.19(1924)